民间游戏参考文献

民间游戏参考文献

民间游戏，是民俗学和非物质文化遗产的重要部分，在广袤的历史长河中，各民族人民充分发挥智慧，洋溢纯真，创造出了大批的民间游戏，有些随着时间的流逝保留了下来，这些民间游戏随着时代发展有所变化，并充分的反映出了人民群众向往愉悦生活的渴望。

民间游戏参考文献1

参考文献：

[1] 侯生辉 ,曲洪建 ,晋飞行 .民间游戏的处境与开发[J].运动.2013.02:147-148.

[2] 阿不来提·吉力力.维吾尔传统民间游戏[J].新疆艺术学院学报.2013.03:25-27.

[3] 李炳珍.传承与创新:让吴地民间游戏重放光彩[J].江苏教育研究.2014.02:66-67.

[4] 牛桂红.农村民间游戏的衰落及原因探析[J].甘肃高师学报.2014.04:99-101.

[5] 武氏雪.越南传统庙会民间游戏的文化探析[D].华中科技大学.2012.

[6] 徐玲芳.民间游戏“缺场”原因及“在场”策略[J].上海教育科研.2011.10:87-89.

[7] 王文宝 .应该重视民间游戏的研究 [J].神州民俗 (学 术版).2012.06:5-8.

民间游戏参考文献2

参考文献

① 青海省循化县文化馆编印《中国民间文学集成.青海省循化撒拉族自治县民间歌谣》=

② 据清.顾禄《清嘉录》

③ 郑振铎《中国俗文学史》(上册)第十页，上海书店出版，1984年 ④ 沈榜《宛署杂记》

《幼儿园游戏指导》

《幼儿教育》

《幼儿园园本课题研究实践》

民间游戏参考文献3

参考文献：

(1)《中国民间游戏》，黄桂华，上海市世纪出版集团，上海教育出版社，1998年。

(2)《快乐家庭亲子游戏指南：一起来游戏》，张晓，福建美术出版社，2002年。

(3)《民族文化学》，张文勋、施惟达著，中国社会科学出版社，1999年。

(4)《情感教育论纲》，朱小曼著，南京师范大学出版社，2002年。

(5)《把幼苗中在民族文化的土壤中》，严冬英、唐叶红，上海教育出版社，1996年。

(6)《民间节日》，孟宪明、程建军，海燕出版社，1997年。

(7)《幼儿家庭教育实例》， 黄娟娟，上海教育出版社，1996年。

(8)《学前儿童家庭教育》 李生兰 华东师范大学出版社 2000年。

(9)《社区教育学基础》，叶中海，上海大学出版社，2000年。

(10)《本土知识与教育改革》 石中英 《教育研究》2001第8期

(11)《参与孩子的玩》《启蒙》 2002第2期

民间游戏在初中体育教学中的应用论文

民间游戏是劳动人民根据生活经验创编的，具有很强的趣味性、民族性、继承性和科学性。传统民间游戏丰富多彩，具有很强的生命力，深受学生喜爱。如何将民间游戏有效融入体育教学中，激发学生对民间游戏的喜爱，让学生体验到民间艺术的文化底蕴，考验的是教师的智慧。

一、引入民间游戏，创设趣味情境

《初中体育课程标准》明确指出：“体育教学要对民间传统游戏进行继承和发展，创造性地将其贯穿于教学实践中，为培养学生运动素养、文化素养奠定基础。”民间游戏深深扎根于民众的土壤中，往往采用民众喜闻乐见的形式展开。民间游戏的趣味性比较明显，在游戏中，学生强健了体魄，身心也得到了发展。

如：在学习“短跑”时，教师首先将男生女生分开，为学生准备一些传统游戏活动内容。男生进行投沙包的游戏，女生开展老鹰抓小鸡的游戏。教师提出总体要求，并认真讲解游戏内容和游戏规则。活动开始，整个 *** 场上都是学生活跃的身影，学生参与积极性极高，学习氛围浓厚。教师也要参与到游戏活动中，解决学生游戏中存在的问题。游戏活动结束后，教师引导学生谈感受和经验。很多学生都认为参与活动必须眼疾手快，具备敏锐的洞察力、迅速的行动力，接着教师引入短跑内容。在这样的学习情境中，学生迅速掌握了短跑相关知识。

丢手绢、扔沙包、老鹰抓小鸡、跳房子等都是比较常见的民间游戏。这些游戏符合学生身心发展特点，能够引发学生探究、参与兴趣，提升学生对课堂学习内容的关注度。教师要为民间游戏开展创设趣味情境，让学生在情境中产生运动欲望。

二、借助民间游戏，提升互动水平

将民间传统游戏引入体育课堂教学中，丰富了课堂教学的内容和维度，为合作学习创造了机会，提供了平台。初中体育课堂教学已经不局限于对知识、技能的传授，而是要注重学生综合素养的培育。教师要以合作学习为主要教学方法，审时度势，在课堂教学中适时引入民间游戏，提升互动水平，扩大学生视野，彰显教学多元化。

学习“投掷实心球”时，教师首先示范投掷动作，边投掷边讲解。学生的好奇心被激活。沙包与实心球有相似之处，为了让学生更好地感知投掷方法和技巧，教师引入了丢沙包这项传统游戏运动项目。教师在 *** 场上画出一个大大的长方形，并将学生分为四个小组，每个小组八个人，两个学生分别站在方框的两头，其余人站在中间，躲避迎面袭来的沙包。这项游戏考验的是学生精准的投掷能力，与投掷实心球有相似之处。学生进行互动合作，协作精神被激活。

初中阶段，学生正处于身心发展的关键期，对丰富多样的游戏活动有更强的渴求，教师要以此为切入点，让学生在多样化的游戏中交流思想、探讨运动技巧，培养学生的合作精神和协作能力。

三、筛选民间游戏，传承体育文化

传统体育游戏有特定的时代性，蕴含着巨大的文化价值。但并不是所有的民间游戏都符合体育教学要求。一些传统体育游戏技术要求较高，且带有一定危险性，根本不适宜引入到体育教学实践中。因此，教师必须对民间游戏进行筛选。还有一些民间游戏在内容和形式上已无法激发学生的`兴趣，教师要根据现实需要设计活动主题。在此基础上，剖析民间游戏价值，对民间游戏进行改进、升级，充分发挥民间游戏的价值。

在学习“障碍跑”时，教师要针对学生的学习情况和教学内容进行考量。民间传统游戏中跳竹竿、跳绳都是跨越障碍的跳跃运动。教师对跳竹竿、跳绳各自的特点进行分析。跳竹竿是黎族最富有乡土气息的活动，它是以竹竿为障碍物开展的一项活动，与障碍跑的活动内容更加接近。综合考量后，教师选择了跳竹竿这项游戏。体验了跳竹竿这项活动后，学生对“障碍跑”技巧有了更深刻的理解。

经过改良的传统游戏项目，更加精巧、灵活，能够为体育教学注入新鲜活力，挖掘出了传统体育游戏中蕴含的文化价值，为体育文化的传承奠定坚实基础。

教无定法，贵在得法。体育课堂教学方法选择的终极目标是为了凸显学生的主体地位，为打造高效课堂服务。将民间传统游戏创造性地引入体育教学实践中，更好地服务体育教学，是现代教学思想的重要内容，也是体育教学的现实需要。在具体 *** 作中，教师要注意借助民间游戏创设趣味情境，通过对游戏内容、形式的改良、创新，提升师生、生生互动水平，实现传统教学理念与现代教学思想的高度融合，为学生运动素养的提升奠定基础。

摘桑葚星期天，我和爸爸妈妈一起去丁宅摘桑葚。一到桑葚基地，只见绿色的、红色的、紫色的桑葚缀满了桑树，沉甸甸的，压得枝条垂下了头。我看着紫色的桑葚

直流口水，非得去摘不可。

来到桑树前，我们精神抖擞，可是树那么高，怎么上得去啊？我看了看四周，树旁正好有一堆砖，我马上招呼爸爸把砖摞高点。接着我爬上砖堆，本想后腿一蹬，向

前一蹿，用手勾下桑枝，没想到，砖头一松，摔了个四脚朝天。我的眼泪在眼眶里打转，本想哭，可是看见爸爸妈妈的眼睛盯着我，只好忍住眼泪，装出一副“男子

汉”的样子，爬起来，叫爸爸重堆。这时不知妈妈从哪儿弄来了一把旧椅子，我上前去，窜上椅子，登上砖堆，一手拉下桑枝，一手去摘桑葚。“摘到了，摘到

了！”我高兴地喊起来。爸爸说：“别光顾着自己吃啊！”于是我投下一棵桑葚，不偏不倚，正巧打在一个爸爸的脸上，熟透的桑葚溅出果汁，把他的鼻子都染紫

了，惹得妈妈笑个不停。随后，我把摘下的桑葚一把把放到篮子里，直到吃完，才尽兴而去。

Online advertising

Online advertising is a form of promotion that uses the Internet and World Wide Web for the expressed purpose of delivering marketing messages to attract customers. Examples of online advertising include contextual ads on search engine results pages, banner ads, Rich Media Ads, Social network advertising, online classified advertising, advertising networks and e-mail marketing, including e-mail spam.

Competitive advantage over traditional advertising

One major benefit of online advertising is the immediate publishing of information and content that is not limited by geography or time. To that end, the emerging area of interactive advertising presents fresh challenges for advertisers who have hitherto adopted an interruptive strategy.

Another benefit is the efficiency of advertiser's investment. Online advertising allows for the customization of advertisements, including content and posted websites. For example, AdWords and AdSense enable ads shown on relevant webpages or aside of search results of pre-chosen keywords. Another is the payment method. Whatever purchasing variation is selected, the payment is usually relative with audiences' response.

Purchasing variations

The three most common ways in which online advertising is purchased are CPM, CPC, and CPA.

CPM (Cost Per Impression) is where advertisers pay for exposure of their message to a specific audience. CPM costs are priced per thousand impressions, or loads of an advertisement. However, some impressions may not be counted, such as a reload or internal user action. The M in the acronym is the Roman numeral for one thousand.

CPV (Cost Per Visitor) or (Cost per View in the case of Pop Ups and Unders) is where advertisers pay for the delivery of a Targeted Visitor to the advertisers website.

CPC (Cost Per Click) is also known as Pay per click (PPC). Advertisers pay each time a user clicks on their listing and is redirected to their website. They do not actually pay for the listing, but only when the listing is clicked on. This system allows advertising specialists to refine searches and gain information about their market. Under the Pay per click pricing system, advertisers pay for the right to be listed under a series of target rich words that direct relevant traffic to their website, and pay only when someone clicks on their listing which links directly to their website. CPC differs from CPV in that each click is paid for regardless of whether the user makes it to the target site.

CPA (Cost Per Action) or (Cost Per Acquisition) advertising is performance based and is common in the affiliate marketing sector of the business. In this payment scheme, the publisher takes all the risk of running the ad, and the advertiser pays only for the amount of users who complete a transaction, such as a purchase or sign-up. This is the best type of rate to pay for banner advertisements and the worst type of rate to charge. Similarly, CPL (Cost Per Lead) advertising is identical to CPA advertising and is based on the user completing a form, registering for a newsletter or some other action that the merchant feels will lead to a sale. Also common, CPO (Cost Per Order) advertising is based on each time an order is transacted.

Cost per conversion Describes the cost of acquiring a customer, typically calculated by dividing the total cost of an ad campaign by the number of conversions. The definition of "Conversion" varies depending on the situation: it is sometimes considered to be a lead, a sale, or a purchase.

CPE (Cost Per Engagement) is a form of Cost Per Action pricing first introduced in March 2008. Differing from cost-per-impression or cost-per-click models, a CPE model means advertising impressions are free and advertisers pay only when a user engages with their specific ad unit. Engagement is defined as a user interacting with an ad in any number of ways.[1]

Though, as seen above, the large majority of online advertising has a cost that is brought about by usage or interaction of an ad, there are a few other methods of advertising online that only require a one time payment. The Million Dollar Homepage is a very successful example of this. Visitors were able to pay $1 per pixel of advertising space and their advert would remain on the homepage for as long as the website exists with no extra costs.

Floating ad: An ad which moves across the user's screen or floats above the content.

Expanding ad: An ad which changes size and which may alter the contents of the webpage.

Polite ad: A method by which a large ad will be downloaded in smaller pieces to minimize the disruption of the content being viewed

Wallpaper ad: An ad which changes the background of the page being viewed.

Trick banner: A banner ad that looks like a dialog box with buttons. It simulates an error message or an alert.

Pop-up: A new window which opens in front of the current one, displaying an advertisement, or entire webpage.

Pop-under: Similar to a Pop-Up except that the window is loaded or sent behind the current window so that the user does not see it until they close one or more active windows.

Video ad: similar to a banner ad, except that instead of a static or animated image, actual moving video clips are displayed.

Map ad: text or graphics linked from, and appearing in or over, a location on an electronic map such as on Google Maps.

Mobile ad: an SMS text or multi-media message sent to a cell phone.

In addition, ads containing streaming video or streaming audio are becoming very popular with advertisers.

E-mail advertising

Legitimate Email advertising or E-mail marketing is often known as "opt-in e-mail advertising" to distinguish it from spam.

Affiliate marketing

Main article: Affiliate marketing

Affiliate marketing is a form of online advertising where advertisers place campaigns with a potentially large number of small (and large) publishers, whom are only paid media fees when traffic to the advertiser is garnered, and usually upon a specific measurable campaign result (a form, a sale, a sign-up, etc). Today, this is usually accomplished through contracting with an affiliate network.

Affiliate marketing was an invention by CDNow.com in 1994 and was excelled by Amazon.com when it launched its Affiliate Program, called Associate Program in 1996. The online retailer used its program to generate low cost brand exposure and provided at the same time small websites a way to earn some supplemental income.

Contextual advertising

Many advertising networks display graphical or text-only ads that correspond to the keywords of an Internet search or to the content of the page on which the ad is shown. These ads are believed to have a greater chance of attracting a user, because they tend to share a similar context as the user's search query. For example, a search query for "flowers" might return an advertisement for a florist's website.

Another newer technique is embedding keyword hyperlinks in an article which are sponsored by an advertiser. When a user follows the link, they are sent to a sponsor's website.

Behavioral targeting

In addition to contextual targeting, online advertising can be targeted based on a user's past clickstream. For example, if a user is known to have recently visited a number of automotive shopping / comparison sites based on clickstream analysis enabled by cookies stored on the user's computer, that user can then be served auto-related ads when they visit other, non-automotive sites.

Ads and malware

There is also class of advertising methods which may be considered unethical and perhaps even illegal. These include external applications which alter system settings (such as a browser's home page), spawn pop-ups, and insert advertisements into non-affiliated webpages. Such applications are usually labeled as spyware or adware. They may mask their questionable activities by performing a simple service, such as displaying the weather or providing a search bar. Some programs are effectively trojans. These applications are commonly designed so as to be difficult to remove or uninstall. The ever-increasing audience of online users, many of whom are not computer-savvy, frequently lack the knowledge and technical ability to protect themselves from these programs.

Ad server market structure

Given below is a list of top ad server vendors in 2008 with figures in millions of viewers published in a Attributor survey.

Vendor Ad viewers

Google 1,118

DoubleClick 1,079

Yahoo 362

MSN 309

AOL 156

Adbrite 73

Total 3,087

It should be noted that Google acquired DoubleClick in 2007 for a consideration of $3,100 million. The above survey was based on a sample of 68 million domains.

网络广告

维基百科，自由的百科全书

跳转到: 导航, 搜索

狭义的网络广告又被称为在线广告或者互联网广告；而广义的网络广告除了包括以计算机为核心组成的计算机网络为媒介的广告行为外，还包括其他所有以电子设备相互连接而组成的网络为媒介的广告行为，例如以无线电话网络，电子信息亭网络为载体的广告行为。在一般未做特殊说明的情况下，现在各资料所谈论的网络广告全指狭义网络广告。

狭义网络广告与传统广告有很多类似的地方，也分为很多不同广告形式，拥有多种计费方式。

常见的广告形式包括：

横幅式广告（banner）

通栏式广告

d出式广告（pop-up ads）

按钮式广告（button）

插播式广告（interstitial ads）

电子邮件广告（E-DirectMarketing,EDM）

赞助式广告（sponsorship）

分类广告（classified ads）

互动游戏式广告（interactive game）

软件端广告

文字链接广告（text ads）

浮动形广告（floting ads）

联播网广告

关键字广告

比对内容广告

常见的记费方式包括：

按照千人印象成本（CPM）收费。

按照每点击成本（CPC）收费。

按照每行动成本（CPA）收费。

按照每回应成本（CPR）收费。

按照每购买成本（CPP）收费。

这些都是国际流行的收费模式。在中国和一些网络广告的发展中国家，则时常会采用以时间来购买的模式，如按每日投放成本收费，按每周投放成本收费等。

对网络广告的研究显示，50%的网络广告点击是由6%的用户产生的。而且这个点击群体是一个缺乏购买力的群体，也很少进行网络购物[1]。

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