从高速微控制器系列向超高速闪存微控制器的升级

从高速微控制器系列向超高速闪存微控制器的升级

从高速微控制器系列向超高速闪存微控制器的升级

摘要：多种原因会促使我们把以前使用高速微控制器(DS80C310/DS80C320/DS80C323/DS8xC520)的8051设计升级到新的超高速闪存微控制器(DS89C430/DS89C450)。促使产品升级的原因是：更高的性能、增值服务和外设以及灵活的内部闪存存储器。本应用笔记讨论了两个微控制器系列的重要差异，说明如何从高速升级到超高速器件。

概述Maxim的高速微控制器系列包括多种不同的8051微控制器，与早期的8051每机器周期12个时钟相比，它们可以达到每机器周期4个时钟的更高速度。有些高速微控制器完全利用外部程序存储器，比如DS80C310；有些控制器包含内部EPROM或ROM程序存储器，比如DS87C520/DS83C520。这些高速器件都与现有的8051微控制器引脚兼容，所以在大部分情况下，更换一个快速器件并做很少的软件调整，就可以很容易升级设计。

通过同样的方式，超高速闪存微控制器可以替换高速微控制器设计进行升级。这些功能更强大的新型微控制器包括DS89C430/DS89C450，重要改进包括：扩展了内部程序闪存存储器(达到64kB)，重新设计的超高速微控制器核工作在单时钟周期指令，速度是早期8051设计的12倍。

本应用笔记讨论如何从高速微控制器升级到超高速闪存器件，介绍在升级设计时必须考虑的函数集、引脚的变动以及SFR的差异。

通用参考文献下列器件的编程指南可以参考高速微控制器用户指南(PDF，English only)。

• DS80C310高速微控制器
• DS80C320高速低功耗微控制器
• DS80C323高速低功耗微控制器
• DS83C520高速ROM微控制器
• DS87C520高速EPROM微控制器

下列器件的编程指南请参考超高速闪存微控制器用户指南(PDF，English only)。

• DS89C430超高速闪存微控制器
• DS89C450超高速闪存微控制器

器件的基本功能表1. 器件功能比较 Feature DS80C310 DS80C320
DS80C323 DS87C520
DS83C520 DS89C430
DS89C450 Clocks per Machine Cycle 4 4 4 1 OperaTIng Voltage Range (V) 4.5 to 5.5 4.25 to 5.5 (DS80C320)
2.7 to 5.5 (DS80C323) 4.5 to 5.5 4.5 to 5.5 Clock Rate (MHz, max) 33 33 (DS80C320)
18 (DS80C323) 33 33 InstrucTIon ExecuTIon TIme (ns, min) 121 121 (DS80C320)
222 (DS80C323) 121 30 Crystal Multiplier       √ (x2 or x4) Ring Oscillator   √ √ √ Internal Program Memory None None 16kB 16kB (DS89C430)
64kB (DS89C450) Internal Register Memory (Bytes) 256 256 256 256 Internal MOVX Memory None None 1kB 1kB Serial Ports (UARTs) 1 2 2 2 External Interrupts 6 6 6 6 Port Pins (with Bus Active) 16 16 16 16 Port Pins (max) 16 16 32 32 Timer/Counters Three/16-bit Three/16-bit Three/16-bit Three/16-bit Watchdog   √ √ √ Dual Data Pointers √ √ √ √ Autoincrement/Decrement       √ Stop Mode √ √ √ √ Power-On Reset √ √ √ √ Power-Fail Interrupt   √ √ √
器件引脚排列表2. 器件引脚的差异 DIP PLCC TQFP DS80C310 DS80C320
DS80C323 DS87C520
DS83C520 DS89C430
DS89C450 1 2 40 P1.0 (T2) P1.0 (T2) P1.0 (T2) P1.0 (T2) 2 3 41 P1.1 (T2EX) P1.1 (T2EX) P1.1 (T2EX) P1.1 (T2EX) 3 4 42 P1.2 P1.2 (RXD1) P1.2 (RXD1) P1.2 (RXD1) 4 5 43 P1.3 P1.3 (TXD1) P1.3 (TXD1) P1.3 (TXD1) 5 6 44 P1.4 (INT2) P1.4 (INT2) P1.4 (INT2) P1.4 (INT2) 6 7 1 P1.5 (nINT3) P1.5 (nINT3) P1.5 (nINT3) P1.5 (nINT3) 7 8 2 P1.6 (INT4) P1.6 (INT4) P1.6 (INT4) P1.6 (INT4) 8 9 3 P1.7 (nINT5) P1.7 (nINT5) P1.7 (nINT5) P1.7 (nINT5) 9 10 4 RST RST RST RST 10 11 5 P3.0 (RXD0) P3.0 (RXD0) P3.0 (RXD0) P3.0 (RXD0) 11 13 7 P3.1 (TXD0) P3.1 (TXD0) P3.1 (TXD0) P3.1 (TXD0) 12 14 8 P3.2 (nINT0) P3.2 (nINT0) P3.2 (nINT0) P3.2 (nINT0) 13 15 9 P3.3 (nINT1) P3.3 (nINT1) P3.3 (nINT1) P3.3 (nINT1) 14 16 10 P3.4 (T0) P3.4 (T0) P3.4 (T0) P3.4 (T0) 15 17 11 P3.5 (T1) P3.5 (T1) P3.5 (T1) P3.5 (T1) 16 18 12 P3.6 (nWR) P3.6 (nWR) P3.6 (nWR) P3.6 (nWR) 17 19 13 P3.7 (nRD) P3.7 (nRD) P3.7 (nRD) P3.7 (nRD) 18 20 14 XTAL2 XTAL2 XTAL2 XTAL2 19 21 15 XTAL1 XTAL1 XTAL1 XTAL1 20 22, 23 16, 17 GND GND GND GND – 1 39 GND N/C (can be connected to GND if desired) GND GND 21 24 18 A8 (P2.0) A8 (P2.0) A8 (P2.0) A8 (P2.0) 22 25 19 A9 (P2.1) A9 (P2.1) A9 (P2.1) A9 (P2.1) 23 26 20 A10 (P2.2) A10 (P2.2) A10 (P2.2) A10 (P2.2) 24 27 21 A11 (P2.3) A11 (P2.3) A11 (P2.3) A11 (P2.3) 25 28 22 A12 (P2.4) A12 (P2.4) A12 (P2.4) A12 (P2.4) 26 29 23 A13 (P2.5) A13 (P2.5) A13 (P2.5) A13 (P2.5) 27 30 24 A14 (P2.6) A14 (P2.6) A14 (P2.6) A14 (P2.6) 28 31 25 A15 (P2.7) A15 (P2.7) A15 (P2.7) A15 (P2.7) 29 32 26 nPSEN nPSEN nPSEN nPSEN 30 33 27 ALE ALE ALE ALE/nPROG 31 35 29 nEA nEA nEA nEA 32 36 30 AD7 AD7 AD7 (P0.7) AD7 (P0.7) 33 37 31 AD6 AD6 AD6 (P0.6) AD6 (P0.6) 34 38 32 AD5 AD5 AD5 (P0.5) AD5 (P0.5) 35 39 33 AD4 AD4 AD4 (P0.4) AD4 (P0.4) 36 40 34 AD3 AD3 AD3 (P0.3) AD3 (P0.3) 37 41 35 AD2 AD2 AD2 (P0.2) AD2 (P0.2) 38 42 36 AD1 AD1 AD1 (P0.1) AD1 (P0.1) 39 43 37 AD0 AD0 AD0 (P0.0) AD0 (P0.0) 40 44 38 VCC (+5V) VCC +5V (DS80C320)
VCC +3V (DS80C323) VCC (+5V) VCC (+5V) – 12 6 N/C N/C N/C VCC (+5V) – 34 28 N/C N/C N/C GND
器件寄存器表3. SFR映射比较 Address DS80C310 DS80C320
DS80C323 DS87C520
DS83C520 DS89C430
DS89C450 80h – – P0 P0 81h SP SP SP SP 82h DPL DPL DPL DPL 83h DPH DPH DPH DPH 84h DPL1 DPL1 DPL1 DPL1 85h DPH1 DPH1 DPH1 DPH1 86h DPS DPS DPS DPS 87h PCON PCON PCON PCON 88h TCON TCON TCON TCON 89h TMOD TMOD TMOD TMOD 8Ah TL0 TL0 TL0 TL0 8Bh TL1 TL1 TL1 TL1 8Ch TH0 TH0 TH0 TH0 8Dh TH1 TH1 TH1 TH1 8Eh CKCON CKCON CKCON CKCON 90h P1 P1 P1 P1 91h EXIF EXIF EXIF EXIF 96h – – – CKMOD 98h SCON SCON0 SCON0 SCON0 99h SBUF SBUF0 SBUF0 SBUF0 9Dh – – – ACON A0h P2 P2 P2 P2 A8h IE IE IE IE A9h SADDR0 SADDR0 SADDR0 SADDR0 AAh – SADDR1 SADDR1 SADDR1 B0h P3 P3 P3 P3 B1h – – – IP1 B8h IP IP IP IP0 B9h SADEN0 SADEN0 SADEN0 SADEN0 BAh – SADEN1 SADEN1 SADEN1 C0h – SCON1 SCON1 SCON1 C1h – SBUF1 SBUF1 SBUF1 C2h – – ROMSIZE ROMSIZE C4h – – PMR PMR C5h STATUS STATUS STATUS STATUS C7h – TA TA TA C8h T2CON T2CON T2CON T2CON C9h T2MOD T2MOD T2MOD T2MOD CAh RCAP2L RCAP2L RCAP2L RCAP2L CBh RCAP2H RCAP2H RCAP2H RCAP2H CCh TL2 TL2 TL2 TL2 CDh TH2 TH2 TH2 TH2 D0h PSW PSW PSW PSW D5h – – – FCNTL D6h – – – FDATA D8h WDCON WDCON WDCON WDCON E0h ACC ACC ACC ACC E8h EIE EIE EIE EIE F0h B B B B F1h – – – EIP1 F8h EIP EIP EIP EIP0
表4. SFR功能区别 SFR Bit(s) Differences P0 – DS8xC520/DS89C430/DS89C450 only; controls Port 0 pins. DPS 4 (AID) DS89C430/DS89C450 only; controls the autoincrement/decrement function for the active data pointer. 5 (TSL) DS89C430/DS89C450 only; enables automatic toggling between data pointers after certain opcodes. 6 (ID0) DS89C430/DS89C450 only; controls the effect of INC DPTR (increment or decrement) on DPTR. 7 (ID1) DS89C430/DS89C450 only; controls the effect of INC DPTR (increment or decrement) on DPTR1. PCON 4 (OFDE) DS89C430/DS89C450 only; crystal oscillator fail detection enable. 5 (OFDF) DS89C430/DS89C450 only; crystal oscillator fail detection flag. CKCON 7 (WD1)
6 (WD0) On all devices except the DS80C310; these bits control the watchdog timer period. EXIF 0 (BGS) On all devices except the DS80C310; this bit enables/disables the bandgap reference during stop mode. 1 (RGSL) On all devices except the DS80C310; this bit controls execution from the ring oscillator during the crystal warmup period. 2 (RGMD) On all devices except the DS80C310; this flag indicates the current clock source (ring or crystal). 3 DS8xC520 (XT/nRG); selects the ring oscillator or crystal as the desired clock source.
DS89C430/DS89C450 (CKRY); indicates that the crystal oscillator or crystal multiplier has completed its warmup period. CKMOD 3 (T0MH) DS89C430/DS89C450 only; allows Timer 0 to run directly from the system clock (clock/1). 4 (T1MH) DS89C430/DS89C450 only; allows Timer 1 to run directly from the system clock (clock/1). 5 (T2MH) DS89C430/DS89C450 only; allows Timer 2 to run directly from the system clock (clock/1). ACON 5 (PAGES0)
6 (PAGES1) DS89C430/DS89C450 only; selects the page-mode configuration for external bus operations. 7 (PAGEE) DS89C430/DS89C450 only; enables page mode (as opposed to the standard 8051 expanded bus mode) for external bus operations. IE 6 (ES1) On all devices except the DS80C310; this bit enables/disables the serial port 1 interrupt. SADDR1 – On all devices except the DS80C310; this register controls the slave address for serial port 1. IP1 – DS89C430/DS89C450 only; this register combines with the settings in IP0/IP to provide four priority-level settings for each interrupt (as opposed to two settings with IP only). SADEN1 – On all devices except the DS80C310; this register sets the slave address mask for serial port 1. SCON1 – On all devices except the DS80C310; this register controls mode settings for serial port 1. SBUF1 – On all devices except the DS80C310; this register provides the input/output buffer for serial port 1. ROMSIZE 2:0 (RMS2:0) DS8xC520/DS89C430/DS89C450 only; selects the range of on-chip EPROM/flash that maps into program space. 3 (PRAME) DS89C430/DS89C450 only; enables/disables mapping of the 1kB internal RAM into program space. PMR 1:0 (DME1:0) DS8xC520/DS89C430/DS89C450 only; controls mapping of internal data memory into data space. 2 DS8xC520 (ALEOFF); when set to 1, disables ALE during on-board memory access.
DS89C430/DS89C450 (ALEON); when set to 0, disables ALE during on-board memory access. 3 DS8xC520 (XTOFF); when set to 1, disables the crystal oscillator (must run from ring).
DS89C430/DS89C450 (4X/n2X); sets the mode for the crystal multiplier. 4 (CTM) DS89C430/DS89C450 only; when set to 1, enables the crystal multiplier. 5 (SWB) DS8xC520/DS89C430/DS89C450 only; when set to 1, enables automatic switchback mode. 7:6 (CD1:0) DS8xC520/DS89C430/DS89C450 only; controls the clock division or multiplier mode. Note that the available settings are different on the DS8xC520/DS89C430/DS89C450. STATUS 0 (SPRA0) DS8xC520/DS89C430/DS89C450 only; indicates that a character is currently being received on serial port 0. 1 (SPTA0) DS8xC520/DS9C430/DS89C450 only; indicates that a character is currently being transmitted on serial port 0. 2 (SPRA1) DS8xC520/DS89C430/DS89C450 only; indicates that a character is currently being received on serial port 1. 3 (SPTA0) DS8xC520/DS89C430/DS89C450 only; indicates that a character is currently being transmitted on serial port 1. 4 (XTUP) DS8xC520 only; indicates whether the crystal oscillator has completed its warmup cycle. 5 (LIP) DS80C320/DS80C323/DS8xC520 only; indicates that a low-priority interrupt is currently being serviced. 6 (HIP) DS80C320/DS80C323/DS8xC520 only; indicates that a high-priority interrupt is currently being serviced. 7 (PIP) DS80C320/DS80C323/DS8xC520 only; indicates that a power-fail priority interrupt is currently being serviced. 7:5 (PIS2:0) DS89C430/DS89C450 only; indicates that the priority level of the interrupt is being serviced. TA – On all except the DS80C310; controls the Timed Access register protection mechanism. WDCON 0 (RWT) On all devices except the DS80C310; resets the watchdog timer. 1 (EWT) On all devices except the DS80C310; enables/disables the watchdog timer. 2 (WTRF) On all devices except the DS80C310; indicates that a watchdog timer reset has occurred. 3 (WDIF) On all devices except the DS80C310; indicates that a watchdog timer interrupt has occurred. 4 (PFI) On all devices except the DS80C310; indicates that a power-fail interrupt has occurred. 5 (EPFI) On all devices except the DS80C310; enables/disables the power-fail interrupt. 6 (POR) On all devices; indicates that a power-on reset has occurred. 7 (SMOD_1) On all devices except the DS80C310; enables/disables baud-rate doubling mode for serial port 1. EIE 4 (EWDI) On all devices except the DS80C310; enables/disables interrupts from the watchdog timer. EIP 3:0 (PX5:2) On all devices except the DS89C430/DS89C450; sets high/low priority for external interrupts 2, 3, 4, and 5. 4 (PWDI) DS80C320/DS80C323/DS8xC520 only; sets high/low priority for the watchdog timer interrupt. EIP1, EIP0 – DS89C430/DS89C450 only; these registers set priority levels 0–3 for the watchdog timer interrupt and external interrupts 2, 3, 4, and 5.
单周期指令超高速DS89C430/DS89C450处理器工作在单周期指令，执行一条指令只需一个时钟周期，DS80C310/DS80C320/DS80C323/DS8xC520高速处理器需要四个时钟周期完成一个机器周期，相比之下速度提高4倍。时钟速度的不同意味着相同晶体频率下，用DS89C430/DS89C450替代高速器件就将速度提升4倍。

非易失存储器DS80C310/DS80C320/DS80C323没有内部程序存储器，需要外部存储器存储程序。DS8xC520改进了存储器方案，包含16kB的程序EPROM。

从DS80C310/DS80C320/DS80C323向DS89C430/DS89C450移植时，存储在外部ROM、闪存或EPROM存储器的应用程序可以重新放置到超高速处理器的内部闪存。DS89C430提供与DS89xC520相同的内部程序存储器(16kB)，存储在DS8xC520中的所有应用程序都可以放入DS89C430，无需调整。对于外部程序存储器的应用，可以将程序装载到DS89C450的64kB内部闪存，只要没有占用端口扩展64kB的程序存储空间。

最后，由于DS89C430/DS89C450支持标准的8051复用地址总线，必要时，还可以使用外部程序存储器。

串口装载器虽然DS8xC520包含内部EPROM程序存储器，但不支持在系统或在应用编程(IAP)。必须用独立的编程器装载EPROM，而且DS8xC520重新编程时必须断开(或电气隔离)与系统其它电路的连接(但是，有可能在DS8xC520上设计一个用户装载器，以允许外部程序或数据EPROM或非易失RAM在系统控制下重新加载。更多信息请参考应用笔记102，"Using the High-Speed Microcontroller as a Bootstrap Loader")。

DS89C430/DS89C450增加了串口装载器，从而改进了编程过程。该功能容许程序存储器通过一个简单的基于ASCII的协议重新装载程序。串口装载器利用微控制器内部ROM实现，不会占用程序空间。另外，FCNTL和FDATA寄存器可以用于IAP，部分闪存可以在用户控制下进行擦除和重写。

GPIO端口0

但是，与P2和P3口不同，P0口采用漏极开路输出驱动器。这意味着如果这些端口被用作输出，它们必须接上拉电阻。如果P0口用作输入(由外部驱动)，则不需要上拉电阻。

1分频时钟DS89C430/DS89C450的CKMOD寄存器增加了系统时钟直接驱动三个定时器(定时器0、定时器1和定时器2)的功能(与标准的4分频和12分频选项不同)。这一高速选择模式(由T0MH、T1MH和T2MH位控制)在复位后默认为禁用状态，保证定时器与DS80C310/DS80C320/DS80C323/DS8xC520程序兼容。

晶振倍频器DS89C430/SD89C450包含一个片内晶振倍频器，可以使晶振频率提高2倍或4倍。这意味着一个5MHz的晶体可以根据需要产生5MHz、10MHz或20MHz的时钟。

5级中断优先级DS89C430/DS89C450扩展了可编程中断优先级方案，能够为任意外部中断、定时器中断、串口中断或看门狗中断指定一个用户定义的从0(最低)到3(最高非电源故障优先级)的中断等级。最高优先级等级4保留给电源故障中断。这个系统与DS80C310/DS80C320/DS80C323/DS8xC520使用的低/高可编程优先级方案向后兼容。

关于电源的考虑DS89C430/DS89C450提升了处理能力，与高速微控制器相比具有更高的电源电流需求。在最大晶振频率工作条件下，DS89C430/DS89C450消耗110mA (75mA典型值)的电源电流。因此，升级到DS89C430/DS89C450时，由于功耗增大，可能需要为高速设计更改电源电路，更多细节请参考器件的数据资料。

对数字噪声的考虑超高速闪存控制器的性能提升源于核的重新设计，它降低了机器周期并显著增加了内部开关速度。由于这个原因，在用超高速闪存微控制器直接替代高速微控制器时，系统设计师可以看到数字噪声略有增加。这时，设计师应该查明设计中影响性能提升的因素。有些情况下，有必要给微控制器增加额外的旁路电容，或运用其它滤波手段降低数字噪声。

软件定时循环当从高速微控制器升级到超高速器件时，利用软件循环产生精确定时的应用程序可能需要调整。升级到DS89C430/DS89C450后，由于并非所有指令的执行速度提高4倍，这种类型的定时循环必须逐一检查。例如，在所有高速微控制器上，“ADD A, R0”指令需要4个时钟周期完成，而在DS89C430/DS89C450上只需一个时钟周期完成(速度提高4倍)，指令“ADD A, @R0”在高速器件上需要4个周期，在DS89C430/DS89C450上需要2个周期(速度提高2倍)，更多信息请参考高速微控制器用户指南(English only)和超高速闪存微控制器用户指南(English only)的“Instruction Timing”部分。