计算机英语短文

分类: 教育/科学 >>外语学习

问题描述:

请帮帮忙一下!要有中英文的!谢谢了!

解析:

What is a Computer?

Computers are machines that can be used for performing calculations automatically. They can perform plex and repetitive procedures quickly, precisely and reliably and can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.

The physical ponents from which a puter is constructed (electronic circuits and input/output devices) are known as "hardware". Most puters have four types of hardware ponents: input, processor, storage (main memory, auxiliary storage) and output.

Input and output (I/O) devices allow the puter to municate with the user and the outside world. The CPU (central processing unit) executes programs ("sofare") which tell the puter what to do.

The o principal characteristics of a puter are: It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner. It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program).

Classification of puters

Computers can be generally classified by size and power as follows:

• Personal puter: A *** all, single-user puter based on a microprocessor. In addition to the microprocessor, a personal puter has a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for displaying information, and a storage device for saving data.

• Workstation : A powerful, single-user puter. A workstation is like a personal puter, but it has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor.

• Miniputer : A multi-user puter capable of supporting from tens to hundreds of users simultaneously.

• Mainframe : A powerful multi-user puter capable of supporting many hundreds to thousands of users simultaneously.

• Superputer : An extremely fast puter that can perform millions of instructions per second.

Generations of Computers

The history of puter development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of puting devices. Each generation of puter is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way puters operate. It resulted in *** aller, cheaper, and more powerful, efficient and reliable devices.

• First Generation- 1940-1956: Vacuum tubes were used and it relied on machine language to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time.

• Second Generation - 1956-1963: Transistors were used and puters moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words.

• Third Generation - 1964-1971: Integrated circuits -Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors. Users interacted through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system.

• Fourth Generation - 1971-Present: Microprocessors -The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of puters, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip.

• Fifth Generation - Present and Beyond: Artificial intelligence -Computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today

IPSO

Most puters have four types of hardware ponents: input, processor, storage (auxiliary storage) and output. Input and output (I/O) devices allow the puter to municate with the user and the outside world. The CPU (central processing unit) executes programs ("sofare") which tell the puter what to do.

IPSO Cycle

The diagram given explains the operations in the puter. First the data enters the puter through the input device, and then processing occurs at the processing unit. The processing unit is the microprocessor chip. Processing unit prises of the control unit and arithmetic and logical unit and main memory. There are storage devices (auxiliary storage) which store the processed data and data can be retrieved at anytime. The processed data is sent out to the output devices for the user.

Input ----- Processing ------ Storage ----- Output

NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS

automatically adv. 自动地

repetitive adj.各自的

retrieve v. 恢复，补救

physical adj.物理的，自然的

auxiliary adj.辅助的，附加的，副的 n.补助物

main memory 主存

auxiliary memory辅存

execute v.执行，实现

prerecord v.事先录音

microprocessor n.微处理器

in addition to adv.除…什么之外

monitor n.显示器

simultaneously adv.同时地

technological adj.科技的

fundamentally adv.基础地，根本地

Vacuum tube 电子管

transistor 晶体管

cryptic adj.秘密的，神秘的

binary adj.二进位的

symbolic adj.象征的，符号的

semiconductor n.半导体

artificial intelligence 人工智能

Power semiconductor devices and power electronics

World's first semiconductor rectifier and the transistor is, when no power semiconductor or microelectronics semiconductor division. In 1958, China began the first research topic Thyristor (originally known as PNPN device). In similar time, the study of integrated circuits began gradually. From semiconductor devices to the two direction. The former became the basis for power electronics, while the latter led to the development and micro-electronics and information electronics.

According to the system, power system devices are classified to the machinery, integrated circuits, electronic systems are included. As the semiconductor leader in the electronic systems, coupled with the semiconductor integrated circuits is the main body, which after a long-term evolution of integrated circuits in a number of occasions, has become almost synonymous with semiconductor devices only.

At the end of the sixties and early seventies, the country has set off a "SCR" hot. The boom continued a long time, great influence, and therefore still believe that the domestic power of semiconductors is the main SCR. The late seventies, the development of a thyristor family. And called the name of a standardized "thyristor." As the technology to regulate the power switch, so the wear and tear on a small device, so as the energy trump card. Its application is to cover all fields. China was first mooted in 1979, the establishment of Power Electronics Society, IEEE slightly earlier than the establishment of the United States Institute of Power Electronics (Power Electronics Society). Power Electronics Society of China was founded, as a result of the importance of professional development is very rapid. However, because the focal point was the relationship, it does not like the United States become an independent professional institutes, and was subsequently set up part of the China Electrotechnical Society.

The translation and definition of Power Electronics for Power Electronics (the original idea was also known as the Power Electronics), and the popularity of power electronics played a role. Mechanical, electrical, electronic and other departments are very concerned about its development. Related to the power semiconductor devices has also been known as the power electronic devices. However, this name is very difficult to find abroad, but the corresponding terms. "Electricity" in reference to electronic access to universal, but also left a number of sequels. People mistakenly believe that only high-power direction is the "power" of the main electronic devices, and the difficulty of the rapid development of the MOSFET as a "power electronics" of the other main. From that point, I would like to use power semiconductor devices as the subject of this article, and power electronic devices can be used to express a broader sense to include other non-semiconductor, including a variety of power electronic devices.

The development of power semiconductor devices in three stages

The development of power semiconductor devices can be divided into three stages. The first stage is 60 to the seventies, when the various types of thyristors and power transistors Darlington significant development, or what might be called the era of bipolar. Its clients are mainly for industrial applications, including power systems, such as locomotive traction. The second stage is 80 to the nineties, due to the rise of the power MOSFET to power electronics into a new area. Modern 4C booming industry: the Communication, Computer, Consumer, Car (communication, computer, consumer electronics, automobiles) to provide a new vitality. Before and after the twenty-first century, the development of power semiconductor devices have entered the third phase, that is, and integrated circuit combined with a growing stage, Figure 1 and Figure II made to the above description of a simple sum. Of course, first of all need to focus on that here is this: when the continuous development of power semiconductor devices, the previous stage has not been the dominant product from the stage of history. For example, SCR is still an important product. China has in recent years the introduction of ultra-high-power thyristor, thyristor-controlled technology, such as China's major power transmission project, providing a key device. Recently, in considering the introduction of IGCT technology. In this regard it should be said that has gradually moved towards the world. This is our country going on the many major infrastructure. Although the view from the United States, the production of high-power thyristors have been less and less on the economic development of the two countries are not identical. I draw in Figure 2 in power semiconductor devices in both directions in the development. The left side of the bipolar nature of the direction toward the integration of ultra-high-power and direction. The right direction is unipolar, it is more established and integrated circuits of the inseparable relationship between closely.

当 Nick Holonyak 着手用半导体合金创造一种新的可视照明设备的时候，同事们都认为他不现实。今天，他发现的发光二极管，或叫 LED ，使用范围覆盖从 DVD 到机场警钟的一切东西。他的许多学生继续着他的工作，发明了交通灯中使用的照明设备和其他的日用技术。 2004 年 4 月 23 号， Holonyak 在华盛顿的一次典礼上被授予麻省理工 Lemelson 项目的 50 万美元的奖金。这是麻省理工的 Lemelson — MIT 项目第十年颁奖给杰出的发明人。“任何时候你得了奖，不论是大是小，总是一分惊喜，” Holonyak 说。 Holonyak，75 岁，是上世纪 50 年代初期晶体管的发明者John Bardeen 的学生。从研究生院毕业之后， Holonyak 在 Bell 实验室工作。之后去了通用电器公司，在那里他发明了一种开关，现在在家用减光开关中普遍使用。后来， Holonyak 开始研究如何应用半导体发电。当他的同事们正在研究如何发出看不见的光时，他却想要看得见的光。 1962 年他发明的 LED ，现在的持续时间可以比白炽灯泡长十倍，对环境要求更少，更有效。 Holonyak 现在是伊利诺斯大学电子、计算机工程和物理专业的教授，他说他预料到 LED 的使用有可能像今天这样普遍，但没有意识到它会有多少用途。 “开始的时候你并不知道，你认为你在做一件很重要的事情，你认为它值得做，但是你不能说出要付出多大的代价，什么时候付出，怎样付出。你并不知道。”他说。 Lemelson — MIT 项目同样授予75 岁的 Edith Flanigen 10万美元的终身成就奖，她的工作是创造新一代的“分子筛”，也就是可以通过大小来分离分子。

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