英语常用的词根词缀有哪些?

英语常用的词根词缀有哪些?,第1张

在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫作派生法。 1)前缀 除少数前缀外,前缀一般改变单词的意义,不改变词性;后缀一般改变词类,而不引起词义的变化。 (1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等,在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如: appear出现→disappear消失 correct正确的→incorrect不正确的 lead带领→mislead领错 stop停下→non-stop不停 (2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对;抵抗), auto- (自动), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再;又), sub- (下面的;次;小), tele- (强调距离)等。例如: alone单独的antigas防毒气的 autochart自动图表 cooperate合作enjoy使高兴 internet互联网reuse再用 subway地铁telephone电话 2)后缀 英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词,也可加后缀构成新词。后缀通常会改变单词的词性,构成意义相近的其他词性;少数后缀还会改变词义,变为与原来词义相反的新词。 (1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence,-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人),-ess (雌性),-ful (一……),-ian (精通……的人),-ist (专业人员),-ment (性质;状态),-ness (性质;状态),-tion(动作;过程)等。例如: differ不同于→difference区别 write写→writer作家 Japan日本→Japanese日本人 act表演→actress女演员 mouth口→mouthful一口 music音乐→musician音乐家 (2)构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后),-fy (使……化),-ize (使……成为)。例如: wide→widen加宽 beauty→beautify美化 pure→purify提纯 real→realize意识到 organ→organize组织 (3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al, -able (有能力的),-(a)n(某国人的),-en (多用于表示材料的名词后),-ern (方向的),-ese(某国人的),-ful,-(ic)al,-ish,-ive,-less (表示否定),-like (像……的),-ly,-ous,-some,-y (表示天气)等。例如: nature自然→natural自然的 reason道理→reasonable有道理的 America美国→American美国的 China中国→Chinese中国人的 gold金子→golden金的 east东→eastern东方的 child孩子→childish孩子气的 snow雪→snowy雪的 (4)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度),-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。例如: angry生气的→angrily生气地 to到→towards朝……,向…… east东方→eastward向东 (5)构成数词的后缀有-teen (十几),-ty (几十),-th (构成序数词)。例如: six六→sixteen十六→sixteenth第十六 four四→forty四十→fortieth第四十a. 表示否定的前缀 in-, im-, il-, ir-表示“not”“the converse of”。例如:inefficient (无效率的), infrequent(不频繁的), improper(不合适的), impossible(不可能的), illiterate(无文化的), irregular(不规则的) non-表示“not”“the lack of”“the opposite of”。例如:nonaggression(不侵犯), nonconductor (绝缘体), nonsense(废话), nonsmoker(不抽烟的人), nonfiction(非小说的散文文学), nonviolent(非暴力的), nonproductive(非生产的), nonexistent(不存在的), nonstop (直达的)un-表示“not”“the converse of”。例如:unpleasant(不愉快的), unemployed (无工作的), unconcerned(漠不关心的), unsuccessfully(不成功的), unhappily (不开心的), undo(复原), unsay(撤回), unload(从…卸下) b. 表示倒序或否定的前缀 de-表示“reversing the action”。例如:decentralize(使分散), defrost(除霜), desegregate (取消种族隔离), de-escalate(降低) dis-表示“reversing the action”“not”。例如:disappear(消失), discount(折价), disagreement (不一致), disadvantage(不利), disobey(不服从), disorder(杂乱), djsloyal(不义的) c. 表示轻蔑的前缀 mal-表示“badly”“bad”。例如:maltreat(虐待), malformed(畸形的), malfunction(故障), malnutrition(营养失调) mis-表示“wrongly”“astray”。例如:mislead(误导), misbehavior(品行不端), mispronounce (发音错误), misunderstanding(误解), misdeed(错误行径), misprint(误印) pseudo-表示“false”“imitation”。例如:pseudoclassicism (伪古典主义),pseudograph (伪造文件),pseudomorph (伪形),pseudonym(假名) d. 表示程度或尺度的前缀 co-表示“joint(ly)”“on equal footing”。例如:co-education(男女合校制的教育), coheir (共同继承人), copilot(副驾驶员), cohabit(同居), cooperate(合作) mini-表示“little”。例如:minibus(小型巴士), minicab(小型汽车), mini-bar(迷你酒吧) over-表示“too (much)”。例如:overanxious(过度焦虑的), overpopulation(人口过剩), overcrowd(容纳过多的人), overwork( *** 劳过度), overcharge(索价过高) sub-表示“under”“lower than”“further”。例如:subconscious(潜意识), subcommittee (小组委员会), substandard(不够标准), sublevel(预备级), subaverage(低于平均水平的) super-表示“more than”“very special”。例如:supernatural(超自然的), supermarket(超市), superman(超人), supersensitive(感光性极敏锐的) e. 表示方位和态度的前缀 anti-表示“against”。例如:anti-war(反战的), anti-imperialist(反帝的), anti-missile (反导d的), anti-music(非正统派音乐), anti-poet(非正统派诗人) contra-表示“opposite”“contrasting”。例如:counteract(抵消), counterattack(反击), counter-revolution(反革命), counter-表示“in opposition to”“in return”“corresponding”。例如:counteract(阻止), countermeasure(反策略), countercharge(反控诉), counterculturist(反主流文化者), counterattack(反攻), counterpart(相当的人或物) f. 表示时间和顺序的前缀 ex-表示“former”。例如:ex-president(前总统), ex-serviceman(退役军人), ex-husband (前夫) fore-表示“before”“beforehand”。例如:forecast(预测), foregoing(先前的), foresight (先见之明), foretell(预测), forerunner(先行者), forefather(祖先) post-表示“after”。例如:post-war(战后), post-election(竞选后), postclassical (古典时期以后的),postliberation(解放后) pre-表示“before”。例如:pre-war(战前), pre-school(学前), pre-marital(婚前的) re-表示“again”。例如:recall(回忆), reassemble(重新召集), reconsideration(再考虑), rearrangement(再安排) g. 表示数字的前缀 bi-表示“two”“having two”。例如:bimonthly(每二月一次的), bilateral(双边的), bilingual (双语的) poly-,multi-表示“many”。例如:polyglot(通晓数国语言的人), polygon(多边形), polygamy (一夫妻制), multi-lateral(多边的), multiracial多种族的), multi-purpose(多目标的) semi-表示“half”“partly”。例如:semicircle(半圆), semiconductor(半导体), semiskilled (半熟练的) mono-, uni-表示“single”“having one”。例如:monoxide(一氧化物), monosyllable(单音节), monolingual(单语的) pent(a)-表示“five”。例如:pentagon(五角形), pentahedron(五面体), pentathlete (五项全能运动员), pentathlon(五项全能) dec(a)- 表示“ten”例如:decathlon(十项全能), decade(十年), decathlete(十项全能运动员), decagram(十克), decametre(十米)a. 名词后缀 1)由名词派生名词的后缀: -dom表示“domain”“realm”“condition”。例如:freedom(自由), kingdom(王国), martyrdom (殉教), boredom(无聊), officialdom(官僚作风)。 -eer表示“skilled in”“engaged in”。例如:mountaineer(登山者), auctioneer(拍卖员), engineer (工程师), profiteer(投机者、奸商), pamphleteer(小册子作家), racketeer(勒索者) -ful表示“the amount or number that will fill”。例如:mouthful(满嘴), armful(满怀), basketful (满篮), spoonful(满勺), handful(满手), packetful(满盒) -ship表示“status”“condition”。例如:fellowship(奖学金), relationship(关系), membership (会员的资格), authorship(作者的身份), leadership(领导权), dictatorship(专制) 2)由形容词派生名词的后缀 -ity是一个很常见的后缀用来从形容词词根构成抽象名词。例如:sanity(神智健全), falsity (不诚实), rapidity(迅速), diversity(不同), banality(陈腐), respectability (可尊敬的人或物), actuality(现实), regularity(规律性) -ness可以相当自由地加到任何一类形容词上。例如:carelessness(粗心), happiness(幸福), usefulness(有用), kindness(善良), selfishness(自私), unexpectedness(意外) 3)由动词派生名词的后缀 -al表示“the action or result of”。例如:arrival(抵达), refusal(拒绝), removal(移动), survival (残存), signal(信号) -ant是施动者的主要形式。例如:inhabitant(居住者), contestant(竞争者), participant (参与者), lubricant(润滑油) -ee表示“one who is the object of the verb”。例如:absentee(缺席者), refugee(逃难者), employee(雇员), nominee(被提名者) -er/or构成施动者名词。例如:creator(创造者), survivor(幸存者), driver(司机), New Yorker (纽约人), singer(歌手), actor(演员), supervisor(管理员) -age表示“action of”“instance of”。例如:coverage(所包括的范围), drainage(排水法), shrinkage (缩水), leverage(杠杆作用) -tion/ation/ition表示“the process or state of”“the product of”。例如:protection(保护), completion (完成), examination(考试), consideration(考虑), organization(组织), starvation(饥 饿), recognition(承认), foundation(基础) -ment表示“the result of”。例如:arrangement(安排), amazement(惊异), announcement (宣布), management管理), employment(雇佣), entertainment(娱乐) b. 动词后缀 英语中常见的动词后缀只有几个,而且只有-ize构词能力最强。 -ate主要与名词词根结合,例如:orchestrate(编管弦乐曲), laminate(制成薄片),hyphenate (以连字符号连接) -en与形容词结合,例如:deafen(使聋), sadden(使悲伤), tauten(拉紧), quicken(使快 速), ripen(使成熟), widen(使变宽), harden(使变硬), broaden(使变宽) -ify与形容词和名词结合,例如:simplify(使简单), amplify(扩大), codify(编篡), beautify (使美丽), identify(辨认), electrify(使通电) -ize自由地与形容词和名词结合,例如:modernize(使现代化), symbolize(用符号表现), civilize(使文明), commercialize(使商业化), centralize(集中), equalize(使相等), socialize (使社会化) c. 形容词后缀 1)由名词派生形容词的后缀 -ed表示“having”。例如:simple-minded(头脑简单的), blue-eyed(蓝眼睛的), odd-shaped (奇形怪状的), blonde-haired(金发的) -ful表示“full of”“providing”。例如:useful(有用的), meaningful(有意义的), careful(认真的), doubtful(怀疑的), successful(成功的), helpful(有助的) -ish表示“somewhat like”。例如:childish(幼稚的), foolish(愚蠢的), snobbish(势利眼的), Swedish(瑞典人), Turkish(土耳其人) -less表示“without”。例如:careless(粗心的), useless(无用的), meaningless(无意义的), harmless(无害的), homeless(无家的) -like表示“like”。例如:childlike(孩子般的), monkeylike(猴子般的), statesmanlike (政治家般的) -ly表示“having the qualities of”。例如:friendly(友好的), motherly(慈母般的), brotherly (兄弟般的), cowardly(胆小的), daily(每天的), weekly(每周的) 2)由动词派生形容词的后缀 -able表示“of the kind that is subject to being V-ed”。例如:acceptable(能接受的), washable (能洗的), drinkable(能喝的), manageable(可管理的), inevitable(不可避免的), visible (可视的) -ive,例如:attractive(吸引人的), effective(有效的), possessive(拥有的), productive (多产的), explosive(爆炸的), expansive(可扩张的) d. 副词后缀 -ly可以非常广泛地加到一个形容词上,常常可释义为“in a … manner / respect 或“to…a degree”。 例如:personally(亲自地), calmly(平静地), extremely(极端地), evidently(明显地), kindly(好心地), eagerly(急切地), sincerely(真诚地), simply(简单地) -wise可用于表示方式、尺度,例如:clockwise(顺时针方向的), crabwise(横斜的), crosswise(十字形地)。但是它用得最多的是表示“在…方面”,相当于“as far as…is concerned”。 weatherwise(就天气而言), educationwise(就教育而言), taxwise(就税收而言), curriculumwise(就课程而言)。构成的新词在句中作状语,相当于so far as…is concerned.

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