Fig. 8. IGBT based AC circuit breaker An IGBT (or IGCT) based breaker will have higher losses that an SCR breaker since it has two series semiconductor drops. A low loss hybrid version of circuit of Fig. 8 is possible by adding bypass contacts across the IGBT switches.
电流限制断路器建立在快动作开关的基础上。此类断路器可以使用如IGBT 或 IGCT 功率半导体，可以在几个微秒之内检测出电路故障及开关关闭。这样电流就能被限制在低电平，从而限制由断路器或是在系统中耗散的漏电电能。以基本的IGBT为基础的固态交流断路器布置图，如图8所示。使用两个电极将导致双流向直流断路器，如图8所示，以IGBT为基础的交流断路器。以IGBT（或IGCT）为基础的断路器较之SCR可控硅断路器将产生更高的损耗，这是因为前者有两个串联的半导体传输线。若通过穿过IGBT开关增加分路连接，如图8所示的低损耗混合型电路模式也可成为现实。
To retain the benefit of solid state current limiting, the contacts must open extremely quickly for a fault. Such devices have been demonstrated [7] where high energy mechanisms were employed to obtain fast contact opening. Current limiting requires a counter voltage be developed across the active switches (e.g. using a voltage “clamp”).
为保持固态电流限制的优势，对电路故障点连接必须以极快的速度迅速开启。此类仪器已经证明，人们可采用高能机械装置以保持快速连接开启。电流限制要求反电压须穿过工作中的开关（如使用电压钳）。
In traditional breakers this is accomplished using arc chutes, though not very quickly. For a solid state solution, this is achievable using passive components such as capacitors, Metal Oxide Varistors (MOVs), switched resistors, etc.
在传统的断路器中，这是通过使用电弧隔板来完成的，尽管不是非常迅速。对于固态解决方案，可通过无源元件来完成，如电容器，金属氧化物变阻器（MOVs），交换式电阻器等。
The clamp circuit can take many forms. A clamp directly across each switch (as in Fig. 8) most closely resembles a traditional breaker (with arc structure). Note that if the clamp is a simple R-C snubber type with no initial capacitor voltage, reduced current limiting will occur since the capacitor allows current to increase as it is charging. A small value capacitor with parallel MOV would prevent a current increase after switch turn off.
箝位电路有很多种形式。直接穿过每个开关（如图8所示）夹钳类似于传统的（弧形结构的）断路器。请注意，若夹钳是一个简单的无初始电容电压的R-C减震器型，将产生降低的电流限制，这是因为充电时电容器允许电流增加。在开关关闭之后，带有并联的金属氧化物变阻器的小额电容器可阻止电流增加。
A bus clamp arrangement as shown in Fig. 9 has the benefit of allowing the source side clamp to be shared among multiple breakers within a switchboard. This relies on the probability that not all breakers will see a simultaneous worst case fault, and the source inductance is common to all breakers – i.e. one source - one clamp.
母线夹布置图如图9所示，具有在同一个配电板内允许源端沟道可被多级断路器共享使用的优势。这一优势成为可能则取决于并非所有的断路器都面临同步的最糟糕的电路故障，且电感对所有的断路器都很普遍，如一个源端对一个夹钳。
Fig. 9. Solid state circuit breaker with bus clamps
For a DC application, the load side clamp could become a simple free wheel diode. A consequence of this is a long current decay time for inductive loads. If the DC breaker does not require bi-directional control, then the breaker can be reduced to the arrangement shown in Fig. 10.
如图9所示 带有母线夹的固态断路器
对于直流电应用，负荷端夹钳应成为一个简单的活轮二极管。结果之一即是对电感负荷的长时间的电流衰减时间。若直流断路器不要求双流向控制，则断路器可依照如图10所示的布置图进行删减。
Fig. 10. Unidirectional IGBT based DC circuit breaker
A novel bus clamping arrangement is shown in Fig. 11. Here a single clamp is used to service a number of breakers, providing both source and load side voltage clamping and energy absorption. This clamp is similar to that employed in matrix converters [8]. By removing a pole (or phase) the same approach can be used for a DC switchboard, offering a “Universal” topology.
图10 以单向IGBT为基础的直流断路器
新型的母线夹布置图如图11所示。此处使用单一的夹钳服务于数个断路器，并提供源端沟道和负荷端电压箝位及能量吸收。该夹钳类似于矩阵变换器[8]中使用的夹钳。通过移除一个基点（或相位），在直流配电板上可以采用同样的方法，即提供了一个“通用的”拓扑结构。
1、GM：General Manager 总经理
2、VP：Vice President 副总裁FVP（First Vice President）第一副总裁 AVP：Assistant Vice
3、President 副总裁助理 HRD：Human Resource Director 人力资源总监 OD：Operations
4、Director 运营总监 MD：Marketing Director 市场总监 OM：Operations Manager 运作经理
5、PM：Production Manager生产经理、Product Manager产品经理、Project Manager项目经理) 注：这里面变化比较多，要结合谈话时的背景来判断究竟是指哪种身份）
6、BM（Branch Manager）部门经理 DM（District Manager）区域经理 RM（Regional Manager）区域经理
7、AAD〔Associated Account Director〕副客户总监 AAD〔Associated Art Director〕副美术指导
8、ACD〔Associated Creative Director〕副创作总监 AD 〔Account Director〕客户服务总监、业务指导
9.AD〔Art Director〕美术指导（在创作部可以独挡一面执行美术指导工作的美术监督）
扩展资料：
公司部门英语写法
行政部Administrative Department
财务部Financial Department
质量管理部 Quality Control Department
营销部Sales Department
营运部Operation Department
技术部 Technology Department
维修部门 Maintenance Department
人力资源部Human Resources Department
客户服务部 Customer Service Department
参考资料来源：百度百科-部门
文教、科技有关部门常见职衔与职称英文翻译（大学）校长 President/Chancellor
（大学）副校长 Vice President
（大学）代理校长 Acting President
（中学）校长 Principal
（小学）校长 Head /Master
学院院长 Dean of College/Head of College
教务长 Dean/Director of Teaching Affairs
总务长 Director in Charge of General Affairs
系主任 Department Chairman /Department Head
教研室主任 Head of the Teaching and Research Section
实验室主任 Laboratory Chief
教导主任 Director of Teaching and
班主任 Discipline Class Adviser/Head Teacher
教授 Professor
副教授 Associate Professor
客座教授 Visiting Professor/Guest Professor
兼职教授 Part-time Professor
名誉教授 Honorary Professor
终身教授 Lifetime Professor
外籍教授 Foreign Professor
研究生指导教师 Graduate Teacher/Research Supervisor
讲师 Lecturer/Instructor
助教 Teaching Assistant (T.A.)
实验员 Laboratory Technician
图书馆员 Librarian
研究所所长 Institute Director
研究员 Research Fellow/Researcher
副研究员 Associate Research Fellow / Associate Researcher
助研 Research Assistant
资料员 Data Processor
总工程师 Chief Engineer
副总工程师 Assistant Chief Engineer
高级工程师 Senior Engineer
工程师 Engineer
助工 Assistant Engineer
技术员 Technician
技师 Skilled Technician
董事长 Chairman of the Board /Chairman
董事/理事 Director
副董事 Associate Director
高级会计师 Senior Accountant
注册会计师(美国)Chartered Accountant
注册会计师(美国)Certified Public Accountant(CPA)
助理会计师 Assistant Accountant
主任会计 Chief Accountant
高级经济师 Senior Economic Manger / Senior Economist
经济师 Economic Manager /Economist
建筑师 Architect
规划师 Planner
设计师 Designer
农艺师 Agronomist
律师 Lawyer/ Attorney
主任记者 Chief Reporter
记者 Reporter
总编辑 Editor in Chief
编辑 Editor
助理编辑 Assistant Editor
内科主任 Head of the Medical Department
外科主任 Head of the Surgical Department
主治大夫 Attending Doctor/Physician-in-Charge
护士长 Head Nurse
药剂师 Pharmacist
麻醉师 Anaesthetist
——————————————————————————————————
办公室职务职称中英文对照
计算机/互联网/通讯 Technology/Internet
首席技术执行官 CTO/VP Engineering
技术总监/经理 Technical Director/Manager
信息技术经理 IT Manager
信息技术主管 IT Supervisor
信息技术专员 IT Specialist
项目经理/主管 Project Manager/Supervisor
项目执行/协调人员 Project Specialist / Coordinator
系统分析员 System Analyst
高级软件工程师 Senior Software Engineer
软件工程师 Software Engineer
系统工程师 System Engineer
高级硬件工程师 Senior Hardware Engineer
硬件工程师 Hardware Engineer
通信技术工程师 Communications Engineer
ERP技术/应用顾问 ERP Technical/Application Consultant
数据库工程师 Database Engineer
技术支持经理 Technical Support Manager
技术支持工程师 Technical Support Engineer
品质经理 QA Manager
信息安全工程师 Information Security Engineer
软件测试工程师 Software QA Engineer
硬件测试工程师 Hardware QA Engineer
测试员 Test Engineer
网站营运经理/主管 Web Operations Manager/Supervisor
网络工程师 Network Engineer
系统管理员/网管 System Manager/Webmaster
网页设计/制作 Web Designer/Production
技术文员/助理 Technical Clerk/Assistant
销售 Sales
销售总监 Sales Director
销售经理 Sales Manager
区域销售经理 Regional Sales Manager
客户经理 Sales Account Manager
渠道/分销经理 Channel/Distribution Manager
渠道主管 Channel Supervisor
销售主管 Sales Supervisor
销售代表 Sales Representative / Executive
销售工程师 Sales Engineer
医药代表 Pharmaceutical Sales Representative
保险代理 Insurance Agent
销售助理 Sales Assistant / Trainee
商务经理 Business Manager
商务专员/助理 Business Executive/Assistant
销售行政经理 Sales Admin. Manager
销售行政主管 Sales Admin. Supervisor
售前/售后技术服务经理 Technical Service Manager
售前/售后技术服务主管 Technical Service Supervisor
售前/售后技术服务工程师 Technical Service Engineer
售后/客户服务（非技术）经理 Customer Service Manager
售后/客户服务（非技术）主管 Customer Service Supervisor
售后/客户服务（非技术）专员 Customer Service Executive
经销商 Distributor
——————————————————————————————————
职称中英文对照^最新职能分类
计算机硬件 Computer, Hardware
高级硬件工程师 Senior Hardware Engineer
硬件工程师 Hardware Engineer
其他 Others
计算机软件 Computer, Software
高级软件工程师 Senior Software Engineer
软件工程师 Software Engineer
ERP技术/开发应用 ERP Application R&D/Implementation
系统集成工程师 System Integration Engineer
系统分析员 System Analyst
系统工程师 System Engineer
数据库工程师/管理员 Database Engineer/Administrator
计算机辅助设计工程师 Computer Aided Design Engineer
其他 Others
互联网开发及应用 Internet
互联网软件开发工程师 Internet/E-Commerce Software Engineer
多媒体/游戏开发工程师 Multimedia/Game Development Engineer
网站营运经理/主管 Web Operations Manager/Supervisor
网络工程师 Network Engineer
系统管理员/网络管理员 System Manager/Webmaster
网站策划 Web Producer
网站编辑 Web Editor
网页设计/制作/美工 Web Designer/Production/Creative
网络信息安全工程师 Information Security Engineer
智能大厦/综合布线 Intelligent Building/Structure Cabling
其他 Others
IT-管理 IT-Management
首席技术执行官CTO/首席信息官CIO Chief Technology Officer CTO/Chief Information Officer CIO
技术总监/经理 Technical Director/Manager
信息技术经理/主管 IT Manager/Supervisor
信息技术专员 IT Specialist
项目总监 Project Director
项目经理 Project Manager
项目主管 Project Supervisor
项目执行/协调人员 Project Specialist / Coordinator
其他 Others
IT-品管、技术支持及其它 IT-QA, Technical Support...
技术支持经理 Technical Support Manager
技术支持工程师 Technical Support Engineer
计量工程师 Measure Engineer
标准化工程师 Standardization Engineer
品质经理 Quality Assurance QA Manager
系统测试 Systems Testing QA
软件测试 Software Testing QA
硬件测试 Hardware Testing QA
测试员 Test Engineer /Tester
技术文员/助理 Technical Clerk/Assistant
其他 Others
通信技术 Communication Technology
通信技术工程师 Communication Engineer
有线传输工程师 Wired Transmission Engineer
无线通信工程师 Wireless Communication Engineer
电信交换工程师 Telecommunication Exchange Engineer
数据通信工程师 Data Communication Engineer
移动通信工程师 Mobile Communication Engineer
电信网络工程师 Telecommunication Network Engineer
通信电源工程师 Communication Power Supply Engineer
其他 Others
电子/电器/半导体/仪器仪表 Electronics/Wiring/Semiconductor/Instrument/Industry
集成电路IC设计/应用工程师 IC Design/Application Engineer
IC验证工程师 IC Verification Engineer
电子工程师/技术员 Electronics Engineer
电气工程师/技术员 Electrical Engineer
电路工程师/技术员 Electronic Circuit Engineer
电声/音响工程师/技术员 Electroacoustics Engineer
半导体技术 Semiconductor Technology
自动控制工程师/技术员 Autocontrol Engineer/Technician
电子软件开发(ARM/MCU...) Electronics Software (ARM/MCU…)
嵌入式软件开发(Linux/单片机/DLC/DSP…) Embedded Software Engineer (Linux/SCM/DLC/DSP…)
电池/电源开发 Battery/Power Engineer
FAE 现场应用工程师 Field Application Engineer (FAE)
家用电器/数码产品研发 Household Electronics/Digital Products Development
仪器/仪表/计量 Instrument/Measurement
测试工程师 Quality Testing Engineer
其他 Others
销售管理 Sales Management
销售总监 Sales Director
销售经理 Sales Manager
销售主管 Sales Supervisor
渠道/分销经理 Channel/Distribution Manager
渠道/分销主管 Channel/Distribution Supervisor
客户经理 Sales Account Manager
区域销售总监 Regional Sales Director
区域销售经理 Regional Sales Manager
其他 Others
销售人员 Salespersons
销售代表 Sales Representative / Executive
渠道/分销专员 Channel/Distribution Representative
客户代表 Sales Account Representative
销售工程师 Sales Engineer
电话销售 Telesales
经销商 Distributor
其他 Others
销售行政及商务 Sales Administration
销售行政经理/主管 Sales Admin. Manager/Supervisor
销售行政专员/助理 Sales Admin. Executive/Assistant
商务经理 Business Manager
商务主管/专员 Business Supervisor/Executive
商务助理 Business Assistant
销售助理 Sales Assistant / Trainee
其他 Others
客服及技术支持 Customer Service and Technical Support
客服总监（非技术） Customer Service Director
客服经理（非技术） Customer Service Manager
客服主管（非技术） Customer Service Supervisor
客服专员/助理（非技术） Customer Service Executive/Assistant
售前/售后技术支持经理 Technical Support Manager
售前/售后技术支持主管 Technical Support Supervisor
售前/售后技术支持工程师 Technical Support Engineer
咨询热线/呼叫中心服务人员 Customer Hot Line/Call Center Staff
其他 Others
财务/审计/税务 Finance/Accounting/Audit/Tax
首席财务官 CFO Chief Financial Officer CFO
财务总监 Finance Director
财务经理 Finance Manager
财务顾问 Finance Consultant
财务主管/总帐主管 Finance Supervisor
会计经理/会计主管 Accounting Manager/Supervisor
会计 Accountant / Accounting Trainee
出纳员 Cashier
财务/会计助理 Finance/Accounting Assistant
财务分析经理/主管 Financial Analysis Manager/Supervisor
财务分析员 Financial Analyst
成本经理/成本主管 Cost Accounting Manager/Supervisor
成本管理员 Cost Accounting Specialist
审计经理/主管 Audit Manager/Supervisor
审计专员/助理 Audit Executive/Assistant
税务经理/税务主管 Tax Manager/Supervisor
税务专员/助理 Tax Executive/Assistant
统计员 Statistician
其他 Others
证券/金融/投资 Securities/Finance/Investment
证券/期货/外汇经纪人 Securities Broker
证券分析师 Securities Analyst
股票/期货 *** 盘手 Stocks/Futures Operator
金融/经济研究员 Financial Analyst/Economist
投资/基金项目经理 Investment Manager/Fund Manager
投资/理财顾问 Investment/Financial Management Advisor
投资银行业务 Investment Banking Specialist
融资经理/融资主管 Treasury Manager/Supervisor
融资专员 Treasury Specialist
拍卖师 Auction
其他 Others
银行 Banks
行长/副行长 President/Vice-President/Branch Manager
资产评估/分析 Assets Valuation/Analyst
风险控制 Risk Management
信贷管理/信用调查/分析人员 Loan/Credit Officer
进出口/信用证结算 Trading / LC Officer
外汇交易 Foreign Exchange
清算人员 Settlement Officer
高级客户经理/客户经理 Senior Relationship Manager
客户主管/专员 Relationship Supervisor/Executive
银行柜员 Bank Teller
yhk、电子银行业务推广 Credit Card/E-banking business Develop
其他 Others
保险 Insurance
保险精算师 Actuary
保险产品开发/项目策划 Product Development/Planner
保险业务经理/主管 Business Manager/Supervisor
保险代理/经纪人/客户经理 Agent/Broker/Account Manager
理财顾问/财务规划师 Financial Advisor/Financial Planner
储备经理人 Agency Management Associate
保险核保 Underwriting
保险理赔 Claim Management
保险客户服务/续期管理 Customer Service
保险培训师 Trainer
保险内勤 Staff
其他 Others
生产/营运 Manufacturing/Operation
工厂经理/厂长 Plant/Factory Manager
总工程师/副总工程师 Chief Engineer
项目经理/主管 Project Manager/Supervisor
项目工程师 Project Engineer
营运经理 Operations Manager
营运主管 Operations Supervisor
生产经理/车间主任 Production Manager/Workshop Supervisor
生产计划协调员 Production Planning Executive/Officer
生产主管/督导/领班 Production Supervisor/Team Leader
化验员 Laboratory Technician
其他 Others
质量/安全管理 Quality/Safety Management
质量管理/测试经理(QA/QC经理) QA/QC Manager
质量管理/测试主管(QA/QC主管) QA/QC Supervisor
质量管理/测试工程师(QA/QC工程师) QA/QC Engineer
质量检验员/测试员 Quality Inspector/Tester
可靠度工程师 Reliability Engineer
故障分析工程师 Failure Analysis Engineer
认证工程师/审核员 Certification Engineer/Auditor
体系工程师/审核员 Systems Engineer/Auditor
安全/健康/环境经理/主管 Safety/Health/Environmental Manager/Supervisor
安全/健康/环境工程师 Safety/Health/Environmental Engineer
供应商管理 Supplier/Vendor Management
采购材料、设备质量管理 Supplies &Equipment Quality Management
其他 Others
工程/机械/能源 Engineering/Mechanical/Energy
技术研发经理/主管 Technical Design Mgr./Spvr.
技术研发工程师 Technical Design Engineer
产品工艺/制程工程师 Process Engineer
产品规划工程师 Product Planing Engineer
实验室负责人/工程师 Lab Manager/Engineer
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工业工程师 Industrial Engineer
机械工程师 Mechanical Engineer
结构工程师 Structrual Engineer
模具工程师 Tooling Engineer
机电工程师 Electrical &Mechanical Engineer
维修工程师 Maintenance Engineer
铸造/锻造工程师 Casting/Forging Engineer
注塑工程师 Injection Engineer
焊接工程师 Welding Engineer
夹具工程师 Clamp Engineer
CNC工程师 CNC Engineer
冲压工程师 Punch Engineer
锅炉工程师 Boiler Engineer
电力工程师/技术员 Electric Power Engineer
光源与照明工程 Lighting Engineer
汽车/摩托车工程师 Automotive Engineer
船舶工程师 Shipping Engineer
飞行器设计与制造 Aircraft Design &Manufacture
其他 Others
技工 Technician / Engineer Trainee
技工 Technician / Engineer Trainee
钳工/机修工/钣金工 Locksmith/Mechanic/Repairer
电焊工/铆焊工 Electric Welding Worker
车工/磨工/铣工/冲压工/锣工 Latheman/Grinder/Miller/Puncher/Turner
模具工 Mould Worker
电工 Electrician
叉车工 Forklift Worker
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水工/木工/油漆工 Plumber/Carpenter/Painter
普工 General Worker
裁剪车缝熨烫 Tailor
汽车修理工 Auto Repairing
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服装/纺织/皮革 Apparels/Textiles/Leather Goods
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面料辅料采购 Fabric/Accessories Purchasing
服装/纺织/皮革跟单 Apparels/Textiles/Leather Goods Merchandiser
质量管理/验货员(QA/QC) Quality Management QA/QC
板房/楦头/底格出格师 Shoe Tree Design
服装打样/制版 Apparels Sample Production
纸样师/车板工 Paper Sample
裁床 Cut Bed
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采购总监 Purchasing Director
采购经理 Purchasing Manager
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