关于生活中的简易英语

常用缩写

AAMOF as a matter of fact

ADN any day now

AFAIC as far as I'm concerned

AFAICS as far as I can see

AFAICT as far as I can tell

AFAIK ＝ as far as I know 就我所知

AFAIR as far as I remember

AFK away from keyboard

AISB as I said before

AISI as I see it

AIUI as I understand it

AKA - " Also Known As"

AKA also known as

ANFAWFOS and now for a word from our sponsor

ANFSCD And now for something completely different...

ARP - " Address Resolution Protocol"

ARQ - " Automatic Repeat Request"

ASAP as soon as possible

ASCII(American Standard Code for Information Interchange) ：美国信息交换标准码。

ASP(Active Server Pages) ：是一种基于 Windows NT 的 IIS 的服务器端的脚本编写环境。

ATLA another three letter acronym

AWGTHTGTATA Are we going to have to go through all this again?

AWGTHTGTTA Are we going to have to go through this again?

AYOR at your own risc

BAK back at keyboard

BBL be back later 稍后便回

BBS - " Bulletin Board Software" and " Bulletin Board System"

BBS be back soon

BCNU be seeing you

BF boyfriend

BFN bye for now

Big5 ：大五码，中文内码之一， 此码代表中文繁体字， 为港、台地区广泛使用。

BIOS(Basic Input and Output System) ：基本输入输出系统。

BOT back on topic

BRB ＝ be right back 很快回来

Browser ：浏览器，一种可在 Internet 上任何地方查找和访问文件的程序， 如网景公司 (Netscape) 所推出的 Netscape Navigator 或微软公司 (Microsoft) 的 Microsoft Internet Explorer 。

BSD - " Berkeley Software Distribution"

BSF but seriously folks

BST but seriously though

BTAIM be that as it may

BTDT been there done that

BTHOM Beats the hell outta me!

BTSOOM Beats the shit out of me!

BTW ＝ by the way 顺便说一下

BTWBO Be there with bells on.

Cc: - " Carbon Copy"

CD(Compact Disc) ：光盘。

CGI - " Comman Gateway Interface"

CGI(Common Gateway Interface) ：通用网关接口，通用网关接口，是 Web 服务器与外部应用程序之间的一个接口标准。

CIU(Computer Interface Unit) ：计算机接口部件。

CMIIW Correct me if I'm wrong.

COTFLGOHAHA Crawling on the floor laughing guts out and having a heart attack.

CU See you.

CUA commonly used acronym

CUL See you later. 再会

CUL8R See you later.

CWYL Chat with you later.

CYA Cover your ass.

D&C Duck and cover.

DBMS(Date Base Mananement System) ：数据库管理系统。

DC ＝ Washington D ． C 华盛顿特区

DDE(Dynamic Date Exchang) ：动态数据交换。

DEC(Digital Equipment Corporation) ：数字设备公司。

DES - " Data Encryption Standard"

DIIK ＝ damned if I know 我的确不知道

DILLIGAD Do I look like I give a darn?!

DILLIGAF Do I look like I give a fuck!

DIY do it yourselves

DIY(er)(Do It Yourself) ：自己动手做，泛指 *** 作、使用、安装、维护计算机的人。

DNPM darn near pissed myself

DNS - " Domain Name Service"

Domain ：域，称为网络区域， 每区有独立的运行方式。

DOS(Disk Operating System) ：磁盘 *** 作系统，是一种早期最常见的 *** 作系统。

DUCWIC Do you see what I see?

DVD(Digital Video Disk) ：数字视盘。

DWISNWID Do what I say not what I do.

DYHWIH Do you hear what I hear?

DYJHIW Don't You just hate it when...

E2EG ear to ear grin

EIDE(Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics interface) ：增强型集成驱动器电子接口标准，传输速度高，适于大硬盘。

EIN(Educational Information Network) ：教育信息网。

Elm - " Electronic Mail for UNIX"

E-mail ：电子邮（函）件，是计算机应用软件的通用术语， 可使用户在不同的计算机上发送信息， 电子邮件是网络上最常用的通信方式。

EOD end of discussion

EOF end of file

EOS end of show

ESAL Eat shit and live!

ETLA extended three letter acronym

FAAK falling asleep at keyboard

FAFWOA for a friend without access

FAQ - " Frequently asked questions"

Fcc: - " File Carbon Copy"

FIFO first in first out

Firewall ：防火墙，用来分割网域、过滤传送和接收资料、及防制非法入侵。

FITB Fill in the blank.

FOAD Fuck off and die.

FOAF friend of a friend

FOAFOAG father of a friend of a girlfriend

FOAG father of a girlfriend

FOC free of charge

FTASB faster than a speeding bullet

FTF ＝ face to face 面对面

FTL faster than light

FTP - " File Transfer Protocol" (now often seen in lower case as " ftp" )

FTP(File Transfer Protocol) ：文件传输协议，是 Internet 网上最早使用的文件传输程序。

FU fucked up

FUBAR - " F'd Up Beyond All Recognition"

FUBAR fucked up beyond all recognition

FUBB fouled up beyond belief

FUD (spreading) fear, uncertainty, and disinformation

FWIW ＝ for what it's worth 对其价值而言

FYA for Your amusement

FYE for Your entertainment

FYI ＝ for your information 供参考

GA go ahead

GAFIA get away from it all

GAL get a life

Gateway ：网关，资料传输在不同的网段相接的接口。

GB ：国标码，中文内码之一， 此码代表中文简体字， 为中国大陆广泛使用。

GD&R - " Grinning, Ducking and Running (After snide remark)"

GF girlfriend

GFAK go fly a kite

GG - " Good Game"

GGN gotta go now

GIGO garbage in, garbage out

GIWIST Gee, I wish I'd said that.

GMT - " Greenwich Mean Time"

GMTA great minds think alike

GNU - " GNU is Not Unix (recursive)"

GR&D grinning, running &ducking

GTFOOMF Get the fuck out of my face.

GUI - " Graphical Users Interface"

HAK hugs and kisses

HAND - " Have A Nice Day"

HAND have a nice day

HLOL hysterically laughing out loud

HLOLARAWCHAWMP hysterically laughing out loud and rolling around while clapping hands and wetting my pants

homepage ：主页，在任何超文本系统中， 作为进入 Web 有关文档的初始入口点的文档。

HOMPR Hang on, mobile phone's ringing.

HP who's then running horrified into the street beeing killed accidentally by a yellow bulldozer ROTFLBTCUTS ... ... unable to stop

HTH - " Hope This/To Help(s)"

HTML - " HyperText Markup Language"

HTML ：超文本标示语言，此语言专用在全球互联网上， 为网上标准格式化的一种， 需用浏览器来观看。

HTTP - " HyperText Transfer Protocol"

HTTP ：超文本传送方式，此为网页常用的传送方式之一。

HWS(PEST) husband wants sex (please excuse slow typing)

hyperlink ：超链，此为连接另一些网页的入囗， 含有此连接点的文字通常以蓝字底线显示。

hypertext ：超文本，此文件规格含有超文本处理语言， 可以通过链接至其它地方， 用於网页上。

IAC in any case

IAE ＝ in any event 无论如何

IAE in any event

IANAL I am not a lawyer (also IANAxxx, such as IANACPA)

IANALBIPOOTV I am not a lawyer, but I play one on TV

IARTPFWTSIOWIM I am repeating this parrot-fashion with out the slightest idea of what it means.

IBC inadequate, but cute

IBTD I beg to differ.

IC ＝ I see 我明白

ICCL - " I Could Care Less"

ICMP(Internet Control Messages Protocol) ： Internet 信报控制协议，如果服务器关闭了该协议服务，那么你将无法" ping" 通它。

IDE(Integrated Drive Electronices interface) ：集成驱动器电子接口标准，是硬盘广泛使用的一种接口标准。

IDGAD I don't give a damn.

IDGAS I don't give a shit.

IDK I don't know IDK - " I don't know"

IHTFP - " I have truly found paradise" (or: I hate this f'n place)

IIRC - " If I Recall Correctly"

IIRC If I recall correctly

IITYWIMWYBMAD If I tell you what it means will you buy me a drink?

IITYWTMWYKM If I tell you what this means will you kiss me?

IIWM if it were me (mine)

ILIWTPCT I love it when the plan comes together

ILSHIBAMF I laughed so hard I broke all my furniture!

IMAP(Internet Message Access Protocol) 协议： Internet 消息访问协议，这是一种比 POP3 协议更具先进特性的协议。

IMBO in my biased opinion

IMCAO in my completely arrogant opinion (Use for attracting flames!)

IMCO in my considered opinion

IME in my experience

IMHO ＝ in my humble opinion 依本人愚见

IMNSHO in my not so humble opinion

IMO ＝ in my opinion 在我看来

INPO in no particular order

IO - " Input Output" As in file IO.

IOW ＝ in other words 换句话说

IP Address ：网络协定位址，又称网络地址、 IP 地址， 此地址在全球网络上独一无二， 不可重复。

IP(Internet Protocol) ：网络协议。

IRC - " Internet Relay Chat"

IRL in real life

ISA(Industrial Standard Architecture) ：工业标准结构，是即将淘汰的一种总线结构。

ISO(International Organization for Standardization) ：国际标准化组织。

ISP - " Internet Service Provider"

ISP(Internet Setvice Provider) ： Internet 服务提供商。

ISTM it seems to me

ISTR I seem to recall

IT(Information Technology) ：信息技术。

ITA I totally agree

IYKWIM - " If You Know What I Mean"

IYKWIMAITYD - " If You Know What I Mean And I Think You Do"

IYSWIM If You see what I mean.

JAM Just a minute.

Java ：爪哇语言， Java 是 SUN 公司的编程语言， 用于编制面向网络的小应用程序 (Applet) ， 墒雇�秤卸��男Ч�霸怂愕哪芰Α?

JavaScript ：这是一种在网页中使用的描述语言，可以使网页变得生动活泼。微软版的 JavaScript 被称之为 JScript ，可以在 ASP 中使用。

JM2C - " Just My 2 Cents"

KISS keep it simple, stupid

L ＆ R ＝ later 稍后

LAN - " Local Area Network"

LAN(Local Area Network) ：局域网。

LIFO last in first out

LLTA Lots and lots of thunderous applause!

LMFAO Laughing my fucking ass off.

LOL ＝ laughing out loud 大声笑

LSHMSH laughing so hard my side hurts

LTIP laughing till I puke

MB(Mega Byte) ：百万字节，也称找兆字节，为 1024*1024 个字节。

MDA - " Mail Delivery Agent"

Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor"

MFG more friendly garbage

MFTL my favorite toy language

MHOTY my hat's off to you

MIDI(Musical Instrument Digital Interface) ：乐器数字接口。

MIME - " Multi-purpose Internet Mail Extensions"

MMIF my mouth is full MOSFET - "

MTFBWY May the force be with you!

MTG ＝ meeting 会议

MUD - " Multiple User Dungeon" an interactive multiuser game

MYOB Mind your own business!

NALOPKT Not a lot of people know that.

NBD no big deal

NFI no friggin' idea

NFW no fucking way

NH - " Nice Hand"

NIMBY not in my back yard

NIT ＝ night 晚上

NNTP - " Network News Transfer Protocol"

NOS(Network Operate System) ：网络 *** 作系统。

NRN ＝ no reply necessary 不必回答

NS(Network Service) ：网络服务。

NTL nevertheless

NTP - " Network Time Protocol"

NTTAWWT not that there's anything wrong with that

NY ＝ New York 纽约

O.K. - abbreviation of " oll korrect"

OAO over and out

OATUS on a totally unrelated subject

OAUS on an unrelated subject

OBTW oh, by the way

OIC Oh ， I see ．我明白了。

OICQ 使用的便是本协议。

OLE(Object Linking and Embedding) ：对象链接与嵌入。

OLL KORRECT, so the abreviation for those words were O.K.

ONNA Oh no, not again!

ONNTA Oh no, not this again!

OOTB out of the box (brand new)

OOTC obligatory on-topic comment

OS(Operating System) ： *** 作系统。

OSF - " Open Software Foundation"

OSI(Open System Intercinnection) ：开放系统互连。

OTC Over the counter

OTOH ＝ on the other hand 另一方面

OTOOH on the other other hand

OTT over the top

OTTH on the third hand

OTTOMH off the top of my head

OTTOMHAROOB off the top of my head and rolling out of bounds

OTW on the whole

OWTTE or words to that effect P.S. - " Post Script"

PCI(Peripherial Component Interconnect) ：外围设备互连，也是一种总线结构。

PD public domain

PEM ＝ privacy enhanced mail 保密邮件

PERL - " Pratical Extraction and Reporting Language" or " Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister" "

Perl 语言：目前在写 CGI 程序中最流行的一种语言， 大部份用来写给通用网关接口处理一些网页传送。

PINE - " Pine Is Not Elm"

PITA pain in the ass

PLS ＝ please 请

PMFJI - " Pardon Me For Jumping In (another polite way to get into a running discussion"

PMIGBOM Put mind in gear, before opening mouth!

PMJI - " Pardon My Jumping In (another polite way to get into a running discussion"

PMYMHMMFSWGAD Pardon me, you must have mistaken me for some one who gives a damn

POP3 协议：电子邮件接收协议第三版，支持该协议的电子邮件服务器允许用户把服务器端的电子邮件用电子邮件收发程序接收到本地来。

POV point of view PovRay - " Persistence of Vision Ray Tracer"

PPP - " Point-to-Point Protocol"

PS - " Post Script"

RAEBNC Read and enjoyed, but no comment.

RARP - " Reverse Address Resolution Protocol"

Re: - " Regarding" . Often used in mail software.

Req: - " Request" .

RFC - " Request For Comments"

ROTBA reality on the blink again

ROTFFNAR rolling on the floor for no apparent reason

ROTFL ＝ rolling on the floor laughing 笑得在地上打滚

ROTFLAHMS ... and holding my sides

ROTFLASTC ... and scaring the cat

ROTFLBTC ... biting the carpet

ROTFLBTCACTC ... ... and scaring the cat

ROTFLBTCASTCIIHO ... ... ... if I had one

ROTFLBTCDICAJTTWADBSIHPWTRHITSBKABAYB ... dancing in circles and jumping through the window almost dieing by smashing into

ROTFLGO ... guts out

ROTFLMAO - " Rolling On The Floor Laughing My Ass Off"

ROTFLOL ... out loud

ROTFLOLVH ... out loud very hard

ROTFLSTC ... scaring the cat

ROTFTPOF ... trying to put out flames

ROTFWTIME rolling on the floor with tears in my eyes

RSN real soon now (which may be a long time coming)

RTF - " Rich Text Format"

RTFAQ read the FAQ RTFI read the fucking instructions

RTFM read the fucking manual

RTFMA read the fucking manual, again

RTFMS Read the fucking manual, sir! (from the military)

RTM ＝ read the manual 读指导手册

RUOK Are You OK? SBCN Sitting behind the computer naked.

SCNR Sorry, couldn`t resist.

SCSI(Small Computer Standand Interface) ：小型计算机磁盘标准接口。

SGML - " Standard Generalized Markup Language"

SHM Shit happens, mate. SICS sitting in chair snickering

SIMCA sitting in my chair amused

SITD still in the dark SLIP - " Serial Line Internet Protocol"

SMOP small matter of programming

SMTP - " Simple Mail Transfer Protocol"

SMTP 服务器才能被发送出去。

SMTP(Simple Message Transfer Protocol) 协议：简单邮件传输协议，用于电子邮件的传输。电子邮件需要有

SNAFU situation normal, all fucked up

SNR signal to noise ratio

SO significant other

SOHF - " Sense Of Humor Failure"

SOI stunk on ice sp? - abbreviation of " spelling?"

SPAM - " Stupid Persons' AdvertiseMent "

SWAG - " Scientific Wild Ass Guess

SWALK - " Sealed With A Loving Kiss"

SWISH - " Simple Web Indexing System for Humans"

TAFN that's all for now

TANJ there ain't no justice

TANSTAAFL there ain't no such thing as a free lunch

TARFU things are really fouled up

TCP(Transmission Control Protocol)/IP(Internet Protocol) 协议：用于网络的一组通讯协议，包括传输协议和网际协议。

TCP/IP - " Transmissions Control Protocol/Internet Protocol"

TGAL think globally, act locally

THOT ＝ thought 思想

TIA - " The Internet Adaptor"

TIA ＝ thanks in advance 先谢谢了

TIC tongue in cheek

TINALO this is not a legal opinion

TINAR this is not a recommendation

TINWIS that is not what I said

TLA ＝ three-letter acronyms 三个字母的缩写词

TLA VG ＝ very good 非常好

TMTOWTDI there's more than one way to do it

TNOTVS theres nothing on TV so,....

TNX thanks TPS(S) this program sucks (severely)

TPTB the powers that be

TRDMC tears running down my cheeks

TSOHF total sense of humor failure

TTBOMK to the best of my knowledge

TTFN ta ta for now

TTUL ＝ talk to you later 以后再说

TTY - " Tele-TYpe"

TTYL talk to you later

TTYRS talk to you real soon

TUFD the user file died

TVM thanks very much

TWIMC - " To Whom It May Concern"

TYCLO Turn your CAPS LOCK off. (Quit shouting.)

TYVM ＝ thank you very much 非常感谢

U ＝ you 你

UBD user brain damage

UDP - " User Datagram Protocol"

UDP(User Datagram Protocol) 协议：用户数据报协议，这是一种架设于TCP/IP 协议之上的快速协议，但不具备较好的安全性

UPGS unfinished project guilt syndrome

UPS(Uninterrupted Power Supply) ：不间断电源。

UR ＝ your 你的

URL - " Uniform Resource Locator"

URL ：全球资源统一定位符，网页在全球互联网上独一无二的定位点。

UTC under the counter

UTT under the table

VCD(Video Compact Disc) ：可视光盘。

VETLA very enhanced

VGA(Video Graphica Array) ：视频图形阵列。

VR virtual reality

VRAM(Video Read Access Memory) ：显示存储器，供显示卡使用。

VRML(Virtual Reality Modeling Language) ：虚拟实境模拟语言， 此语言可使网页产生虚拟现实 (Virtual Reality) 的立体动画效果。

WAB? What another bill?

WAG wild ass guess

WAIS - " Wide Area Information Server "

WAIS(Wide Area Information Server) ：广域网信息服务。

WAN - " Wide Area Networks "

WAN(Wide Area Network) ：广域网或称远距离网络。

WDYMBT What do you mean by that?

WEDS ／ WEDNES ＝ Wednesday 星期三

WGAS Who gives a shit?

WIBAMU Well, I'll be a monkey's uncle.

WIBNI would it be nice if

WMMOWS Wash my mouth out with soap!

WNOHGB where no one has gone before

WRT ＝ with respect to 关于

WRT with regard to

WT without thinking

WTH what the hell

WTTM without thinking too much

WWW or 3W - " World Wide Web "

WWW( World Wide Web) ：万维网，是 Internet 上发展最快的部分， 需用浏览器查阅。

WYLABOCTGWTR Would you like a bowl of cream to go with that remark?

WYLASOMWTC Would you like a saucer of milk with that comment?

WYSIWYG ＝ what you see is what you get 所见即所得

WYTYSYDG What you thought you saw, you didn't get.

YAOTM yet another off-topic message

YHGASP You have got a serious problem

YMMV - " Your Mileage May Vary" (You may not have the same luck I did)

YWIA - " You're welcome in advance"

YWSYLS You win some, you lose some

编译 冯维维

Science , 23 July 2021, Vol 373, Issue 6553

《科学》 2021年7月23日，第373卷，6553期

天体物理学 Astrophysics

Peta–electron volt gamma-ray emission from the Crab Nebula

来自蟹状星云的高能光子

作者：The LHAASO Collaboration

链接：

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/373/6553/425

摘要

蟹状星云含有一颗脉冲星，它能激发周围的气体释放出高能辐射。脉冲星的年轻及其附近的位置使得该星云成为天空中最亮的伽马射线源。

作者报道了这种源在1012到1015电子伏的能量下的观察结果，扩展了这种原型物体的光谱。

他们将这些数据与较低能量下的观测数据结合起来，以模拟辐射过程的物理过程。多波长数据可以用同步辐射和逆康普顿散射的结合来解释。

Abstract

The Crab Nebula contains a pulsar that excites the surrounding gas to emit high-energy radiation. The combination of the pulsar's youth and nearby location makes the nebula the brightest gamma-ray source in the sky. Cao et al. report observations of this source at energies of tera– to peta–electron volts, extending the spectrum of this prototypical object. They combine these data with observations at lower energies to model the physics of the emission process. The multiwave-length data can be explained by a combination of synchrotron radiation and inverse Compton scattering.

Upper mantle structure of Mars from InSight seismic data

“洞察号”地震数据揭示火星上地幔结构

作者：Amir Khan, Savas Ceylan, William B. Banerdt, etc.

链接：

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/373/6553/434

摘要

两年来，“洞察号”着陆器一直在记录火星上的地震数据，这些数据对了解火星的结构和热化学状态至关重要。作者利用8个低频火星地震的直接（P和S）和地表反射（PP、PPP、SS和SSS）体波相的观测，将内部结构限制在800公里的深度。

他们发现了一种与低速带相容的结构，该低速带与热岩石圈比地球上厚得多，这可能与远震距离上的弱s波阴影带有关。通过结合地震约束和地球动力学模型，作者预测，相对于原始地幔，地壳的产热元素更丰富，是原始地幔的13 - 20倍。

这种富集比伽玛射线地表测绘所建议的要大，并且具有中等到高的地表热流。

Abstract

For 2 years, the InSight lander has been recording seismic data on Mars that are vital to constrain the structure and thermochemical state of the planet. We used observations of direct (P and S) and surface-reflected (PP, PPP, SS, and SSS) body-wave phases from eight low-frequency marsquakes to constrain the interior structure to a depth of 800 kilometers. We found a structure compatible with a low-velocity zone associated with a thermal lithosphere much thicker than on Earth that is possibly related to a weak S-wave shadow zone at teleseismic distances. By combining the seismic constraints with geodynamic models, we predict that, relative to the primitive mantle, the crust is more enriched in heat-producing elements by a factor of 13 to 20. This enrichment is greater than suggested by gamma-ray surface mapping and has a moderate-to-elevated surface heat flow.

Thickness and structure of the martian crust from InSight seismic data

“洞察号”地震数据揭示火星地壳厚度和结构

作者：Brigitte Knapmeyer-Endrun, Mark P. Panning, Felix Bissig, W. Bruce Banerdt, etc.

链接：

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/373/6553/438

摘要

行星的地壳见证了行星的形成和演化 历史 ，但对于火星来说，还没有对地壳厚度的绝对测量。作者利用火星地震记录和周围波场确定了洞察号登陆点下方地壳的结构。

通过分析在地下界面反射和转换的地震相，他们发现观测结果与模型相符，至少有两个界面，也可能有三个界面。如果第2个界面为地壳边界，厚度为20 5公里；如果第3个界面为地壳边界，厚度为39 8公里。

全球重力和地形图允许对整个星球进行这种点测量，显示火星地壳的平均厚度在24到72公里之间。独立的体积组成和地球动力学约束表明，较厚的模型与观测到的浅层地壳产热元素的丰度一致，而较薄的模型则需要在深度上更大的浓度。

Abstract

A planet’s crust bears witness to the history of planetary formation and evolution, but for Mars, no absolute measurement of crustal thickness has been available. Here, we determine the structure of the crust beneath the InSight landing site on Mars using both marsquake recordings and the ambient wavefield. By analyzing seismic phases that are reflected and converted at subsurface interfaces, we find that the observations are consistent with models with at least two and possibly three interfaces. If the second interface is the boundary of the crust, the thickness is 20 5 kilometers, whereas if the third interface is the boundary, the thickness is 39 8 kilometers. Global maps of gravity and topography allow extrapolation of this point measurement to the whole planet, showing that the average thickness of the martian crust lies between 24 and 72 kilometers. Independent bulk composition and geodynamic constraints show that the thicker model is consistent with the abundances of crustal heat-producing elements observed for the shallow surface, whereas the thinner model requires greater concentration at depth.

Seismic detection of the martian core

火核的地震探测

作者：Simon C. Stähler, Amir Khan, W. Bruce Banerdt, Suzanne E. Smrekar

链接：

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/373/6553/443

摘要

一颗行星的地质 历史 线索包含在它的内部结构中，尤其是它的核心。作者利用“洞察号”地震数据探测到来自火星核-地幔边界的地震波反射，并将其与大地测量数据进行反演，将液态金属核的半径限制在1830 40公里。

巨大的地核表明火星地幔在矿物学上类似于地球上的上地幔和过渡带，但与地球不同的是没有以桥曼石为主的下地幔。我们推断出核的平均密度为每立方厘米5.7至6.3克，这就需要大量的轻元素溶解在铁镍核中。

从洞察号的位置上看到的地震核心阴影覆盖了火星表面的一半，包括大多数潜在的活跃区域。这可能限制了可探测到的火星地震的数量。

Abstract

Clues to a planet’s geologic history are contained in its interior structure, particularly its core. We detected reflections of seismic waves from the core-mantle boundary of Mars using InSight seismic data and inverted these together with geodetic data to constrain the radius of the liquid metal core to 1830 40 kilometers. The large core implies a martian mantle mineralogically similar to the terrestrial upper mantle and transition zone but differing from Earth by not having a bridgmanite-dominated lower mantle. We inferred a mean core density of 5.7 to 6.3 grams per cubic centimeter, which requires a substantial complement of light elements dissolved in the iron-nickel core. The seismic core shadow as seen from InSight’s location covers half the surface of Mars, including the majority of potentially active regions—e.g., Tharsis—possibly limiting the number of detectable marsquakes.

粒子物理学 Particle Physics

Coherent manipulation of an Andreev spin qubit

安德烈夫自旋量子位的相干 *** 纵

作者：M. Hays, V. Fatemi, D. Bouman, J. Cerrillo, S. Diamond, K. Serniak, T. Connolly, P. Krogstrup, J. Nygård, A. Levy Yeyati, A. Geresdi, M. H. Devoret

链接：

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/373/6553/430

摘要

到目前为止，发展量子信息处理系统最有希望的固态方法是基于超导电路的循环超电流和 *** 纵半导体量子点中电子的自旋特性。

作者结合了这两种方法的可取之处，超导电路的可扩展性和量子点的紧凑空间，来设计和制造超导自旋量子比特。

这个所谓的安德烈夫自旋量子位提供了开发一个新的量子信息处理平台的机会。

Abstract

To date, the most promising solid-state approaches for developing quantum information-processing systems have been based on the circulating supercurrents of superconducting circuits and manipulating the spin properties of electrons in semiconductor quantum dots. Hays et al. combined the desirable aspects of both approaches, the scalability of the superconducting circuits and the compact footprint of the quantum dots, to design and fabricate a superconducting spin qubit (see the Perspective by Wendin and Shumeiko). This so-called Andreev spin qubit provides the opportunity to develop a new quantum information processing platform.

Inhibited nonradiative decay at all exciton densities in monolayer semiconductors

在单层半导体的所有激子密度下抑制无辐射衰减

作者：Hyungjin Kim, Shiekh Zia Uddin, Naoki Higashitarumizu, Eran Rabani, Ali Javey

链接：

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/373/6553/448

摘要

由于激子发生非辐射湮灭，单层过渡金属二卤族的光致发光量子产额在高发射强度下普遍下降。作者指出，这一过程在这些材料中通过它们的联合态密度的van Hove奇点共振放大。

然而，小的机械应变（约0.5%）的应用改变了van Hove奇点，抑制了非辐射过程。在剥离的硫化钼、硫化钨和硒化钨单分子层以及化学气相沉积的厘米级硫化钨单分子层中，都可以看到高激子密度下的近统一光致发光量子产额。

Abstract

The photoluminescence quantum yield in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides generally drops at high emission intensities because the excitons undergo nonradiative annihilation. Kim et al. show that this process is resonantly amplified in these materials by van Hove singularities in their joint density of states. However, application of small mechanical strains ( 0.5%) shifted the van Hove singularities and suppressed the nonradiative processes. Near-unity photoluminescence quantum yield at high exciton densities was seen in exfoliated monolayers of molybdenum sulfide, tungsten sulfide, and tungsten selenide, as well as centimeter-scale tungsten sulfide monolayers grown by chemical vapor deposition.

Atomically resolved single-molecule triplet quenching

原子分辨单分子三态猝灭

作者：Jinbo Peng, Sophia Sokolov, Daniel Hernangómez-Pérez, Ferdinand Evers, Leo Gross4, John M. Lupton, Jascha Repp

链接：

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/373/6553/452

摘要

分子的非平衡三重态在光催化、有机光伏和光动力治疗等方面发挥着重要作用。作者通过引入原子力显微镜中的电子泵浦探针方法，报告了直接测量单个并五苯分子在绝缘表面上的三重态寿命的原子分辨率。

如果氧分子在近距离内共吸附，可以观察到三重态寿命的强烈猝灭。通过单分子 *** 作技术，与氧分子的不同排列被创造出来，并以原子精度表征，允许分子排列与淬灭三重态的寿命直接相关。

这种单分子长寿命三联体的电寻址，结合原子尺度的 *** 作，为控制和研究局部自旋-自旋相互作用提供了以前未 探索 的途径。

Abstract

The nonequilibrium triplet state of molecules plays an important role in photocatalysis, organic photovoltaics, and photodynamic therapy. We report the direct measurement of the triplet lifetime of an inpidual pentacene molecule on an insulating surface with atomic resolution by introducing an electronic pump-probe method in atomic force microscopy. Strong quenching of the triplet lifetime is observed if oxygen molecules are coadsorbed in close proximity. By means of single-molecule manipulation techniques, different arrangements with oxygen molecules were created and characterized with atomic precision, allowing for the direct correlation of molecular arrangements with the lifetime of the quenched triplet. Such electrical addressing of long-lived triplets of single molecules, combined with atomic-scale manipulation, offers previously unexplored routes to control and study local spin-spin interactions.

生态学 Ecology

Innovation and geographic spread of a complex foraging culture in an urban parrot

城市鹦鹉复杂觅食文化的创新和地理传播

作者：Barbara C. Klump, John M. Martin, Sonja Wild, Jana K. Hörsch, Richard E. Major, Lucy M. Aplin

链接：

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/373/6553/456

摘要

文化创新的出现、传播和建立可以促进对人类变化的适应性反应。作者描述了一个发展适应城市环境的文化的假定案例：野生硫冠凤头鹦鹉打开家庭垃圾箱。

社区科学报告的空间网络分析揭示了通过 社会 学习，鹦鹉打开从澳大利亚郊区的3个垃圾箱到悉尼市区44个垃圾箱的地理分布。对160个直接观察结果的分析揭示了个体风格和特定地点的差异。

作者描述了从创新的传播到地理变异的出现的完整路径，证明了鹦鹉的觅食文化，并表明了鹦鹉文化复杂性的存在。垃圾箱的打开与人类提供的机会直接相关，突出了文化促进对人类变化的行为反应的潜力。

Abstract

The emergence, spread, and establishment of innovations within cultures can promote adaptive responses to anthropogenic change. We describe a putative case of the development of a cultural adaptation to urban environments: opening of household waste bins by wild sulphur-crested cockatoos. A spatial network analysis of community science reports revealed the geographic spread of bin opening from three suburbs to 44 in Sydney, Australia, by means of social learning. Analysis of 160 direct observations revealed inpidual styles and site-specific differences. We describe a full pathway from the spread of innovation to emergence of geographic variation, evidencing foraging cultures in parrots and indicating the existence of cultural complexity in parrots. Bin opening is directly linked to human-provided opportunities, highlighting the potential for culture to facilitate behavioral responses to anthropogenic change.

生命科学 Life Science

Enterically derived high-density lipoprotein restrains liver injury through the portal vein

肠内高密度脂蛋白通过门静脉抑制肝损伤

作者：Yong-Hyun Han, Emily J. Onufer, Li-Hao Huang, Robert W. Sprung, W. Sean Davidson, Rafael S. Czepielewski, Mary Wohltmann, Mary G. Sorci-Thomas, Brad W. Warner, Gwendalyn J. Randolph

链接：

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/373/6553/eabe6729

摘要

高密度脂蛋白（HDL）对胆固醇代谢很重要，可能具有抗炎和抗菌特性。虽然HDL主要由肝脏产生，但肠道也是一个来源。

作者在小鼠实验中发现，肠道高密度脂蛋白不会进入体循环。而是以HDL3的形式，通过肝门静脉直接输送到肝脏。在那里，它将细菌的脂多糖从肠道中隔离出来，这些脂多糖会引发炎症和肝脏损伤。

在各种肝损伤模型中，肠道高密度脂蛋白的丢失加重了病理。相比之下，提高肠道高密度脂蛋白的药物可改善疾病结果。HDL - 3在门静脉血液中富集，提示肠内HDL可能是治疗肝病的靶点。

Abstract

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is important for cholesterol metabolism and may have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. Although HDL is mainly produced by the liver, the intestine is also a source. Han et al. show in mice that intestinal HDL is not routed to the systemic circulation. Rather, in the form of HDL3, it is directly transported to the liver through the hepatic portal vein. There, it sequesters bacterial lipopolysaccharide from the gut that can trigger inflammation and liver damage. In various models of liver injury, loss of enteric HDL exacerbated pathology. By contrast, drugs elevating intestinal HDL improved disease outcomes. HDL3 is enriched in human portal venous blood, suggesting that enteric HDL may be targetable for the treatment of liver disease.

Retinal waves prime visual motion detection by simulating future optic flow

视网膜波通过模拟未来光流实现视觉运动检测

作者：Xinxin Ge, Kathy Zhang, Alexandra Gribizis, Ali S. Hamodi, Aude Martinez Sabino, Michael C. Crair

链接：

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/373/6553/eabd0830

摘要

当一只老鼠在森林的地面上向前奔跑时，它所经过的风景是向后流动的。作者的研究表明，发育中的小鼠视网膜提前实践了眼睛在小鼠移动时必须处理的东西。

视网膜活动的自发波与几天后在环境中实际运动时产生的波形相同。这种自发的模式活动改善了大脑上丘细胞的反应能力，上丘接收来自视网膜的神经信号以处理方向性信息。

Abstract

As a mouse runs forward across the forest floor, the scenery that it passes flows backwards. Ge et al. show that the developing mouse retina practices in advance for what the eyes must later process as the mouse moves. Spontaneous waves of retinal activity flow in the same pattern as would be produced days later by actual movement through the environment. This patterned, spontaneous activity refines the responsiveness of cells in the brain's superior colliculus, which receives neural signals from the retina to process directional information.

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