济州：
济州位于韩半岛的西南海上，北与木浦相距154公里，东北与釜山相距304公里，东与日本的对马岛相距255.1公里。东面与日本的对马岛及长崎县隔海相望，西面与中国的上海隔海相望，北面与韩半岛隔海相望。济州位于韩半岛的西南部，同时又是韩国、中国和日本等国家的中心。因此，济州从古至今在地理上一直占据着重要的位置。高丽忠烈王年间（1275年）在济州设置过元朝耽罗总管府，作为进攻日本的基地。太平洋战争末期，日本在此修建过许多军事设施，韩国战争时期又在这里建造了陆军第一训练场。纵观历史，足以证明济州的地理位置十分重要。
Seoul is in northwest South Korea. Seoul proper comprises 605.39 km² of area, roughly bisected into northern and southern halves by the Han River. The Han River and its surrounding area played an important role in Korean history. The Three Kingdoms of Korea strove to take control of this land, where the river was used as a trade route to China (via the Yellow Sea). However, the river is no longer actively used for navigation, because its estuary is located at the borders of the two Koreas, barred for entrance by any civilian. The city is bordered by eight mountains, as well as the more level lands of the Han River plain and western areas.[edit] Climate
Climate chart for Seoul
J F M A M J J A S O N D
23
1
-7
25
3
-5
47
10
0
94
17
7
92
23
13
134
26
17
369
29
22
294
30
22
169
26
17
50
20
10
53
11
3
21
4
-4
average temperatures in °C
precipitation totals in mm
source: climate-charts.com
Imperial conversion[show]
J F M A M J J A S O N D
0.9
34
19
1
37
23
1.9
50
32
3.7
63
45
3.6
73
55
5.3
79
63
15
84
72
12
86
72
6.7
79
63
2
68
50
2.1
52
37
0.8
39
25
average temperatures in °F
precipitation totals in inches
In common with the rest of South Korea, Seoul has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dwa), despite the fact that the country is surrounded on three sides by water.[12] Summers are generally hot and humid, with monsoons taking place from June until July. August, the hottest month, has an average temperature of 72 °F to 86 °F (22°C to 30°C) with higher temperatures possible. Winters are often very cold with an average January temperature of 19 °F to 33 °F (-7°C to 1°C) and are generally much drier than summers, although there are 28 days of snow in Seoul in each year on average.
[edit] Cityscape
Hyundai I'Park Tower.
View of the Samsung Tower Palace.
The traditional heart of Seoul is the old Joseon Dynasty city, which is now the downtown area, where most palaces, government offices, corporate headquarters, hotels, and traditional markets are located. This area occupies the valley of Cheonggyecheon, a stream that runs from west to east through the valley before emptying into the Han River. For many years, the stream had been covered by concrete, but was recently restored through an urban revival project. To the north of downtown is Bukhan Mountain, and to the south is the smaller Namsan. Further south are the old suburbs of Yongsan-gu and Mapo-gu, and the Han River. Across the Han River are the newer and wealthier areas of Gangnam-gu,Seocho-gu and surrounding neighborhoods. The World Trade Center of Korea is located in Gangnam-gu and this is where many expositions and conferences are held. Also in Gangnam-gu is the COEX Mall, a large indoor shopping and entertainment complex. Downstream from Gangnam-gu is Yeouido, a large island that is home to the National Assembly, major broadcasting studios, and a number of large office buildings, as well as the Korea Finance Building and the world's largest Pentecostal church. Adjacent to Yeouido is Bamseom an uninhabited island in the middle of the river. The Olympic Stadium, Olympic Park, and Lotte World are located in Songpa-gu, on the south side of the Han River, upstream from Gangnam-gu. South of the sprawling Gangnam area are Namhan Mountain,Cheonggye Mountain and Gwanak Mountain.
A dusky view overlooking the Gangnam District of Seoul.
Southern Seoul
Jongno Tower.
Major modern landmarks include the Korea Finance Building, N Seoul Tower, the World Trade Center, the 63 Building and the six-skyscraper residence Tower Palace. These and various high-rise office buildings, like the Seoul Star Tower and Jongno Tower, dominate the city's skyline. Due to its high density, Seoul has been equipped with a grand appearance of skyscrapers and the city council is now planning on building a series of high-rises, including 580-metre business center in Sangam Digital Media City district and an 800-metre Lotte World 2 Tower in the Jamsil (pronounced "Jam-shil") district of Songpa-gu and Gangdong-gu.
Urban and civil planning was a key concept when Seoul was first designed to serve as a capital in the late 14th century. The Royal Palaces of the Joseon Dynasty still remain in Seoul, with the main palace, Gyeongbokgung currently being restored to its original form. Today, there are eight major subway lines stretching for more than 250 kilometers, with a ninth and tenth line being planned, and also some other miscellaneous lines.
The most historically significant street in Seoul is Jongro, meaning "Bell Street," on which one can find Bosingak, a pavilion containing a large bell. The bell signaled the different times of the day and therefore controlled the four major gates to the city. The only time it is normally rung nowadays is at midnight on New Year's Eve, when it is rung thirty-three times. It was, however, rung on the day that President Kim Dae-jung took office.
Seoul's most important streetcar line ran along Jongno until it was replaced by Line 1 of the subway system in the early 1970s. Other notable streets in downtown Seoul include Euljiro (을지로乙支路), Teheranno (테헤란路, Tehran Street), Sejongno (세종로世宗路), Chungmuro (충무로忠武路), Yulgongno (율곡로栗谷路), and Toegyero (퇴계로退溪路).
Many people think Korean food is just like Chinese food. Others swear that it is the same as Japanese food. But neither of these are right.
There are definitely some similarities between Korean, Chinese and Japanese foods as a result of their close proximity and cultural interrelationships. All three cuisines use rice as the main dish and other foods are used as side dishes.
Korean food has developed over time to have its own unique and tasty characteristics. Grains of all kinds are highly valued and appear in many forms. Main dishes and and side dishes are all separate and distinctive from each other, and there is a large variety of different kinds of foods. Seasonings is considered an art and condiments and spices are used to obtain a harmonious blend of flavors.
Due to hundreds of years of Confucian influence, with its rigid rules of behavior, great value is put on the proper table setting, dining manners and courtesy.
Koreans fundamentally believe that all food is like medicine, doing good for the person who eats it. Many ingredients used in Oriental herbal medicine are also commonly used in Korean cooking. Koreans like to identify food that is particularly good for you by prefixing the name with "yak", meaning medicine, thus "yakgwa" (honey cookies) and "yakshik" (sweet rice).
There are many regional variations in Korean food due to geographic, cultural and climatic differences. Generally, the northern parts of Korea are more mountainous, suited for "dry field" grains other than rice, while the plains of the central and southern regions produce rice abundantly, making it a more important staple in these areas.
Although Seoul itself does not grow or produce any products, its position as the head of the country's government for the past
600 years, and as the center of the Choson Dynasty royal court for 500 years, gives it a reputation for luxurious and diverse cuisine.
Many of Seoul's distinctive dishes evolved from the cuisine of the royal court and the noble class. The cuisine of Seoul is beautifully made and served in small portions but with a large number of dishes.
The royal influence makes the meals highly formal, artistic and ceremonial.
In the northern areas, which have shorter summers and longer winters, food is more bland than in the South, the servings are generous, and many different dishes are served at a meal.
As you move southward, the food becomes spicier and saltier, with stronger flavors and more use of pickled fish and condiments.
Regional differences are beginning to blur as the foods of one region become widely known and and eaten in other regions of the country. And as Western influences enter the palate, some of Korea's unique native dishes are disappearing.
TYPICAL SEOUL DISHES
MAIN DISHES:
Sollongtang (beef and bone soup)
Chatchuk (pine nut porridge)
Ttokkuk (sliced rice cake soup)
Changguk pap (beef rice coup)
SIDE DISHES
Yukgejang (spicy beef soup)
Singsollo (fancy hot pot)
Kalbichim (boiled beef ribs)
Pyeonyuk (sliced pressed beef)
Kujeolpan (nine-treasure dish)
Chuotang (mudfish soup)
Tomitchim (boiled red snapper)
DRINKS
A large variety of hwachae (honeyed juice mixed with fruit) and hot teas made with Oriental medicinal herbs
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