各种半导体封装形式的特点和优点:
DIP双列直插式封装
DIP(DualIn-line Package)是指采用双列直插形式封装的集成电路芯片,绝大多数中小规模集成电路(IC)均采用这种封装形式,其引脚数一般不超过100个。采用DIP封装的CPU芯片有两排引脚,需要插入到具有DIP结构的芯片插座上。当然,也可以直接插在有相同焊孔数和几何排列的电路板上进行焊接。DIP封装的芯片在从芯片插座上插拔时应特别小心,以免损坏引脚。
DIP封装具有以下特点:
1.适合在PCB(印刷电路板)上穿孔焊接, *** 作方便。
2.芯片面积与封装面积之间的比值较大,故体积也较大。
Intel系列CPU中8088就采用这种封装形式,缓存(Cache)和早期的内存芯片也是这种封装形式。
BGA球栅阵列封装
随着集成电路技术的发展,对集成电路的封装要求更加严格。这是因为封装技术关系到产品的功能性,当IC的频率超过100MHz时,传统封装方式可能会产生所谓的“CrossTalk”现象,而且当IC的管脚数大于208 Pin时,传统的封装方式有其困难度。因此,除使用QFP封装方式外,现今大多数的高脚数芯片(如图形芯片与芯片组等)皆转而使用BGA(Ball Grid Array Package)封装技术。BGA一出现便成为CPU、主板上南/北桥芯片等高密度、高性能、多引脚封装的最佳选择。
BGA封装技术又可详分为五大类:1.PBGA(Plasric BGA)基板:一般为2-4层有机材料构成的多层板。Intel系列CPU中,Pentium II、III、IV处理器均采用这种封装形式。
2.CBGA(CeramicBGA)基板:即陶瓷基板,芯片与基板间的电气连接通常采用倒装芯片(FlipChip,简称FC)的安装方式。Intel系列CPU中,Pentium I、II、Pentium Pro处理器均采用过这种封装形式。
3.FCBGA(FilpChipBGA)基板:硬质多层基板。
4.TBGA(TapeBGA)基板:基板为带状软质的1-2层PCB电路板。
5.CDPBGA(Carity Down PBGA)基板:指封装中央有方型低陷的芯片区(又称空腔区)。
BGA封装具有以下特点:
1.I/O引脚数虽然增多,但引脚之间的距离远大于QFP封装方式,提高了成品率。
2.虽然BGA的功耗增加,但由于采用的是可控塌陷芯片法焊接,从而可以改善电热性能。
3.信号传输延迟小,适应频率大大提高。
4.组装可用共面焊接,可靠性大大提高。
BGA封装方式经过十多年的发展已经进入实用化阶段。1987年,日本西铁城(Citizen)公司开始着手研制塑封球栅面阵列封装的芯片(即BGA)。而后,摩托罗拉、康柏等公司也随即加入到开发BGA的行列。1993年,摩托罗拉率先将BGA应用于移动电话。同年,康柏公司也在工作站、PC电脑上加以应用。直到五六年前,Intel公司在电脑CPU中(即奔腾II、奔腾III、奔腾IV等),以及芯片组(如i850)中开始使用BGA,这对BGA应用领域扩展发挥了推波助澜的作用。BGA已成为极其热门的IC封装技术,其全球市场规模在2000年为12亿块,预计2005年市场需求将比2000年有70%以上幅度的增长。
QFP塑料方型扁平式封装和PFP塑料扁平组件式封装
QFP(Plastic Quad Flat Package)封装的芯片引脚之间距离很小,管脚很细,一般大规模或超大型集成电路都采用这种封装形式,其引脚数一般在100个以上。用这种形式封装的芯片必须采用SMD(表面安装设备技术)将芯片与主板焊接起来。采用SMD安装的芯片不必在主板上打孔,一般在主板表面上有设计好的相应管脚的焊点。将芯片各脚对准相应的焊点,即可实现与主板的焊接。用这种方法焊上去的芯片,如果不用专用工具是很难拆卸下来的。
PFP(Plastic Flat Package)方式封装的芯片与QFP方式基本相同。唯一的区别是QFP一般为正方形,而PFP既可以是正方形,也可以是长方形。
QFP/PFP封装具有以下特点:
1.适用于SMD表面安装技术在PCB电路板上安装布线。
2.适合高频使用。
3. *** 作方便,可靠性高。
4.芯片面积与封装面积之间的比值较小。
Intel系列CPU中80286、80386和某些486主板采用这种封装形式。
PGA插针网格阵列封装
PGA(Pin Grid Array Package)芯片封装形式在芯片的内外有多个方阵形的插针,每个方阵形插针沿芯片的四周间隔一定距离排列。根据引脚数目的多少,可以围成2-5圈。安装时,将芯片插入专门的PGA插座。为使CPU能够更方便地安装和拆卸,从486芯片开始,出现一种名为ZIF的CPU插座,专门用来满足PGA封装的CPU在安装和拆卸上的要求。
ZIF(Zero Insertion Force Socket)是指零插拔力的插座。把这种插座上的扳手轻轻抬起,CPU就可很容易、轻松地插入插座中。然后将扳手压回原处,利用插座本身的特殊结构生成的挤压力,将CPU的引脚与插座牢牢地接触,绝对不存在接触不良的问题。而拆卸CPU芯片只需将插座的扳手轻轻抬起,则压力解除,CPU芯片即可轻松取出。
PGA封装具有以下特点:1.插拔 *** 作更方便,可靠性高。
2.可适应更高的频率。
Intel系列CPU中,80486和Pentium、Pentium Pro均采用这种封装形式。
MCM多芯片模块
为解决单一芯片集成度低和功能不够完善的问题,把多个高集成度、高性能、高可靠性的芯片,在高密度多层互联基板上用SMD技术组成多种多样的电子模块系统,从而出现MCM(Multi Chip Model)多芯片模块系统。
MCM具有以下特点:
1.封装延迟时间缩小,易于实现模块高速化。
2.缩小整机/模块的封装尺寸和重量。
3.系统可靠性大大提高。
总之,由于CPU和其他超大型集成电路在不断发展,集成电路的封装形式也不断作出相应的调整变化,而封装形式的进步又将反过来促进芯片技术向前发展。
CSP芯片尺寸封装
随着全球电子产品个性化、轻巧化的需求蔚为风潮,封装技术已进步到CSP(Chip Size Package)。它减小了芯片封装外形的尺寸,做到裸芯片尺寸有多大,封装尺寸就有多大。即封装后的IC尺寸边长不大于芯片的1.2倍,IC面积只比晶粒(Die)大不超过1.4倍。
CSP封装又可分为四类:
1.Lead Frame Type(传统导线架形式),代表厂商有富士通、曰立、Rohm、高士达(Goldstar)等等。
2.Rigid Interposer Type(硬质内插板型),代表厂商有摩托罗拉、索尼、东芝、松下等等。
3.Flexible Interposer Type(软质内插板型),其中最有名的是Tessera公司的microBGA,CTS的sim-BGA也采用相同的原理。其他代表厂商包括通用电气(GE)和NEC。
4.Wafer Level Package(晶圆尺寸封装):有别于传统的单一芯片封装方式,WLCSP是将整片晶圆切割为一颗颗的单一芯片,它号称是封装技术的未来主流,已投入研发的厂商包括FCT、Aptos、卡西欧、EPIC、富士通、三菱电子等。
CSP封装具有以下特点:
1.满足了芯片I/O引脚不断增加的需要。
2.芯片面积与封装面积之间的比值很小。
3.极大地缩短延迟时间。
CSP封装适用于脚数少的IC,如内存条和便携电子产品。未来则将大量应用在信息家电(IA)、数字电视(DTV)、电子书(E-Book)、无线网络WLAN/GigabitEthemet、ADSL/手机芯片、蓝芽(Bluetooth)等新兴产品中。
国外半导体元器件生产厂家名称http://www.ic-assess.net/facturer/facname/mcaps.html
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位置传感器可用来检测位置,反映某种状态的开关,和位移传感器不同,位置传感器有接触式和接近式两种。接触式传感器的触头由两个物体接触挤压而动作,常见的有行程开关、二维矩阵式位置传感器等。行程开关结构简单、动作可靠、价格低廉。当某个物体在运动过程中,碰到行程开关时,其内部触头会动作,从而完成控制,如在加工中心的X、Y、Z轴方向两端分别装有行程开关,则可以控制移动范围。二维矩阵式位置传感器安装于机械手掌内侧,用于检测自身与某个物体的接触位置。
接近开关是指当物体与其接近到设定距离时就可以发出“动作”信号的开关,它无需和物体直接接触。接近开关有很多种类,主要有电磁式、光电式、差动变压器式、电涡流式、电容式、干簧管、霍尔式等。接近开关在数控机床上的应用主要是刀架选刀控制、工作台行程控制、油缸及汽缸活塞行程控制等。
霍尔传感器是利用霍尔现象制成的传感器。将锗等半导体置于磁场中,在一个方向通以电流时,则在垂直的方向上会出现电位差,这就是霍尔现象。将小磁体固定在运动部件上,当部件靠近霍尔元件时,便产生霍尔现象,从而判断物体是否到位。
位置传感器用来测量机器人自身位置的传感器。位置传感器可分为两种,直线位移传感器和角位移传感器。
位置传感器(position sensor),能感受被测物的位置并转换成可用输出信号的传感器。它能感受被测物的位置并转换成可用输出信号的传感器。
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