半导体封装的分类

半导体封装的分类,第1张

各种半导体封装形式的特点和优点:

DIP双列直插式封装

DIP(DualIn-line Package)是指采用双列直插形式封装的集成电路芯片,绝大多数中小规模集成电路(IC)均采用这种封装形式,其引脚数一般不超过100个。采用DIP封装的CPU芯片有两排引脚,需要插入到具有DIP结构的芯片插座上。当然,也可以直接插在有相同焊孔数和几何排列的电路板上进行焊接。DIP封装的芯片在从芯片插座上插拔时应特别小心,以免损坏引脚。

DIP封装具有以下特点:

1.适合在PCB(印刷电路板)上穿孔焊接, *** 作方便。

2.芯片面积与封装面积之间的比值较大,故体积也较大。

Intel系列CPU中8088就采用这种封装形式,缓存(Cache)和早期的内存芯片也是这种封装形式。

BGA球栅阵列封装

随着集成电路技术的发展,对集成电路的封装要求更加严格。这是因为封装技术关系到产品的功能性,当IC的频率超过100MHz时,传统封装方式可能会产生所谓的“CrossTalk”现象,而且当IC的管脚数大于208 Pin时,传统的封装方式有其困难度。因此,除使用QFP封装方式外,现今大多数的高脚数芯片(如图形芯片与芯片组等)皆转而使用BGA(Ball Grid Array Package)封装技术。BGA一出现便成为CPU、主板上南/北桥芯片等高密度、高性能、多引脚封装的最佳选择。

BGA封装技术又可详分为五大类:1.PBGA(Plasric BGA)基板:一般为2-4层有机材料构成的多层板。Intel系列CPU中,Pentium II、III、IV处理器均采用这种封装形式。

2.CBGA(CeramicBGA)基板:即陶瓷基板,芯片与基板间的电气连接通常采用倒装芯片(FlipChip,简称FC)的安装方式。Intel系列CPU中,Pentium I、II、Pentium Pro处理器均采用过这种封装形式。

3.FCBGA(FilpChipBGA)基板:硬质多层基板。

4.TBGA(TapeBGA)基板:基板为带状软质的1-2层PCB电路板。

5.CDPBGA(Carity Down PBGA)基板:指封装中央有方型低陷的芯片区(又称空腔区)。

BGA封装具有以下特点:

1.I/O引脚数虽然增多,但引脚之间的距离远大于QFP封装方式,提高了成品率。

2.虽然BGA的功耗增加,但由于采用的是可控塌陷芯片法焊接,从而可以改善电热性能。

3.信号传输延迟小,适应频率大大提高。

4.组装可用共面焊接,可靠性大大提高。

BGA封装方式经过十多年的发展已经进入实用化阶段。1987年,日本西铁城(Citizen)公司开始着手研制塑封球栅面阵列封装的芯片(即BGA)。而后,摩托罗拉、康柏等公司也随即加入到开发BGA的行列。1993年,摩托罗拉率先将BGA应用于移动电话。同年,康柏公司也在工作站、PC电脑上加以应用。直到五六年前,Intel公司在电脑CPU中(即奔腾II、奔腾III、奔腾IV等),以及芯片组(如i850)中开始使用BGA,这对BGA应用领域扩展发挥了推波助澜的作用。BGA已成为极其热门的IC封装技术,其全球市场规模在2000年为12亿块,预计2005年市场需求将比2000年有70%以上幅度的增长。

QFP塑料方型扁平式封装和PFP塑料扁平组件式封装

QFP(Plastic Quad Flat Package)封装的芯片引脚之间距离很小,管脚很细,一般大规模或超大型集成电路都采用这种封装形式,其引脚数一般在100个以上。用这种形式封装的芯片必须采用SMD(表面安装设备技术)将芯片与主板焊接起来。采用SMD安装的芯片不必在主板上打孔,一般在主板表面上有设计好的相应管脚的焊点。将芯片各脚对准相应的焊点,即可实现与主板的焊接。用这种方法焊上去的芯片,如果不用专用工具是很难拆卸下来的。

PFP(Plastic Flat Package)方式封装的芯片与QFP方式基本相同。唯一的区别是QFP一般为正方形,而PFP既可以是正方形,也可以是长方形。

QFP/PFP封装具有以下特点:

1.适用于SMD表面安装技术在PCB电路板上安装布线。

2.适合高频使用。

3. *** 作方便,可靠性高。

4.芯片面积与封装面积之间的比值较小。

Intel系列CPU中80286、80386和某些486主板采用这种封装形式。

PGA插针网格阵列封装

PGA(Pin Grid Array Package)芯片封装形式在芯片的内外有多个方阵形的插针,每个方阵形插针沿芯片的四周间隔一定距离排列。根据引脚数目的多少,可以围成2-5圈。安装时,将芯片插入专门的PGA插座。为使CPU能够更方便地安装和拆卸,从486芯片开始,出现一种名为ZIF的CPU插座,专门用来满足PGA封装的CPU在安装和拆卸上的要求。

ZIF(Zero Insertion Force Socket)是指零插拔力的插座。把这种插座上的扳手轻轻抬起,CPU就可很容易、轻松地插入插座中。然后将扳手压回原处,利用插座本身的特殊结构生成的挤压力,将CPU的引脚与插座牢牢地接触,绝对不存在接触不良的问题。而拆卸CPU芯片只需将插座的扳手轻轻抬起,则压力解除,CPU芯片即可轻松取出。

PGA封装具有以下特点:1.插拔 *** 作更方便,可靠性高。

2.可适应更高的频率。

Intel系列CPU中,80486和Pentium、Pentium Pro均采用这种封装形式。

MCM多芯片模块

为解决单一芯片集成度低和功能不够完善的问题,把多个高集成度、高性能、高可靠性的芯片,在高密度多层互联基板上用SMD技术组成多种多样的电子模块系统,从而出现MCM(Multi Chip Model)多芯片模块系统。

MCM具有以下特点:

1.封装延迟时间缩小,易于实现模块高速化。

2.缩小整机/模块的封装尺寸和重量。

3.系统可靠性大大提高。

总之,由于CPU和其他超大型集成电路在不断发展,集成电路的封装形式也不断作出相应的调整变化,而封装形式的进步又将反过来促进芯片技术向前发展。

CSP芯片尺寸封装

随着全球电子产品个性化、轻巧化的需求蔚为风潮,封装技术已进步到CSP(Chip Size Package)。它减小了芯片封装外形的尺寸,做到裸芯片尺寸有多大,封装尺寸就有多大。即封装后的IC尺寸边长不大于芯片的1.2倍,IC面积只比晶粒(Die)大不超过1.4倍。

CSP封装又可分为四类:

1.Lead Frame Type(传统导线架形式),代表厂商有富士通、曰立、Rohm、高士达(Goldstar)等等。

2.Rigid Interposer Type(硬质内插板型),代表厂商有摩托罗拉、索尼、东芝、松下等等。

3.Flexible Interposer Type(软质内插板型),其中最有名的是Tessera公司的microBGA,CTS的sim-BGA也采用相同的原理。其他代表厂商包括通用电气(GE)和NEC。

4.Wafer Level Package(晶圆尺寸封装):有别于传统的单一芯片封装方式,WLCSP是将整片晶圆切割为一颗颗的单一芯片,它号称是封装技术的未来主流,已投入研发的厂商包括FCT、Aptos、卡西欧、EPIC、富士通、三菱电子等。

CSP封装具有以下特点:

1.满足了芯片I/O引脚不断增加的需要。

2.芯片面积与封装面积之间的比值很小。

3.极大地缩短延迟时间。

CSP封装适用于脚数少的IC,如内存条和便携电子产品。未来则将大量应用在信息家电(IA)、数字电视(DTV)、电子书(E-Book)、无线网络WLAN/GigabitEthemet、ADSL/手机芯片、蓝芽(Bluetooth)等新兴产品中。

国外半导体元器件生产厂家名称

http://www.ic-assess.net/facturer/facname/mcaps.html

抄录部分如下:

A V G Semiconductor

AAK Corp

ABB Drives

ABB Hafo A B

ABB Semiconductor

ABB Semiconductors Ag

Aborn Electronics

AC Interface Inc

Acculin Inc

Accutek Microcircuit Corp

Acer Laboratories Inc

Acopian

Acrian Inc

Actel Corp

Action Tungsram Inc

Acumos Inc

Adams-Russell Electronics

Adaptec Inc

Adaptive Logic Inc

Advanced Detector Corp

Advanced Electronic Packaging

Advanced Hardware Architectures Inc

Advanced Linear Devices Inc

Advanced Memory Systems Inc

Advanced Micro Systems Inc

Advanced Microelectronic Products Inc

Advanced Milliwave Laboratories Inc

Advanced Optoelectronics (Applied Solar)

Advanced Power Technology

Advanced Research Associates

Advanced Semiconductor Inc

Advanced Technology Corp

Aeroflex Laboratories Inc

Aeroflex Laboratories, Comstron Div

Agilent Technologies

Airpax Corp, Frederick Division

Alan Industries Inc

Alden Scientific Inc

Aleph International Corp

Allegro Microsystems Inc

Allen Avionics Inc

Allen Bradley Co

Alliance Semiconductor

Allied Electronic &Semiconductor Technology Inc

Allied Electronics Gmbh

Allied Signal Aerospace Company

Alpha Industries Inc, Components and Subsystems Div

Alpha Industries Inc, Semiconductor Div

Alpha Products Inc

Alpha Semiconductor

Altair Corp

Altera Corp

Amax Applied Technology Inc

AMD Inc

American Electronic Laboratories

American Microsemiconductor Inc

American Microsystems

American Power Devices Inc

American Semiconductor Corp

Amex Electronics Inc

AMF Inc

Amperex Electronic Corp

Ampex Data Systems Group

Amplifonix Inc

Amptek Inc

Anadigics Inc

Anaheim Automation

Analog Devices Inc

Analog Solutions

Analog Systems

Analogic Corp

Analytic Instruments Corp

AND

Anders Electronics

Andersen Laboratories Inc

Anodeon Semiconductor Div

Ansaldo S P A - Div Electronica

Antel Optronics Inc

Apex Microtechnology Corp

API Electronics Inc

Appian Technology Inc

Applied Micro Circuits Corp

Aptek Williams Inc

Aptos Semiconductor

Argo Transdata Corp

Aristo-Craft/ L M P Inc

Aromat Corp

Array Microsystems Inc

Artesyn Technologies

Arts Island Products Co LTD

Asahi Kasei Microsystems Co LTD

ASEA Brown Boveri A G

Ashley-Butler Inc

Asiliant Technologies

Askjeselskapet Mikro-Electronik

Associated Electronics Industries

Astec America Inc

Astec Standard Power

Atmel Corp

Aucera Technology Corp

Auctor Corp

Augat Inc

Aurora Semiconductor

Austek Microsystems

Austin Semiconductor Inc

Austria Mikro System Intl

Automatic Coil

Avantek Inc

Avasem

Avens Signal Equipment Corp

Avnet Inc

AVX Corp

AVX Corporation

Aydin Corp

B I Technologies Corp

Babcock Display Products Group

Barnes Engineering Co

Base Two (2) Systems

Basic Electronics Inc

Bedford Opto Technology LTD

Bel Hybrids &Magnetics Inc

Bel Fuse Inc

Benchmarq Microelectronics Inc

Bendix Semicon Products

Bharat Electronics LTD

Big-Sun Electronics Co LTD

Bipolar Integrated Technology Inc

BKC Semiconductors Inc

Black &Decker Corp

Boeing Electronics Co

Bogue Electric Manufacturing Co

Boston Technical Inc

Bourns Inc

Bowmar Inc

Bradley Semiconductor Sorp

Bright Led Electronics Corp

British Thomson-Houston Export Co Ltd

Brooktree

Brown Boveri &Aktiengesellschaft

Bull Micral Of America Inc

Burns &Towne Inc

Burr-Brown Corp

Burroughs Corp

C T S Reeves

C&D Technologies

C-Cube Microsystems

Caddock Electronics Inc

Cal Crystal Labs Inc

Calex Manufacturing Co Inc

California Devices Inc

California Eastern Laboratories Inc

California Micro Devices Corp

Calmos Systems Inc

Calogic Corp

Canadian General Electric Co Ltd

Cantec Electronic Co Ltd

Capar Components Corp

Capar

Capital Equipment Corp

Cardon Corp

Carlo Gavazzi Inc

Carter Semiconductor Inc

Carter Transistor Corp

Catalyst Research Corp

Catalyst Semiconductor Inc

CBS Electronics

Celduc

Celeritek

Central Semiconductor Corp

Centralab Semiconductor (Globe Union)

Centronic Inc, E-O Div

Centronic Ltd

Cermetek Microelectronics Inc

CGEE Alsthom Service SCP

Champion Technologies Inc

Cherry Corp

Cherry Semiconductor Corp

Chicago Miniature Lamp Inc

China Semiconductor Corp

Chip Supply, Micro Devices

Chrontel

Circuit Technology Inc

Cirrus Logic Inc

Citizen Electronics Co LTD

Clairex Technologies Inc

Clare (C P) Division

Clare (C P), Solid State Products

Clear Logic

Coco Research Inc

CODI Semiconductor Inc

Coherent Component Corp

Collins Electronics Corp

Collmer Semiconductor Inc

Comlinear Corporation

Commodore Semiconductor

Communications &Power Industries

Compagnia Italiana Westinghouse

Compagnia Semiconductori Italia SPA

Compagnie Des Dispositifs Semiconductor, Westinghouse

Compagnie General D'Electricita

Compensated Devices Inc

Components Inc

Computer Conversions Corp

Computer Management &Development Service

Comset Semiconductors, SPRL

Comstron Corp

Concurrent Logic

Conditioning Semiconductor Devices Corp

Conexant Systems Inc

Connor-Winfield Corp

Consumer Microcircuits Ltd

Continental Device India Ltd

Control Sciences Inc

Cooper Laser Sonics

Coors Components Inc

Cornes &Company Ltd

Corporation Soneet

Cougar Components

CP Technology Inc

Creation Technologies Inc

Cree Research Inc

Crimson Semiconductor Inc

Crosspoint Solutions Inc

Crouzet Corp

Crydom Co

Crystal Semiconductor Corp

Crystaloid Electronics Co

Crystek Corp

CSR Industries Inc

CTS Corp

CTS Electronics, Knights Div

Curtis Electromusic Specialties Inc

Custom Array Corp

Custom Components Inc

Custom Micro Systems Inc

Cybernetic Micro Systems

Cypress Semiconductor Corp

Cyrix Corp

D C P Research Corp

Dai Nippon Printing Co

Daico Industries Inc

Dale Electronics Inc

Dale Electronics

Dallas Semiconductor Corp

Dalsa Inc

Danaher Corp

Danari International

DAQ Electronics Inc

Data Delay Devices Inc

Data Display Products

Data General Corp

Data Technology Corp

Data Translation Inc

Datalinear

Datalogic Inc

Datalogic Optic Electronics Inc

Datatronics

Datel Inc

Dawn Electronics Inc

Defense Supply Center Columbus (Mil Specs)

Defense Supply Center Columbus (SMD's)

Deico Electronics Inc

Delco Electronics

Delsa Toshiba S A

Delta Electronic Ind Co LTD

Delta Products Corp

Dense-pac Microsystems Inc

Densitron Corp

Denyo Europa Gmbh

Devar Inc

Dexter Research Center Inc

Dialight Corp

Dickson Electronics Corp

Digital Components Corp

Digital Equipment Corp

Digital RF Solutions Corp

Digitron Electronic Corp

Dino Olivetti SPA

Diodes Inc

Dionics Inc

Diotec Electronics Corp

Diotec Elektronische Bauelemente GMBH

Directed Energy Inc

Discon Industries Inc

Display Engineering Services

Displays Inc

Don's Enterprise Co Ltd

Douglas Randall Inc

Dr Ing Rudolph ROST

DSP Group Inc

Dymec Inc

DynaChip Corp

E-SAN Electronic Co Ltd

Eagle-Picher Technologies LLC

Eastron Corp

Eaton Corp, Microwave Products Div

Ebauches S A

Echanges Techniques Internationaux

ECI Semiconductor

ECS Inc International

Ectiva

Edal Industries Inc

EDO Corp

Edsun Laboratories Inc

EE Tech Inc

EG&G Inc, Photon Devices Div

EG&G Inc, Washington Analytical Services Center Inc

EG&G Judson

EG&G Optoelectronics Canada

EG&G Reticon

EG&G Vactec

EIC Semiconductor Inc

Elantec Inc

Elcoma

Eldec Corp

Elec-Trol Inc

Electech Electronics

Electro Corp

Electro-Films Inc, Semi-Films Div

Electro-Films Inc

Electro-optical Systems Inc

Electron Research Inc

Electron Tubes Inc

Electronic Arrays Inc

Electronic Designs Inc

Electronic Devices Inc

Electronic Research Co

Electronic Technology Corp

Electronic Transistors Corp

Electronica Nacional Braileria

Elite Microelectronics

Elite Semiconductor

Elmec Corp Of America

Elmo Semiconductor Corp, Elpaq Division

Elmo Semiconductor Corp

Elpac Power Systems

Eltec Instruments Inc

EM Microelectronics

Emerson Electric Co

Emihus Microcomponents

Energy Electronic Products Corp

Engineered Components Co

English Electric Valve Co Ltd

Enhanced Memory Systems Inc

Envir Communications Inc

Epitaxx Inc

Epitek International Inc

Ercona Corp

Ericsson Components AB

Ericsson Components Inc

ESC Electronics Corp

Espey Mfg &Electronics Corp

ESS Technology Inc

ETEQ Microsystems Inc

Eupec

Eurodia G E S M B H Components

Eurosil Electronics Ltd

Eurotechnique

Everlight Electronics Co Ltd

Exar Corp

Excel Technology International Corp

Exel Microelectronics

Exxon Enterprises Inc

Facon

Fagor Electronic Components Inc

Fairchild Semiconductor Corp

Fallon Industries

Fanon Transistor Corp

Faraday Electronics Inc

FCP Inc

FDK Corp

FEI Microwave Inc

FEM A Electronics Corp

Fema Electronics Corp

Fenwal Electronics

Ferranti Electric Inc

Ferranti Industrial Electronics LTD

Ferrotran Electronics Co

Film Microelectronics Inc

Fine Products Microelectronics Corp

Finlux Inc

First Components

Fischer &Porter Co

FMC Corp

Ford Aerospace &Communications Corp

Fox Electronics

Foxboro I C T Inc

Foxboro I C T

FR Electronics

Franel Corp

French Thomson-Houston Semiconductor

Frequency Devices Inc

Frequency Sources

Frontier Electronics Co LTD

Fuji Electric Co Ltd

Fuji Electric Co

Fujikura America Inc

Fujitsu Kiden Ltd

Fujitsu Ltd

Fujitsu Microelectronics Inc

Fullywell Semiconductor Co Ltd

Futaba Electric Co Ltd

Future Domain Corp

G H Z Technology Inc

G-TWO Inc

Galil Motion Control Inc

Galileo Corp

Galileo Technology

Gazelle Microcircuits Inc

Gch-Sun Systems Co Ltd

GD Rectifiers Ltd

GEC Marconi Materials Technologies Ltd

GEC Plessey Semiconductors

GEC Semiconductors Ltd

Gem Asia Enterprise Co Ltd

General Diode Corp

General Electric Co, Custom Integrated Circuits

General Electric Co, Electro Optics

General Electric Solid State

General Instrument Optoelectronics

General Magnetics Inc

General Micro-Electronics Inc

General Microcircuits Corp

General Semiconductor Inc

General Semiconductor Industries Inc

General Sensors Inc

General Transistor Corp

Genisco Electronics

Gennum Corp

Gentron Corp

Gespac Inc

Giddings &Lewis Advanced Circuitry Systems

Giga

Gigabit Logic Inc

Gilway Technical Lamp

Glorious Sources Co Ltd

Glow-Lite Corp

GMT Microelectronics Corp

Goldentech Discrete Semiconductor Inc

Gould Inc, Microwave Products

GPD Optoelectronic Devices

Graseby Infrared

Grayhill Inc

Great American Electronics

Great Eastern Mfg Co

Greenray Industries Inc

Greenwich Instruments Ltd

GS Technology

GSI Technology

GTE Microcircuits

......

位置传感器可用来检测位置,反映某种状态的开关,和位移传感器不同,位置传感器有接触式和接近式两种。

接触式传感器的触头由两个物体接触挤压而动作,常见的有行程开关、二维矩阵式位置传感器等。行程开关结构简单、动作可靠、价格低廉。当某个物体在运动过程中,碰到行程开关时,其内部触头会动作,从而完成控制,如在加工中心的X、Y、Z轴方向两端分别装有行程开关,则可以控制移动范围。二维矩阵式位置传感器安装于机械手掌内侧,用于检测自身与某个物体的接触位置。

接近开关是指当物体与其接近到设定距离时就可以发出“动作”信号的开关,它无需和物体直接接触。接近开关有很多种类,主要有电磁式、光电式、差动变压器式、电涡流式、电容式、干簧管、霍尔式等。接近开关在数控机床上的应用主要是刀架选刀控制、工作台行程控制、油缸及汽缸活塞行程控制等。

霍尔传感器是利用霍尔现象制成的传感器。将锗等半导体置于磁场中,在一个方向通以电流时,则在垂直的方向上会出现电位差,这就是霍尔现象。将小磁体固定在运动部件上,当部件靠近霍尔元件时,便产生霍尔现象,从而判断物体是否到位。

位置传感器用来测量机器人自身位置的传感器。位置传感器可分为两种,直线位移传感器和角位移传感器。

位置传感器(position sensor),能感受被测物的位置并转换成可用输出信号的传感器。它能感受被测物的位置并转换成可用输出信号的传感器。


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