请高手帮忙翻译，关于半导体，谢谢啦

半导体的分类，按照其制造技术可以分为：集成电路器件，分立器件、光电半导体、逻辑IC、模拟IC、储存器等大类，一般来说这些还会被分成小类。此外还有以应用领域、设计方法等进行分类，虽然不常用，但还是按照IC、LSI、VLSI（超大LSI）及其规模进行分类的方法。此外，还有按照其所处理的信号，可以分成模拟、数字、模拟数字混成及功能进行分类的方法。

半导体五大特性∶电阻率特性，导电特性，光电特性，负的电阻率温度特性，整流特性。

半导体应用

最早的实用“半导体”是「电晶体（Transistor）/ 二极体（Diode）」。

一、在 无�电收音机（Radio）及 电视机（Television）中，作为“讯号放大器 /整流器”用。

二、近来发展「太阳能（Solar Power）」，也用在「光电池（Solar Cell）」中。

三、半导体可以用来测量温度，测温范围可以达到生产、生活、医疗卫生、科研教学等应用的70%的领域，有较高的准确度和稳定性，分辨率可达0.1℃，甚至达到0.01℃也不是不可能，线性度0.2%，测温范围-100~+300℃，是性价比极高的一种测温元件。

半导体材料的制造

为了满足量产上的需求，半导体的电性必须是可预测并且稳定的，因此包括掺杂物的纯度以及半导体晶格结构的品质都必须严格要求。常见的品质问题包括晶格的错位（dislocation）、双晶面（twins），或是堆栈错误（stacking fault）都会影响半导体材料的特性。对于一个半导体元件而言，材料晶格的缺陷通常是影响元件性能的主因。

目前用来成长高纯度单晶半导体材料最常见的方法称为裘可拉斯基制程（Czochralski process）。这种制程将一个单晶的晶种（seed）放入溶解的同材质液体中，再以旋转的方式缓缓向上拉起。在晶种被拉起时，溶质将会沿着固体和液体的接口固化，而旋转则可让溶质的温度均匀。

1. Semiconductor laser also known as laser diodes (LD). Into the 1980s, people absorb the semiconductor development of the latest achievements in physics, using a quantum well (QW) and strained quantum well (SL-QW), and other new structures, the introduction of index modulation Bragg launchers and enhanced modulation Bragg launchers The latest technology, and also the development of the MBE, MOCVD and the CBE, and other new technology of crystal growth, making the new epitaxial growth technology to precisely control the crystal growth, to achieve the precision of atomic layers thick, high-quality grown quantum wells and strained quantum well materials. Thus, to create the LD, the threshold current significant drop significantly improve the conversion efficiency, output power have increased significantly lengthen life.

2. Optoelectronics, the rapid development mainly based on quantum mechanics and materials science in the development, with particular attention is the development of optoelectronic semiconductors. LED, LD Shenqi these electronic devices is the result of this development, particularly the recent development of the organic photoelectric materials, and more is great to promote the progress of the photoelectric materials.

Why is the first semiconductor LED »

When the electronic conduction band jumped from the top to enter the zone at the time, a certain loss of energy, the energy becomes a photon emission out, is popular to say that the luminescence. Oh:) semiconductor laser is a direct bandgap semiconductor materials constitute the PN junction of material or PIN entered into a small laser. Semiconductor laser work of dozens of substances, has made laser Jia arsenide semiconductor material (GaAs), arsenic Gu (InAs), gallium nitride (GaN), antimony and Gu (InSb), curing the pot (cds), hoof-fu (CdTe), lead selenide (PbSe), tellurium and lead (PhTe ), Al Jia arsenic (A1xGa, -, As), Gu phosphorus arsenic (In-PxAS), and so on. Semiconductor laser incentive There are three main ways, that is, people-Note, optical pump-and-high-energy electron beam incentives. The vast majority of Semiconductor laser is the way of incentives, Notes, or to Pn guitar and forward voltage, so that the guitar in a regional plane stimulated emission, that is a positive bias of the diodes, also known as the semiconductor laser diode laser diode . On the semiconductor, electronics is due in the transition between the band, rather than in discrete energy levels between the transition, the transition energy is not a set value, which makes semiconductor laser output wavelength distribution in a very broad The scope. They issued by the wavelength of between 0.3-34um. Wavelength range of its decision on the materials used by the band gap, the most common is AlGaA: double-heterojunction laser, the output wavelength of 750 - 890nm. The world On the first semiconductor laser is available in 1962, after several decades of research, semiconductor laser achieved a surprising development, and its infrared wavelengths from the red light green to blue, gradually expanding the scope covered, the performance Parameters also have greatly increased their production by the proliferation of technology has to LPE Law Act (LPE), extension of gas (VPE), MBE Act (MBE), MOCVD method (metal organic compounds vapor deposition) , Chemical beam epitaxy (CBE) and their various combined, and other technology. Lasing closure of its current value from a few hundred mA down to a few dozen mA, until the sub-mA, its life expectancy by a few hundred to tens of thousands of hours, and 1 million hours from the initial low-temperature (77 K) under development to operate at room temperature for work, the power output by several milliwatts to kilowatts level (Array) it has a high efficiency, small size, light weight, simple structure, can Power for the direct conversion of laser energy, high power conversion efficiency (has reached more than 10 per cent, up to 50 per cent). Facilitate direct modulation, power-saving advantages, applications growing. At present, the fixed-wavelength laser diode to use the number of Habitat All of the first laser, the application of certain important areas over the past used the other lasers, has gradually been replaced by a semiconductor laser.

Semiconductor Laser is the biggest drawback: laser properties affected by temperature, the beam divergence angle greater (in general several times to 20 degrees), so in the direction and coherence of monochrome and other poor areas. But with the With the rapid development of science and technology, the semiconductor laser-depth study positive direction, the performance of semiconductor laser continuously improve. Semiconductor laser power can reach very high level, and beam quality has been greatly improved. Semiconductor laser as to The core semiconductor photonics technology in the 21st century information society will make more progress, play a bigger role.

标题翻译如下

CCD image sensor and their application study。

内容翻译如下

Promptness accompanying semiconductor and the photoelectricity technology develops , the solid state image sensor also arises at the historic moment , the productive technology technology can't develop swift and violent. The solid state image sensor is compared with average image sensor , have volume lacking fidelity for a short time, for a short time, sensitiveness is high , resist to vibrate , is able to bear moistness , a lot of merit of cost low grade, therefore can broad apply to industry measurement, is that meticulous of our country processes , development of robot technology and industrial automation field gets the significant effect under the control of, especially waiting for a field in pattern recognition, and with the branch who seeps through each that the industry and agriculture in our country produces broadly. At the same time, computer soft hardware technology never-ending changes and improvements, application that can give a solid state image a sensor also brings about vast vistas. The principle the main body of a book is complied with analysing the solid state image sensor starts off , emphasizes analysis and investigation and discussion being in progress to it in test control and the pattern recognition field.

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