Along with being a "girl's best friend," diamonds also have remarkable1properties that could make them ideal semiconductors3. This is welcome news for electronicssemiconductors are needed to meet the rising demand for more efficient electronics that deliver and convert power. The thirst for electronics is unlikely to cease and almost every appliance or device requires a suite4of electronics that transfer, convert and control power. Now, researchers have taken an important step toward that technology with a new way to dope single crystals of diamonds, a crucial process for building electronic devices.
"We need the devices to manipulate the power in the way that we want," said Zhengqiang (Jack) Ma, an electrical and computer engineering professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He and his colleagues describe their new method in the Journal of Applied5 Physics, from AIP Publishing.
一、部属机构属译名（以化学工业为例）化学工业部 Ministry of Chemical Industry
办公厅 General Office
计划司 Planning Department
外事司 Foreign Affairs Department
人事司 Personnel Department
化工新材料局 New Chemical Material Department
化工司 Chemical Department
橡胶司 Rubber Department
炼化司 Department of Refining and Chemicals
矿山司 Chemical Mines Bureau
化工规划院 Chemical Planning Institute
设备总公司 Equipment General Corporation
基建局 Capital Construction Department
教育司 Education Department
化肥司 Chemical Fertilizer Department
供销局 Department of Supply and Sales
二、市属机械译名（以北京市为例）
北京市人大常委会 Standing Committee of Beijing Municipal People's Congress
中国共产党北京市委员会Beijing Municipal Committee of the CPC
中国人民政治协商会议北京市委员会Beijing Municipal Committee of the CPPCC
北京市人民政府 Beijing Municipal People's Government
高级人民法院 High People's Court
人民检察院 People's Procuratorate
外事办公室 Foreign Affairs Office
侨务办公室 Overseas Chinese Affairs Office
财贸办公室 Office of Finance and Trade
文教办公室 Office of Culture and Education
计划委员会 Planning Committee
经济委员会 Economic Committee
城乡建设委员会 Committee of Municipal and Rural Construction
科学技术委员会 Committee of Science and Technology
城市规划委员会 Committee of Municipal Design
对外经贸委员会 Committee of Economic Trade for Foreign Countries
市政管理委员会 Municipal Administration Committee
民族委员会 Nationalities Committee
体育委员会 Physical Culture and Sports Committee
计划生育委员会 Family Planning Committee
人事局 Personnel Bureau
科技干部管理局 Bureau of Scientific and Technical Personnel
老干部局 Bureau of Retired Veteran Cadres
统计局 Statistical Bureau
物价局 Bureau of Commodity Price
工商行政管理局 Administration Bureau for Industry and Commerce
商品检验局 Bureau for Inspection of Commodities
审计局 Auditing Bureau
财政局 Finance Bureau
税务局 Tax Bureau
劳动局 Labor Bureau
档案局 Archives Bureau
物资管理局 Bureau of Materials
标准计量局 Bureau of Standard Measurement
公用局 Bureau if Public Utilities
广播电视局 Bureau of Radio and Television
教育委员会 Education Committee
文化局 Bureau of Culture
文物事业管理局 Bureau of Cultural Relics
卫生局 Health Bureau
乡镇企业管理局 Bureau if Township Enterprise Management
地质矿产局 Bureau of Geology and mineral Resources
农业局 Agricultural Bureau
林业局 Forestry Bureau
水产局 Bureau of Aquatic Products
气象局 Meteorological Bureau
水资源管理局 Control Bureau of Water Resources
园林局 Bureau of Parks and Woods
环境保护局 Bureau for Environmental Protection
环境卫生管理局 Bureau for Environmental Health
商业委员会 Commerce Committee
粮食局 Food Bureau
房地产管理局 Real Estate Bureau
城市规划管理局 Bureau for Municipal Design
机械设备成套局 Bureau for Complete Plants of Machinery and Equipment
公安局 Public Security Bureau
安全局 Security Bureau
司法局 Justice Bureau
民政局 Bureau of Civil Affairs
劳改工作管理局 Bureau of Reform-through-Labor Work
旅游局 Travel Bureau/Tourism Administration
铁路局 Railways Bureau
邮政局 Post Bureau
电信局 Telecommunications Bureau
北京民航管理局 Beijing Bureau of Civil Aviation
北京海关 Beijing Customs
外交人员服务局 Service Bureau for Foreign Officials
首都钢铁公司 Capital Iron and Steel Company
燕山石化总公司 Yanshan Petro-Chemical Industry Corporation
三、企业
半导体器械厂 Semi-Conductor Apparatus Plant
包装材料厂 Packaging Materials Plant
保温瓶厂 Thermos Flask Factory
炼钢厂 Steel Works
被单厂 Bed sheet Factory
变压器厂 Transformer factory
玻璃制品厂 Glassware Factory
茶厂 Tea Processing Factory
柴油机厂 Diesel Engine Plant
车辆制造厂 Railway Car Plant
船舶修造厂 Ship Repair Yard
灯具厂 Lighting Equipment Factory
低压开关厂 Low-Voltage Switch Factory
汽车制造厂 Automobile Works
发电厂 Power Plant
电动工具厂 Electric Tool Works
电机厂 Electrical Machinery Plant
电讯器材厂 Telecommunication Apparatus Factory
电子管厂 Electronic Tube Factory
电子设备厂 Electronic Equipment Factory
铸造厂 Foundry Works
纺织机械厂 Textile Machinery Plant
服装厂 Garment Factory
皮革制品厂 Leather Goods Factory
罐头食品厂 Canned Food Plant
光学仪器厂 Optical Instrument Factory
广播器材厂 Broadcasting Equipment Factory
锅炉厂 Boiler Factory
化肥厂 Chemical Fertilizer Plant
化工厂 Chemical Works
化学纤维厂 Chemical Fiber Plant
化妆品厂 Cosmetics Plant
机床厂 Machine Tools Plant
机械修理厂 Machine Repair Plant
建筑机械厂 Construction Machinery Plant
金属工艺制品厂 Metal Handicraft Plant
晶体管厂 Transistor Factory
绝缘材料厂 Insulating Materials Plant
民族乐器厂 Folk Music Instrument Factory
炼油厂 Oil Refinery
粮油加工厂 Grain and Cooking Oil Processing Factory
毛纺织厂 Woolen Mill
木材厂 Timber Mill
家具厂 Furniture Factory
农药厂 Insecticide Factory
啤酒厂 Beer Brewery
汽车修配厂 Motor-Car Repair and Assembly Plant
人造纤维厂 Artificial Fiber Plant
乳品加工厂 Milk Processing Plant
石油化工机械厂 Petro-Chemical Machinery Plant
水泥厂 Cement Plant
塑料厂 Plastics Plant
搪瓷厂 Enamel Plant
陶瓷厂 Pottery and porcelain Factory
通用机械厂 General Machinery Plant
玩具厂 Toy Factory
无线电器材厂 Radio Appliances Factory
五金厂 Hardware Factory
橡胶厂 Rubber Plant
制药厂 Pharmaceutical Factory
羊毛衫厂 Woolen Sweater Mill
针织厂 Knitwear Mill
冶炼厂 Metallurgical Plant
医疗器械厂 Medical Apparatus Factory
仪表厂 Instrument and Meters Factory
饮料厂 Soft Drinks Plant
印染厂 Printing and Dyeing Mill
油漆厂 Paint Factory
有机化工厂 Organic Chemical Plant
造纸机械厂 Paper Making Machinery Plant
造船厂 Shipbuilding Plant
自行车厂 Bicycle Plant
四、公司、企业集团
家用电器有限公司 Household Electrical Appliance Co., Ltd.
技贸公司 Technology and Trade Co., Ltd.
钢铁公司 Iron and Steel Company
保安服务公司 Security Service Company
针织有限公司 Knitting Company Ltd.
实业集团公司 Industrial Group Corporation
国际租赁公司 International Leasing Company
电子技术开发公司 Electronic Technology Development Co.
毛纺织有限公司 Woolen Textile Co., Ltd.
系统工程有限公司 System Engineering Corporation
计算机集团公司 Computer Group Co.
时装有限公司 Fashion Company Ltd.
广告公司 Advertising Company
科学技术开发公司 Science and Technical Development Company
水产品有限公司 Aquatic Product Company Ltd.
旅游公司 Travel Corporation
服装公司 Garment Company Ltd.
国际广告展览有限公司International Advertising and Exposition Co., Ltd.
电冰箱厂有限公司 Refrigerator Factory Co., Ltd.
电风扇工业公司 Electric Fan Industry Company
电话技术开发服务公司Telephonic Technology Development Service Co.
电力机械制造公司 Electrical Machinery Manufacturing Company
电信发展公司 Telecommunications Development Co.
电子器材公司 Electronic Equipment &Materials Corporation
建筑工程 Construction Project Consulting
咨询公司 Corporation
科学仪器 Scientific Instrument Import and
进出口公司 Export Co.
仪器设备公司 Instrument and Equipment Company
汽车企业集团 Automobile Enterprise Group
技术开发咨询公司 Technical Development and Consultancy Co.
对外服务公司 Foreign Service Company
对外经济发展公司 Foreign Economic Development Company
纺织企业集团 Textile Enterprise Group
对外贸易公司 Foreign Trade Company
贸易有限公司 Trading Company Ltd.
国际投资有限公司 International Investment Company
塑料制品有限公司 Plastic Products Co., Ltd.
工艺美术品公司 Arts and Crafts Corporation
国际经济技术合作公司International Economic &Technological Consulting Corporation
国际经济开发公司 International Economic Development Corporation
国际科技咨询公司 International Scientific and Technological Consulting Corporation
国际贸易展览公司 International Trade Exhibition Company
国际商业服务公司 International Commercial Service Company
国际信息处理有限公司International Information Processing Co., Ltd.
国际经济合作公司 International Economic Cooperation Corporation
国际工程集团 International Engineering Group Corporation
制衣实业公司 Garments Industrial Company
化工工程咨询公司 Chemical Engineering Consulting Corporation
计算机技术 Computer Technology Service
服务公司 Corporation
工程承包有限公司 Project Contracting Co., Ltd.
建筑设计合资公司 Building Design Joint Venture Corporation
交通进出口 Communications Import &Export
服务公司 Service Company
饭店集团服务公司 Hotel Group, Ltd.
饮料有限公司 Beverage Company Limited
建筑工程公司 Construction Engineering Co.
陶瓷企业集团 Porcelain Industry Complex
饲料技术开发集团 Feed Technological Development Group
能源开发公司 Energy Development Corporation
民办交通信息中心 Non-Governmental Transport Information Center
国货有限公司 China Products Company Ltd.
气象服务公司 Meteorological Service Company
农资公司 Agricultural Materials Company
化纤工业集团公司 Chemical Fiber Industry Group
房产投资有限公司 Realty &Investment Company
房地产开发公司 Real Estate Development Company
国际集装箱有限公司 International Container Co., Ltd.
证券公司 Securities Company
塑料皮革工业公司 Plastics and Leather Industrial Company
讨债公司 Debt Collecting Company
新型建筑材料供应公司 New Building Materials Supply Company
五、金融、保险机构
中国人民银行 People's Bank of China
中国人民建设银行 People's Construction Bank of China
中国工商银行 Industrial and Commercial Bank of China
中国农业银行 Agricultural Bank of China
中国银行 Bank of China
交通银行 Bank of Communications
中国投资银行 China Investment Bank
中信实业银行 CITIC Industrial Bank
中国光大银行 Everbright Bank of China
厦门国际银行 Xiamen International Bank
广东发展银行 Guangdong Development Bank
浦东发展银行 Pudong Development Bank
中国国际信托投资公司 China International Trust ＆ Investment Corporation
中国人民保险公司 People's Insurance Company of China
平安保险公司 Ping An Insurance Company
中国人寿保险公司 China Life Insurance Company Ltd.
六、商店
书店 books store
粮店 grain store
食品点 food store
煤店 coal store
食品杂货（副食品）店 grocery
酱园 sauce and pickles shop
肉店 meat (butcher's) shop
酒店 wine shop
水产店 aquatic products shop
家禽店 fowl shop
豆腐店 bean curd shop
烤肉店 roast meat shop
卤味店 sauced meat shop
饮食店 food and drink shop
小吃店 eating house (snack bar)
饭店 restaurant
冷饮店 cold drinks shop
蔬菜店水果店 green grocery (green grocer's)
蔬菜店 vegetables shop
鞋帽店 shoes and hats store
百货公司 department store
百货商场 general merchandise market
服装店 clothing store
成衣店 ready-made clothes shop
呢绒绸布店 wool, silk and cotton fabrics store
药店（美：杂货店） drug store (pharmacy)
儿童用品商店 children's goods shop
妇女用品商店 women's goods shop
钟表店 watch and clock ship
文具店 stationer's (stationery shop)
日用杂货店 daily-use sundry goods shop
炊事用具商店 cooking utensils shop
家用器具商店 household utensils shop
五金商店 metal products shop
家具店 furniture shop
眼镜店 eyeglasses store
玻璃礼品店 glass gifts store
爆竹鞭炮店 fireworks shop
电器商店 electrical appliance shop
油漆店 paint shop
化工油漆染料店 chemicals, paint and dyestuffs shop
地产建材商店 native building materials store
照相馆（摄影室） photographic studio (photographer's)
旧货店 second-hand goods store (used goods store)
寄卖商店 commission shop
综合修理店 general repair shop (service)
工艺美术服务社 arts and crafts shop
花店 flower shop
古玩珠宝店 antiques and jewelry shop
香烟店（摊） cigarette shop (stall)
售报亭 newspaper and magazine stand
茶馆 tea house
理发店 barber's shop (hairdresser's)
洗澡堂 bath house
旅店/旅馆 inn/ hotel
邮局 post office
公司部门的英文标识名称
总公司 Head Office
分公司 Branch Office
营业部 Business Office
人事部 Personnel Department
人力资源部Human Resources Department
总务部 General Affairs Department
财务部 General Accounting Department
销售部 Sales Department
促销部 Sales Promotion Department
国际部 International Department
出口部 Export Department
进口部 Import Department
公共关系 Public Relations Department
广告部 Advertising Department
企划部 Planning Department
产品开发部 Product Development Department
研发部 Research and Development Department (R&D)
秘书室 Secretarial Pool
The role of transistor Transistor, is one of the most common basic components, the role of main transistor current amplification, he is the heart of electronic circuit components, are essential components of large scale integrated circuit is transistor.Transistors are the basic institutions of a semiconductor substrate in the production of the two in close proximity of the PN junction, the two blocks of semiconductor PN junction is divided into three parts, the middle part of the base area, on both sides of part of the emitter and collector areas, arrangement of There are two PNP and NPN, from the corresponding electrode leads the three areas, namely e base emitter and collector b c. Between the emitter and the base region of the PN junction is called the emitter, collector and base region of the PN junction between the collector called. Very thin base region, while the emitter thick, impurity concentration of large, PNP-type transistor emitter "launch" the hole, its moving direction and current direction, and therefore the arrow to where the emitterNPN-type transistor emitter "launch "is the free electron, its moving direction and current in the opposite direction, so the emitter arrow out. Emitter arrow out. Arrow points to the emitter PN junction in forward voltage is under the direction of conduction. Silicon germanium transistor and PNP transistor has two types of type and NPN type.Transistor is a control element, the role of very large transistors, can be said that without the invention of the transistor is not the modern information society so diverse, tubes, his predecessor, but the size of a large tube enormous power, has now been eliminated. Transistor size is mainly used to control current to total emitter Connection Example (signal from the base input, the output from the collector, emitter grounded), when the base voltage UB has a small change, base current IB will follow a small change, subject to the control of base current IB, the collector current IC will be a great change, the greater the base current IB, the greater the collector current IC, whereas the more base current small, the collector current is also smaller, which control the base current the collector current changes. However, changes in the collector current changes than the base current is much greater, and this is the current amplification transistor. Just said is the transistor current amplification effect, and its essence is the transistor base current can change slightly to control the volume of the larger collector current variation. This is the most basic and most important transistor characteristics. We will ΔIc / ΔIb as the ratio of current amplification transistor, with symbol "β" said. Current amplification factor for a transistor is only a fixed value, but with the transistor's base current when the work of change there will be some modifications. According to our analysis of the role of transistors it can become weak signal strength of the signal must, of course, continue to follow the conversion of energy conservation, it is only the power of the signal energy into the energy Bale. An important parameter is the transistor current amplification factor β. When the transistor's base, adding a small current, the collector can get a current is injected into the current β-fold, that the collector current. Collector current with base current of change, and small changes in base current can cause large changes in collector current, which is the transistor's amplification. The role of transistor switches are electronic, with the other components also constitute the oscillator, in addition to the role of regulator transistor there. 【译文】晶体三极管的作用晶体三极管，是最常用的基本元器件之一，晶体三极管的作用主要是电流放大，他是电子电路的核心元件，现在的大规模集成电路的基本组成部分也就是晶体三极管。 三极管基本机构是在一块半导体基片上制作两个相距很近的PN结，两个PN结把正块半导体分成三部分，中间部分是基区，两侧部分是发射区和集电区，排列方式有PNP和NPN两种， 从三个区引出相应的电极，分别为基极b发射极e和集电极c。发射区和基区之间的PN结叫发射结，集电区和基区之间的PN结叫集电极。基区很薄，而发射区较厚，杂质浓度大，PNP型三极管发射区"发射"的是空穴，其移动方向与电流方向一致，故发射极箭头向里；NPN型三极管发射区"发射"的是自由电子，其移动方向与电流方向相反，故发射极箭头向外。发射极箭头向外。发射极箭头指向也是PN结在正向电压下的导通方向。硅晶体三极管和锗晶体三极管都有PNP型和NPN型两种类型。 三极管是一种控制元件，三极管的作用非常的大，可以说没有三极管的发明就没有现代信息社会的如此多样化，电子管是他的前身，但是电子管体积大耗电量巨大，现在已经被淘汰。三极管主要用来控制电流的大小，以共发射极接法为例（信号从基极输入，从集电极输出，发射极接地），当基极电压UB有一个微小的变化时，基极电流IB也会随之有一小的变化，受基极电流IB的控制，集电极电流IC会有一个很大的变化，基极电流IB越大，集电极电流IC也越大，反之，基极电流越小，集电极电流也越小，即基极电流控制集电极电流的变化。但是集电极电流的变化比基极电流的变化大得多，这就是三极管的电流放大作用。 刚才说了电流放大是晶体三极管的作用，其实质是三极管能以基极电流微小的变化量来控制集电极电流较大的变化量。这是三极管最基本的和最重要的特性。我们将ΔIc/ΔIb的比值称为晶体三极管的电流放大倍数，用符号“β”表示。电流放大倍数对于某一只三极管来说是一个定值，但随着三极管工作时基极电流的变化也会有一定的改变。根据三极管的作用我们分析它可以把微弱的电信号变成一定强度的信号，当然这种转换仍然遵循能量守恒，它只是把电源的能量转换成信号的能量罢了。三极管有一个重要参数就是电流放大系数β。当三极管的基极上加一个微小的电流时，在集电极上可以得到一个是注入电流β倍的电流，即集电极电流。集电极电流随基极电流的变化而变化，并且基极电流很小的变化可以引起集电极电流很大的变化，这就是三极管的放大作用。三极管的作用还有电子开关，配合其它元件还可以构成振荡器，此外三极管还有稳压的作用。欢迎分享，转载请注明来源：内存溢出
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