继承(加上封装和多态性)是面向对象的编程的三个主要特性(也称为“支柱”)之一。 继承用于创建可重用、扩展和修改在其他类中定义的行为的新类。其成员被继承的类称为“基类”,继承这些成员的类称为“派生类”。派生类只能有一个直接基类。但是,继承是可传递的。如果 ClassB 派生出 ClassC,ClassA 派生出 ClassB,则 ClassC 会继承 ClassB 和 ClassA 中声明的成员。
注意
结构不支持继承,但可以实现接口。
从概念上来说,派生类是基类的特例。 例如,如果您有一个基类 Animal,则可以有一个名为 Mammal 的派生类和一个名为 Reptile 的派生类。 Mammal 是一个 Animal,Reptile 也是一个 Animal,但每个派生类均表示基类的不同专用化。
定义一个类从其他类派生时,派生类隐式获得基类的除构造函数和析构函数以外的所有成员。因此,派生类可以重用基类中的代码而无需重新实现这些代码。可以在派生类中添加更多成员。派生类以这种方式扩展基类的功能。
下图演示一个 WorkItem 类,该类表示某业务流程中的一个工作项。和所有的类一样,该类派生自 System.Object 并继承其所有方法。 WorkItem 添加了自己的五个成员。其中包括一个构造函数,因为构造函数不能继承。类ChangeRequest 继承自 WorkItem 并表示特定种类的工作项。 ChangeRequest 在它从 WorkItem 和 Object 继承的成员中另外添加了两个成员。它必须添加其自己的构造函数,还添加 originalitemID。利用属性 originalitemID,可将 ChangeRequest 实例与更改请求将应用到的原始 WorkItem 相关联。
类继承
下面的示例演示如何以 C# 表示上图所示的类关系。该示例还演示 WorkItem 如何重写虚方法 Object.ToString,以及 ChangeRequest 类如何继承该方法的 WorkItem 实现。
// WorkItem implicitly inherits from the Object class.public class WorkItem{ // Static fIEld currentID stores the job ID of the last WorkItem that // has been created. private static int currentID; //PropertIEs. protected int ID { get; set; } protected string Title { get; set; } protected string Description { get; set; } protected TimeSpan jobLength { get; set; } // Default constructor. If a derived class does not invoke a base- // class constructor explicitly,the default constructor is called // implicitly. public WorkItem() { ID = 0; Title = "Default Title"; Description = "Default description."; jobLength = new TimeSpan(); } // Instance constructor that has three parameters. public WorkItem(string Title,string desc,TimeSpan joblen) { this.ID = GetNextID(); this.Title = Title; this.Description = desc; this.jobLength = joblen; } // Static constructor to initialize the static member,currentID. This // constructor is called one time,automatically,before any instance // of WorkItem or ChangeRequest is created,or currentID is referenced. static WorkItem() { currentID = 0; } protected int GetNextID() { // currentID is a static fIEld. It is incremented each time a new // instance of WorkItem is created. return ++currentID; } // Method Update enables you to update the Title and job length of an // existing WorkItem object. public voID Update(string Title,TimeSpan joblen) { this.Title = Title; this.jobLength = joblen; } // Virtual method overrIDe of the ToString method that is inherited // from System.Object. public overrIDe string ToString() { return String.Format("{0} - {1}",this.ID,this.Title); }}// ChangeRequest derives from WorkItem and adds a property (originalitemID) // and two constructors.public class ChangeRequest : WorkItem{ protected int originalitemID { get; set; } // Constructors. Because neither constructor calls a base-class // constructor explicitly,the default constructor in the base class // is called implicitly. The base class must contain a default // constructor. // Default constructor for the derived class. public ChangeRequest() { } // Instance constructor that has four parameters. public ChangeRequest(string Title,TimeSpan jobLen,int originalID) { // The following propertIEs and the GetNexID method are inherited // from WorkItem. this.ID = GetNextID(); this.Title = Title; this.Description = desc; this.jobLength = jobLen; // Property originalitemID is a member of ChangeRequest,but not // of WorkItem. this.originalitemID = originalID; }}class Program{ static voID Main() { // Create an instance of WorkItem by using the constructor in the // base class that takes three arguments. WorkItem item = new WorkItem("Fix BUGs","Fix all BUGs in my code branch",new TimeSpan(3,4,0)); // Create an instance of ChangeRequest by using the constructor in // the derived class that takes four arguments. ChangeRequest change = new ChangeRequest("Change Base Class Design","Add members to the class",new TimeSpan(4,0),1); // Use the ToString method defined in WorkItem. Console.Writeline(item.ToString()); // Use the inherited Update method to change the Title of the // ChangeRequest object. change.Update("Change the Design of the Base Class",0)); // ChangeRequest inherits WorkItem's overrIDe of ToString. Console.Writeline(change.ToString()); // Keep the console open in deBUG mode. Console.Writeline("Press any key to exit."); Console.ReadKey(); }}
输出:
1 - Fix BUGs 2 - Change the Design of the Base Class总结
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