Cobra既是一个用来创建强大的现代Cli命令行的golang库,也是一个生成程序应用和命令行文件的程序。下面是Cobra使用的一个演示:Cobra提供的功能 简易的子命令行模式,如 app server, app fetch等等 完全兼容posix命令行模式 嵌套子命令subcommand 支持全局,局部,串联flags 使用Cobra很容易的生成应用程序和命令,使用cobra create appname和cobra add cmdname 如果命令输入错误,将提供智能建议,如 app srver,将提示srver没有,是否是app server 自动生成commands和flags的帮助信息 自动生成详细的help信息,如app help 自动识别-h,--help帮助flag 自动生成应用程序在bash下命令自动完成功能 自动生成应用程序的man手册 命令行别名 自定义help和usage信息 可选的紧密集成的@L_404_0@ apps 如何使用
上面所有列出的功能我没有一一去使用,下面我来简单介绍一下如何使用Cobra,基本能够满足一般命令行程序的需求,如果需要更多功能,可以研究一下源码github。
安装cobraCobra是非常容易使用的,使用go get
来安装最新版本的库。当然这个库还是相对比较大的,可能需要安装它可能需要相当长的时间,这取决于你的速网。安装完成后,打开GOPATH目录,bin目录下应该有已经编译好的cobra.exe程序,当然你也可以使用源代码自己生成一个最新的cobra程序。
> go get -v github.com/spf13/cobra/cobra使用cobra生成应用程序
假设现在我们要开发一个基于Clis的命令程序,名字为demo。首先打开CMD,切换到GOPATH的src目录下[^1],执行如下指令:
[^1]:cobra.exe只能在GOPATH目录下执行
src> ..\bin\cobra.exe init demo Your Cobra application is ready atC:\Users\liubo5\Desktop\transCoding_tool\src\demoGive it a try by going there and running `go run main.go`Add commands to it by running `cobra add [cmdname]`
在src目录下会生成一个demo的文件夹,如下:
? demo ? cmd/ root.go main.go
如果你的demo程序没有subcommands,那么cobra生成应用程序的 *** 作就结束了。
如何实现没有子命令的Clis程序接下来就是可以继续demo的功能设计了。例如我在demo下面新建一个包,名称为imp。如下:
? demo ? cmd/ root.go ? imp/ imp.go imp_test.go main.go
imp.go文件的代码如下:
package impimport( "fmt")func Show(name string,age int) { fmt.Printf("My name is %s,My age is %d\n",name,age)}
demo程序成命令行接收两个参数name和age,然后打印出来。打开cobra自动生成的main.go文件查看:
// copyright © 2016 name HERE <EMAIL ADDRESS>//// licensed under the Apache license,Version 2.0 (the "license");// you may not use this file except in compliance with the license.// You may obtain a copy of the license at//// http://www.apache.org/licenses/liCENSE-2.0//// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,software// distributed under the license is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND,either express or implIEd.// See the license for the specific language governing permissions and// limitations under the license.package mainimport "demo/cmd"func main() { cmd.Execute()}
可以看出main函数执行cmd包,所以我们只需要在cmd包内调用imp包就能实现demo程序的需求。接着打开root.go文件查看:
// copyright © 2016 name HERE <EMAIL ADDRESS>//// licensed under the Apache license,either express or implIEd.// See the license for the specific language governing permissions and// limitations under the license.package cmdimport ( "fmt" "os" "github.com/spf13/cobra" "github.com/spf13/viper")var cfgfile string// RootCmd represents the base command when called without any subcommandsvar RootCmd = &cobra.Command{ Use: "demo",Short: "A brIEf description of your application",Long: `A longer description that spans multiple lines and likely containsexamples and usage of using your application. For example:Cobra is a Cli library for Go that empowers applications.This application is a tool to generate the needed filesto quickly create a Cobra application.`,// Uncomment the following line if your bare application// has an action associated with it:// Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command,args []string) { },}// Execute adds all child commands to the root command sets flags appropriately.// This is called by main.main(). It only needs to happen once to the rootCmd.func Execute() { if err := RootCmd.Execute(); err != nil { fmt.Println(err) os.Exit(-1) }}func init() { cobra.OnInitialize(initConfig) // Here you will define your flags and configuration settings. // Cobra supports Persistent Flags,which,if defined here,// will be global for your application. RootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&cfgfile,"config","","config file (default is $HOME/.demo.yaml)") // Cobra also supports local flags,which will only run // when this action is called directly. RootCmd.Flags().BoolP("toggle","t",false,"Help message for toggle")}// initConfig reads in config file and ENV variables if set.func initConfig() { if cfgfile != "" { // enable ability to specify config file via flag viper.SetConfigfile(cfgfile) } viper.SetConfigname(".demo") // name of config file (without extension) viper.AddConfigPath("$HOME") // adding home directory as first search path viper.automaticEnv() // read in environment variables that match // If a config file is found,read it in. if err := viper.ReadInConfig(); err == nil { fmt.Println("Using config file:",viper.ConfigfileUsed()) }}
从源代码来看cmd包进行了一些初始化 *** 作并提供了Execute接口。十分简单,其中viper是cobra集成的配置文件读取的库,这里不需要使用,我们可以注释掉(不注释可能生成的应用程序很大约10M,这里没哟用到最好是注释掉)。cobra的所有命令都是通过cobra.Command这个结构体实现的。为了实现demo功能,显然我们需要修改RootCmd。修改后的代码如下:
// copyright © 2016 name HERE <EMAIL ADDRESS>//// licensed under the Apache license,either express or implIEd.// See the license for the specific language governing permissions and// limitations under the license.package cmdimport ( "fmt" "os" "github.com/spf13/cobra" // "github.com/spf13/viper" "demo/imp")//var cfgfile stringvar name stringvar age int// RootCmd represents the base command when called without any subcommandsvar RootCmd = &cobra.Command{ Use: "demo",Short: "A test demo",Long: `Demo is a test appcation for print things`,// Uncomment the following line if your bare application // has an action associated with it: Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command,args []string) { if len(name) == 0 { cmd.Help() return } imp.Show(name,age) },}// Execute adds all child commands to the root command sets flags appropriately.// This is called by main.main(). It only needs to happen once to the rootCmd.func Execute() { if err := RootCmd.Execute(); err != nil { fmt.Println(err) os.Exit(-1) }}func init() { // cobra.OnInitialize(initConfig) // Here you will define your flags and configuration settings. // Cobra supports Persistent Flags,// will be global for your application. // RootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&cfgfile,which will only run // when this action is called directly. // RootCmd.Flags().BoolP("toggle","Help message for toggle") RootCmd.Flags().StringVarP(&name,"name","n","person‘s name") RootCmd.Flags().IntvarP(&age,"age","a","person‘s age")}// initConfig reads in config file and ENV variables if set.//func initConfig() {// if cfgfile != "" { // enable ability to specify config file via flag// viper.SetConfigfile(cfgfile)// }// viper.SetConfigname(".demo") // name of config file (without extension)// viper.AddConfigPath("$HOME") // adding home directory as first search path// viper.automaticEnv() // read in environment variables that match// // If a config file is found,read it in.// if err := viper.ReadInConfig(); err == nil {// fmt.Println("Using config file:",viper.ConfigfileUsed())// }//}
到此demo的功能已经实现了,我们编译运行一下看看实际效果:
>demo.exeDemo is a test appcation for print thingsUsage: demo [flags]Flags: -a,--age int person‘s age -h,--help help for demo -n,--name string person‘s name
>demo -n borey --age 26My name is borey,My age is 26如何实现带有子命令的Clis程序
在执行cobra.exe init demo
之后,继续使用cobra为demo添加子命令test:
src\demo>..\..\bin\cobra add testtest created at C:\Users\liubo5\Desktop\transCoding_tool\src\demo\cmd\test.go
在src目录下demo的文件夹下生成了一个cmd\test.go文件,如下:
? demo ? cmd/ root.go test.go main.go
接下来的 *** 作就和上面修改root.go文件一样去配置test子命令。效果如下:
src\demo>demoDemo is a test appcation for print thingsUsage: demo [flags] demo [command]Available Commands: test A brIEf description of your commandFlags: -a,--name string person‘s nameUse "demo [command] --help" for more information about a command.
可以看出demo既支持直接使用标记flag,又能使用子命令
src\demo>demo test -hA longer description that spans multiple lines and likely contains examplesand usage of using your command. For example:Cobra is a Cli library for Go that empowers applications.This application is a tool to generate the needed filesto quickly create a Cobra application.Usage: demo test [flags]
调用test命令输出信息,这里没有对默认信息进行修改。
src\demo>demo tstError: unkNown command "tst" for "demo"DID you mean this? testRun ‘demo --help‘ for usage.unkNown command "tst" for "demo"DID you mean this? test
这是错误命令提示功能
OVERCobra的使用就介绍到这里,更新细节可去github详细研究一下。这里只是一个简单的使用入门介绍,如果有错误之处,敬请指出,谢谢~
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