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一、if语句

if语句的语法和while类似

if(test-condition)

statement

比如:假设读者希望程序计算输入的空格数和字符总数,则可以在while循环使用cing.get(char)读取字符,使用if预计识别空格字符并计算,使用.确定句尾

#include 

int main(void)
{
    using namespace std;

    int spaces = 0;
    int total = 0;
    char ch;

    cin.get(ch);
    
    while (ch != '.')   
    {
        if(ch == ' ')
        {
            ++spaces;
        }
        ++total; 
        cin.get(ch);
    }

    cout << "spaces = " << spaces << endl;
    cout << "total = " << total << endl;

    return 0; 
}

结果:

chararcters total in sentence.
spaces = 3
total = 31

*如果遇到的字符不是点,那是不是空格呢,前面触发点+1,后面触发空格+1

1:if else语句

对比以下两个程序,感受数据提升

1)使用++ch,不会丢失char

#include 

int main(void)
{
    using namespace std;

    char ch;

    cout << "Type ,and I shall repeat.\n";
    cin.get(ch);
    
    while (ch!='.')
    {
        if(ch == '\n')
            cout << ch;
        else   
            cout << ++ch;
        cin.get(ch);
    }
    
    cout << endl;

    return 0; 
}

结果:

Type ,and I shall repeat.
a
b
c
d
.
 

2)使用ch + 1,变成了数据类型提升,输出就是数字

#include 

int main(void)
{
    using namespace std;

    char ch;

    cout << "Type ,and I shall repeat.\n";
    cin.get(ch);
    
    while (ch!='.')
    {
        if(ch == '\n')
            cout << ch;
        else   
            cout << ch + 1;
        cin.get(ch);
    }
    
    cout << endl;

    return 0; 
}

结果:

Type ,and I shall repeat.
c
100
d
101

2:格式化if else语句

别忘了{}

3:if else if else结构

看如下程序:
 

#include 

int main(void)
{
    using namespace std;

    const int Fave = 27;
    int n;

    cout << "Enter number in the range 1-100 to find your favorite number : ";
    do
    {
        cin >> n;//先输入
        if(n < Fave)
            cout << "Too low ,guess again!" << endl;
        else if(n > Fave)
            cout << "Too high ,guess again!" << endl;       
        else cout << Fave << " is the right number." << endl;

    } while (n != Fave);//如果不是Fave呢

    return 0; 
}

结果如下:

Enter number in the range 1-100 to find your favorite number : 24
Too low ,guess again!
27
27 is the right number.

*相等运算符最好这样声明!

if(3 == myNumber)

就算少写了等号,也不会报错

二、逻辑表达式

逻辑运算符的优先级比关系运算符低

1:逻辑OR运算符:||

满足其一就行

[+++]

看下程序:

#include 

int main(void)
{
    using namespace std;

    cout << "This program may reformat your hard disk \n"
            "and destroy all your data. \n"
            "do you wish to continue? ";
    char ch;
    cin >> ch;

    if(ch=='y' || ch == 'Y')
        cout << "You were warned!" << endl;
    else if(ch == 'n' || ch == 'N')
        cout << "A wise choise.." << endl;
    
    else 
        cout << "That wasn't a y or n!" << endl;

    return 0; 
}
2:逻辑AND运算符:&&

必须同时满足

[+++]

看下程序:

#include 

const int ArSize = 6;

int main(void)
{
    using namespace std;

    float value[ArSize];
    float temp;
    int i;

    cout << "Enter six numbers and campare with your level:" << endl;
    cout << "Terminate condition: when you make 6 numbers or enter a nagative number" << endl;

    cout << "First value: ";
    cin >>temp;

    while (i < ArSize && temp >= 0)
    {
        value[i] = temp;
        ++i;

        if (i < ArSize)
        {
            cout << "Next value:";
            cin >> temp;
        }
    }

    if (i == 0)
    {
        cout << "No date--byte." << endl;
    }
    else
    {
        cout << "Enter your level: ";
        float level;
        cin >> level;
        int count = 0;

        for (int j = 0; j < i; j++)
        {
            if (value[j] > level)
                count++;
        }
        cout << count << " numbers are bigger than your level" << endl;
    }
    return 0; 
}

结果如下:

Enter six numbers and campare with your level:
Terminate condition: when you make 6 numbers or enter a nagative number
First value: 12
Next value:55
Next value:5
Next value:6
Next value:5
Next value:43
Enter your level: 10
3 numbers are bigger than your level

*程序说明

1)声明一个浮点型的数组,大小为6,初始化一个浮点型的数,用于捕获和存放

2)while循环就是为了提醒和存放数据

3)存放完成后,后面定义一个float标准进行比较

4)出现负数直接返回

3:用&&来设置取值范围

使用if (age >17 && age < 35)而不是if (17 < age < 35) !

看下例:

#include 

int main(void)
{
    using namespace std;

    const char *qualify[] = 
    {
        "Perfect","Great","Good","Just soso","failed"
    };

    int score;
    int index;

    cout << "Enter your score: ";
    cin >> score;

    if(score >= 90 && score <= 100)
    {
        index = 0;
    }
    else if (score >= 80 && score < 90)
    {
        index = 1;
    }
    else if(score >= 70 && score < 80)
    {
        index = 2;
    }
    else if(score >= 60 && score < 70)
    {
        index = 3;
    }
    else
        index = 4;

    cout << "Your qualify: " << qualify[index] << endl;
    return 0; 
}

结果:

Enter your score: 96
Your qualify: Perfect

*用了index,这样就减少了代码量,不然每一行都输出你的成绩,比较麻烦

4:逻辑NOT运算符:!

[+++]

看代码

#include 
#include 

bool is_int(double x);//记得声明函数啊,不然没法用哦

int main(void)
{
    using namespace std;

    double num;

    cout << "Enter an interger value: ";
    cin >> num;
    
    while (!is_int(num))//如果不是int,就重新输入
    {
        cout << "Out of range, please enter again: ";
        cin >> num;
    }

    int value = int(num);//否则就输出强制转换为int类型的number
    cout << "You have enter an interger: " << value << endl;

    return 0; 
}

bool is_int(double x)  //定义了一个bool类型的判断是否是int的函数,参数是double,返回值是bool
{
    if(x<= INT_MAX && x >= INT_MIN) //如果输入在int的最大最小范围之内,就确定是int
        return true;
    else
        return false;
}

结果:

Enter an interger value: 10000000000000
Out of range, please enter again: 10
You have enter an interger: 10
*

1)记得引用函数

2)记得类型转换

5:逻辑运算符细节

[+++]

三、字符函数库cctype

这个头文件还是很好用的,能[+++]

 写个代码:

#include 
#include //这就是很好用的那个玩意儿

int main(void)
{
    using namespace std;

    int whitespace = 0;
    int digits = 0;
    int chars = 0;
    int punch = 0;
    int others = 0;

    char ch;

    cout << "Enter text for analysis , and @ to terminate the input." << endl;

    cin.get(ch);

    while (ch != '@')
    {
        if(isalpha(ch))
            chars++;
        else if(isspace(ch))
            whitespace++;
        else if(isdigit(ch))
            digits++;
        else if(ispunct(ch))
            punch++;
        else
            others++;
        cin.get(ch);
    }
    
    cout << chars << " letters," << whitespace << " whitespaces," << digits << " digits," << punch << " punchs," << others << " others." << endl;

    return 0; 
}

结果:

Enter text for analysis , and @ to terminate the input.
My dinner with Andre, scheduled for 2013.
@
29 letters,7 whitespaces,4 digits,2 punchs,0 others.

*就是调用了cctype头文件,能够判断大小写字母数字字符空格什么的

四、?:运算符(条件运算符)

C++ 有一个长被用来代替if else语句的运算符,这个运算符被称为[+++],它是C++中唯一一个需要3个 *** 作数的运算符。通用格式如下:

[+++]

如果1为true,则整个条件表达式的值为2,否则就是3

常见用法,见以下代码:

#include 

int main(void)
{
    using namespace std;

    int a,b;
    int c;

    cout << "Enter two intergers: \n";
    cin >> a >> b;
    
    c = a > b ? a : b;
    cout << c;

    return 0; 
}

结果:

Enter two intergers:
10
20
20

[+++]

五、Switch语句

Switch语句更能够容易从大型列表中进行选择

Switch (integer - expression)

{

     case 1 :statement

     case 2:statement

      ...

     default : statement

}

程序不会在执行到下一个case处自动停止,要让程序执行完一组特定语句后停止,必须使用break语句,这将导致程序switch后面的语句处执行!

以下程序会演示switch和break

#include 

using namespace std;

void showmenu(void);
void report(void);
void comfort(void);

int main(void)
{

    showmenu();

    int choice;
    cin >> choice;
    while (choice != 5)
    {
        switch (choice)
        {
        case 1:
            cout << "\a\n";
            break;
        case 2:
            report();
            break;
        case 3:
            cout << "boss was in all day.\n";
            break;
        case 4:
            comfort();
            break;
        default:
            cout << "That's not a choice\n";
            break;
        }
        showmenu();
        cin >> choice;
    }
    cout << "Bye!\n";
    
    return 0;
}
void showmenu(void)
{
    cout << "Please enter 1,2,3,4,5 as your choice:" << endl;
    cout << "1) alarm     2) report" << endl;
    cout << "3) alibi     3) comfort"  << endl;
    cout << "5) quit" << endl; 
}
void report(void)
{
    cout << "It has been an excellet week for bussiness.\n";
}
void comfort(void)
{
    cout << "in the industry. The board of directors think\n";
}

运行结果如下:

Please enter 1,2,3,4,5 as your choice:
1) alarm     2) report
3) alibi     3) comfort
5) quit
1

Please enter 1,2,3,4,5 as your choice:
1) alarm     2) report
3) alibi     3) comfort
5) quit
2
It has been an excellet week for bussiness.
Please enter 1,2,3,4,5 as your choice:
1) alarm     2) report
3) alibi     3) comfort
5) quit
3
boss was in all day.
Please enter 1,2,3,4,5 as your choice:
1) alarm     2) report
3) alibi     3) comfort
5) quit
4
in the industry. The board of directors think
Please enter 1,2,3,4,5 as your choice:
1) alarm     2) report
3) alibi     3) comfort
5) quit
5
Bye!

*

1)定义了三个没有参数没有返回值的方法

2)switch 记得要加break

3)函数记得引用

如果没有break,它就会一直执行下去,有时候其实也有用

1:将枚举量作为标签

定义一个枚举,然后在switch里面直接用就行了,见下面程序

#include 

enum {red,orange,yellow,green,blue,violet,indigo};//定义枚举量

int main(void)
{
    using namespace std;
   
    int code;

    cout << "Enter color code(0~6):";
    cin >> code;

    while(code >= red && code <= indigo)
    {
        switch (code)
        {
        case red:
            cout << "You choose red!" << endl;
            break;
        case orange:
            cout << "You choose orange!" << endl;
            break;
        case yellow:
            cout << "You choose yellow!" << endl;
            break;
        case green:
            cout << "You choose red!" << endl;
            break;
        case blue:
            cout << "You choose blue!" << endl;
            break;
        case violet:
            cout << "You choose violet!" << endl;
            break;
        case indigo:
            cout << "You choose indogo!" << endl;
            break;
        }
        cout << "Enter color code(0~6):";
        cin >> code;
    }
    cout << "Bye!" << endl;

    return 0;
}

结果:

Enter color code(0~6):0
You choose red!
Enter color code(0~6):1
You choose orange!
Enter color code(0~6):2
You choose yellow!
Enter color code(0~6):3
You choose red!
Enter color code(0~6):4
You choose blue!
Enter color code(0~6):5
You choose violet!
Enter color code(0~6):6
You choose indogo!
Enter color code(0~6):8
Bye!

*里面不用default了,因为就那么点变量,while跳出来以后再进行选择

2:switch和if else

[+++]

[+++]

六、break和continue语句

break和continue都能使程序跳过部分代码

[+++]

下面的程序是演示两条语句是如何工作的

#include 

const int ArSize = 80;

int main(void)
{
    using namespace std;
   
    char line[ArSize];
    int spaces = 0;

    cout << "Enter a line of text:" << endl;
    cin.get(line,ArSize);

    cout << "Complete line: " << line << endl;

    for(int i = 0; line[i] != '
'; i++) { cout << line[i]; if(line[i]=='.') break; //如果找到句号,直接就跳出循环 if(line[i]!=' ') continue;//如果没有找到空格,直接跳出循环 spaces++; } cout << endl; cout << "Spaces = " << spaces << endl; return 0; }

结果:


Enter a line of text:
hello world.good morning
Complete line: hello world.good morning
hello world.

Spaces = 1

*

1)如果执行了continue,后面的space++就不执行了,直接跳到i++部分

2)[+++]

七、读取数字的循环
当我们使用cin进行输入数字时,如果不小心输入了字母,单词,就会发生如下情况:

·n值保持不变

·不匹配的输出留在队列中

·cin对象中的一个错误标记被设置

·对cin方法调用返回false

那如何解决呢??

看下例直接:
 
#include << "First num: ";
    cin >

using namespace std;

int main(void)
{
    
    int num1,num2;
    cout << "Second num: ";
    cin >> num1;

    cin.clear();//reset input
    while (cin.get()!='\n');

    cout << "num1 = " << num1 << ", num2 = " << num2 << endl;

    return 0;
}
> num2;
    
    cout 

结果:


First num: xyz
Second num: 2

num1 = 0, num2 = 2

*

1)使用cin.clear()方法来重置输入

2)把留在队列的错误输入值使用while(cin.get()!='\n')来重置

再看个捕鱼的例子:
 
#include << "Please enter the weight of your fish:" << endl;
    cout << "You may enter up to " << Max << " fish 

const int Max = 5;
using namespace std;

int main(void)
{
    double fish[Max];
    cout << endl;

    cout << "fish #1 \n";
    int i = 0;
    while (i < Max && cin > to terminate." < Max)
            cout << "fish # " << i+1 << ": " << endl;
    }

    double total = 0.0;
    for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) //这个意思是,你录入多少条,就输出多少条,并不是Max
    {
        total += fish[j];//这里是j不是i
    }
    cout << "total =" << total << endl;

    if (i == 0)
    {
        cout << "No fish" << endl;
    }
    else
        cout << "Average weight of " << i << " fish: " << total / i << endl;
    
    return 0;
}
> fish[i]) //第二个条件的意思是你输入的必须要满足它是重量,如果是其他类型直接跳出
    {
        if(++i 

结果:


Please enter the weight of your fish: You may enter up to 5 fish
to terminate.
fish #1
2.3
fish # 2:
3.2
fish # 3:
4.4
fish # 4:
1.2
fish # 5:
3.3
total =14.4

Average weight of 5 fish: 2.88

*

那如果输入错误,应该采取哪种措施呢?

·重置cin以接受新的输入

·删除无效输入

·提示用户输入新的输入

那我们看下面的程序:读取高尔夫得分,并计算平均得分,如果输入错误,会提示输入错误,重新输入。
 
#include << "Please enter your golf scores:\n";
    cout << "You must enter " << Max << " rounds.\n" ;

    int i;
    for (i = 0; i < Max; i++)
    {
        cout << "Round" << i+1 << ":" << endl;
        while(!(cin >

const int Max = 5;
using namespace std;

int main(void)
{
    int golf[Max];
    cout << "Please enter a number : \n";
        }
    }

    double total = 0;
    for (i= 0; i < Max; i++)
    {
        total += golf[i];
    }

    cout << "The average score is : " << total / Max << "." << endl; 

    return 0;
}> golf[i]))//这里取反就是说,输入的不是数字,而是其他类型
        {
            cin.clear();
            while(cin.get() != '\n') //删除用户的信息,消耗掉回车前的信息,用get()
                continue;//跳出while循环
            cout 

结果如下:


Please enter your golf scores:
You must enter 5 rounds.
Round1:
22
Round2:
33
Round3:
ad
Please enter a number :
22
Round4:
dd
Please enter a number :
11
Round5:
22

The average score is : 22.

*注意while那块的continue,如果不加的话,会输出三遍“please enter a number”

八、简单文件输入/输出

不能总要通过键盘输入,假设从文件导入数据会更好,这里先介绍简单的文本文件I/O

1:文本I/O和文本文件

[+++]

假设有如下示例输入行:

38.5  19.2

首先来看使用char数据类型的情况:

char ch;

cin >> ch;

输入行中的第一个字符被赋给ch,第一个字符是数字3,其二进制编码被存储在变量ch中。

输入和目标变量都是字符,因此不需要进行转换。注意这里存储的不是数值3,而是3的编码


对于int类型:

int n;

cin >> n;

cin会不断读取,直到遇到非数字字符

也就是说,它读取3和8,这样句点将称为输入队列中的下一个字符。cin通过计算发现,这两个字符对应数值38,因此将38的二进制编码复制到变量n中

对于double类型:

double x;

cin >> x;

cin不断读取,直到遇到第一个不属于浮点数的字符

cin读取3,8,句号和5,使得空格称为输入队列中的下一个字符,所以会把38.5的二进制编码复制到x中

对于char数组类型

char word[50];

cin >> wordk;

cin将不断读取,直到遇到空白字符

所以会读取3、8、点和5,使得空格称为输入队列中的下一个字符。存储的是'3','8','.'

然后cin将这4个字符编码存储到数组word中,并在末尾加上一个

最后看另一种char数组存储情况

char word[50]

cin.getline(word,50);

这种情况下,cin将一直读取,直到遇到换行符

所有字符都会被存储到数组word中,[+++],换行符被丢弃,输入队列中的下一个字符是下一行中的第一个字符,这里不需要进行任何转换(存进去的都是字符)

本章讨论的文件IO相当于控制台IO,因此仅适用于文本文件

2:写入到文本文件中

再复习以下cout的东西

·必须包含头文件iostream

·头文件iostream定义了一个用于处理输出的ostream类

·头文件iostream声明了一个名为cout的ostream变量

·必须有命名空间std

<<来显示各种信息

·结合cout和运算符

文件输出和它非常类似

·必须包含头文件fstream

·头文件fstream定义了一个用于处理输出的ofstream类

·需要声明一个或多个ofstream对象,并以自己喜欢的方式对其进行命名,条件是遵守常用的命名规则

·必须使用命名空间std

·需要将ofstream对象和文件关联起来,为此,方法之一是使用open()方法

·使用完了后,应该使用close()关闭

<<来输出各种类型的数据

·可以结合使用ofstream对象和运算符

下列代码演示了这种方法:
 
#include 
#include << "Enter the make and model of automobile: ";
    cin.getline(automobile,50);
    cout << "Enter the model year: ";
    cin >

using namespace std;

int main(void)
{
    char automobile[50];
    int year;
    double a_price;
    double d_price;

    ofstream outFile;//1.创建一个输出文件流的对象
    outFile.open("carinfo.txt");   //2.使用outfile创建文本文件


    cout << "Enter the orignal asking price: ";
    cin >> year;
    cout << "Make and model: " << automobile << endl;
    cout << "Year: " << year << endl;
    cout << "Was asking: " << a_price << endl;
    cout << "Now asking: " << d_price << endl;

    outFile << "Make and model: " << automobile << endl;
    outFile << "Year : " << year << endl;
    outFile << "Was asking: " << a_price << endl;
    outFile << "Now asking: " << d_price << endl;

    return 0;
}
> a_price;
    d_price = a_price * 0.913;

    cout 

*

[+++]

[+++]

[+++]

结果如下:


Enter the make and model of automobile: Flitz Perky
Enter the model year: 2009
Enter the orignal asking price: 13500
Make and model: Flitz Perky
Year: 2009
Was asking: 13500

Now asking: 12325.5


同时生成了carinfo的文本文件

 但是这里的Was asking里面只显示了一位,如何能让他显示小数点后两位呢?


下面使用fixed修正:

 
 
#include 
#include << "Enter the make and model of automobile: ";
    cin.getline(automobile,50);
    cout << "Enter the model year: ";
    cin >//文件流中并没有预先创建好类似cin和cout之类的对象,需要自己创建,它由ofstream和ifstream

using namespace std;

int main(void)
{
    char automobile[50];
    int year;
    double a_price;
    double d_price;

    ofstream outFile;//1.创建一个输出文件流的对象
    outFile.open("carinfo.txt");   //2.使用outfile创建文本文件


    cout << "Enter the orignal asking price: ";
    cin >> year;
    cout << "Make and model: " << automobile << endl;
    cout << "Year: " << year << endl;
    cout << "Was asking: " << a_price << endl;
    cout << "Now asking: " << d_price << endl;

    outFile << "Make and model: " << automobile << endl;
    outFile << "Year : " << year << endl;
    outFile << "Was asking: " << a_price << endl;
    outFile << "Now asking: " << d_price << endl;

    cout << fixed;
    cout.precision(2);//显示两位
    cout.setf(ios_base::showpoint);
    cout << "Make and model: " << automobile << endl;
    cout << "Year: " << year << endl;
    cout << "Was asking: " << a_price << endl;
    cout << "Now asking: " << d_price << endl;

    outFile << fixed;
    outFile.precision(2);//显示两位
    outFile.setf(ios_base::showpoint);
    outFile << "Make and model: " << automobile << endl;
    outFile << "Year: " << year << endl;
    outFile << "Was asking: " << a_price << endl;
    outFile << "Now asking: " << d_price << endl;

    return 0;
}> a_price;
    d_price = a_price * 0.913;

    cout 

显示如下:


Enter the make and model of automobile: Nissan
Enter the model year: 2011
Enter the orignal asking price: 200000
Make and model: Nissan
Year: 2011
Was asking: 200000
Now asking: 182600
Make and model: Nissan
Year: 2011
Was asking: 200000.00

Now asking: 182600.00

再来看文本文件:

从文本内容可以看得出来,并不是追加文件,而是把原来的内容删除了,重新写入

3:读取文本文件

再跟cin对比以下:

文本输入:

·必须包含头文件iostream

·头文件iostream定义一个用于处理输入的istream类

·头文件iostream声明一个名为cin的istream变量

·必须写出命名空间std

·结合>>来读取各种类型数据

·使用cin的方法get()和getling()方法读取一行

·可以结合使用cin和eof()、fail()方法来判断输入是否成功

·对象cin本身被用作测试条件时,如果最后一个读取 *** 作成功,会被转换为Bool的true。

文件输入:

·头文件包含fstream

·头文件fstream定义一个用于处理输入的ifstream类

·需要声明一个或多个ifstream变量,并命名

·指出命名空间std

·需要将ifstream对象和文件关联起来,方法之一是open()方法

·使用完了用close()关闭

·结合ifstream对象和运算符>>读取各种数据类型

·可以使用get()或getline()方法

·可以结合使用cin和eof()、fail()方法来判断输入是否成功

·对象ifstream本身被用作测试条件时,如果最后一个读取 *** 作成功,会被转换为Bool的true。

代码如下:
 
#include 
#include 
#include << "Enter name of data file: ";
    cin.getline(filename,SIZE);

    inFile.open(filename);

    if(!inFile.is_open())//如果不能打开就打开失败,退出
    {
        cout << "could not open the file " << filename << endl;
        cout << "Program terminating." << endl;
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    cout << "Success open the txt file." << endl;//记得别忘了后缀txt

    double value;
    double sum = 0.0;
    int count = 0;
    
    inFile >

const int SIZE = 60;

using namespace std;

int main(void)
{
    char filename[SIZE];
    ifstream inFile;

    cout << "End of file!" << endl;
    }
    else if(inFile.fail())//如果读取失败
        cout << "Input terminater by data mismachted." << endl;

    if(count == 0)
        cout << "No data processed." << endl;
    else
    {
        cout << "Items read: " << count << endl;
        cout << "Sum = " << sum << endl;
        cout << "Average: " << sum / count << endl;
    }

    inFile.close();

    return 0;
}> value;
    while (inFile.good())//如果从文件当中能读取数据,一直到读取不到,就退出循环
    {
        ++count;
        sum += value;
        inFile >> value;
    }

    if (inFile.eof())//end of file,读取到文件末尾,判断文末必须有
    {
        cout 

*

1)声明fstream头文件,然后使用ifstream类,创建一个对象,然后调用open()方法

2)判断是否打开,使用is_open()方法,如果不能打开就使用exit()方法,它位于cstrlib头文件中

3)使用while循环使用good()方法,看能否从文件中读取数据

4)判断是否到文件尾,使用eof方法

5)读取失败使用inFail中的fail()方法

6)如果数量太少的话,比如时0,就返回没有值

运行结果:


Enter name of data file: 6-19file.txt
Success open the txt file.
End of file!
Items read: 11
Sum = 186.9

Average: 16.9909

九、复习题和编程练习 1:复习题

1:

 同样进入while循环

第一种执行完if语句之后,会重新检测一遍ch中的字符

而第二种执行完if语句后,会把其中的空格部分都去掉,避免了重复检测

2:在如下代码中,如果用ch+1替换++ch有什么变化?

 解:我们的输入是字符,主要部分的目的是把字符向前一位

如果++ch变成ch+1,那就会变成数字,而不是字符

3:请阅读以下代码,假设输入如下:

Hi!

Send $10 or $20 now!

则输出将是什么?

定义char型和整型ct1和ct2,然后进入while循环

如果输入的字符不是’$‘,那么就进入循环,打印出这个字符,然后ct2++

[+++],ct2++,然后输出$,就往复循环,直到while的条件不满足,即碰到$就停止,然后输出ct1,ct2

H$i$!$

$S$e$n$d$ $     ,这时候碰到了$,停止while循环,跳出,打印ch1,ch2

此时输出ch1和ch2=9;

4:创建表示下述条件的逻辑表达式:

a:weight大于或等于115,但是小于125

< 125;

weight >=115 && weight

b:ch为q或Q

ch ='q' || 'Q';

c:x为偶数,但不是26

[+++]

d:x为偶数,但不是26倍数

[+++]

e:donation为1000-2000或guest为1

<= 2000) || (guest == 1)

(donation >= 1000 && donation

     

f:ch是小写字母或大写字母(假设小写字母和大写字母是依次编码的,但在大小写之间编码不是连续的)

<= z") || (ch >(ch >= a" && ch <= Z")= A" && ch

5:在英语中,“i will not speak”的意思和"i will speak"相同,在C++中,!!x和 x是否相同呢?

如果x是bool类型是OK的

如果x是int,那么!x就true,再取反变成false,然后变成true,所以不行

6:创建一个条件表达式,其值为变量的绝对值。也是说,如果变量x为正,则表达式的值为x,但是如果x为负,则表达式的值为-x——这是一个正值
 
<< x;
else
    cout << -x;int x;
if(x >= 0)
    cout 

但是推荐用条件表达式,对于这种比较简单的判断式:

(x >=0) : x ? -x

7:用switch语句改写下面代码:

 
[+++]


8:对于如下程序,与使用数字相比,使用字符(如a或c),表示菜单选项和case标签有何优势呢?(比如用户输入q或5)

 
 
#include << "\a\n";
            break;
        case 2:
            report();
            break;
        case 3:
            cout << "boss was in all day.\n";
            break;
        case 4:
            comfort();
            break;
        default:
            cout << "That's not a choice\n";
            break;
        }
      

using namespace std;

int main(void)
{

    showmenu();

    int choice;
    cin >> choice;
    while (choice != 5)
    {
        switch (choice)
        {
        case 1:
            cout 

[+++]

[+++]

2)但是如果定义为char型,那么无论输入的是数字还是字母,都不会有问题


如下:

 
 
<< "\a\n";
            break;
        case '2':
            report();
            break;
        case '3':
            cout << "boss was in all day.\n";
            break;
        case '4':
            comfort();
            break;
        default:
            cout << "That's not a choice\n";
            break;
        }    char choice;
    cin >> choice;
    while (choice != '5')//修改为字符5
    {
        switch (choice)
        {
        case '1':
            cout 

 如果是这样的,输入字符也不会有任何问题

9:看如下代码:

请重写该代码,不要使用break和continue语句

int line = 0;

char ch;

while(cin.get(ch) && ch != 'Q')

{

       if(ch == '\n')

                line++;

}

2:编程练习

1:编写一个小程序,读取键盘输入,直到遇到@符号为止,并回显(数字除外),同时将大写字符转换为小写。将小写字符转换为大写(cctype函数)
 
#include 
#include << "Please enter a character: ";
    cin >

using namespace std;

int main(void)
{
    char ch;

    cout << ch << endl;
    }
    else if (isdigit(ch))
        cin >> ch;
    
    if (ch == '@')
    {
        cout << ch;
    cin >> ch;
    else if(islower(ch))
    {
        ch = toupper(ch);
    }
    else 
    {
        ch = tolower(ch);
    }
    cout > ch;

    return 0;
}

*

1)cctype头文件

2)isdigit()判断数组,islower()判断小写,issupper()判断大写

3)tolower()大转小,toupper()小转大

2:编写一个程序,最多将10个donation值读入到一个double数组中,程序遇到非数字输入时将结束输入,并报告这些数字的平均值及数组中有多少个数大于平均值。
 
#include 
#include 

using namespace std;
const int SIZE =10;

int main(void)
{
    array<< "Please enter the double numerial: ";

    while ((cin > donation;

    double input;
    int count = 0;
    double sum = 0.0;
    double average;
    int bigger;

    cout << "Please enter the double numerial: "; 
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
    {
        sum += donation[i];
    }

    average = sum / count;
    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
    {
        if (donation[i] >> input))
        donation[count++] = input;
        if(count == 10)
            break;
        cout << "Average = " << average << "," << bigger << " numbers are bigger than averager. " << endl;
    
    return 0;
} average)
        {
            bigger++;
        }
    }
    cout 

结果:


Please enter the double numerial: 12.5
Please enter the double numerial: 12.1
Please enter the double numerial: a

Average = 12.3,1 numbers are bigger than averager.

*

注意判断是不是字母那块,不用isdigit判断,其实光写cin >> input就够了,因为如果你输入的东西放不到double里面去,说明它不是数字

3:编写一个菜单驱动程序的雏形。该程序显示一个提供4个选项的菜单——每个选项用一个字母标记。然后用户使用有效选项之外的字母进行响应,程序将提示用户输入一个有效的字母,直到用户这样做为止。

然后该程序使用一条switch语句,根据用户的选择执行一个简单的 *** 作。该程序运行如下:

 
#include << "Please enter a character: c,p,t,g: " ;
        cin >

using namespace std;
void showmenu(void);

int main(void)
{
    char ch;

    showmenu();
    
    cin >> ch;//也可cin.get()
    while (ch != 'c' && ch!= 'p' && ch != 't' && ch!='g')
    {
        cin.get();//消耗上面的回车字符
        cout << "A map is a tree." << endl;
    default:
        break;
    }
    return 0;
}
void showmenu(void)//菜单函数 
{
    cout << "Please enter one of the following choices: " << endl;
    cout << "c) carnivore\t\t p)pianist" << endl;
    cout << "t) tree\t\t\t g) game" << endl;
}> ch;
    }
    switch (ch)
    {
    case 'c':
        break;
    case 'p': break;
    case 't': break;
    case 'g': cout 

 结果如下:


Please enter one of the following choices:
c) carnivore             p)pianist
t) tree                  g) game
a
Please enter a character: c,p,t,g: b
Please enter a character: c,p,t,g: g

A map is a tree.

*

1)一个选择提示,调用menu函数

2)switch语句,选择 *** 作

3)捕获输入

4:加入Benevolent Order of Programmer后,在BOP大会上,人们便可以通过加入者的真实姓名、头衔或秘密BOP姓名来了解它。

请编写一个程序,可以使用真实姓名,头衔,秘密姓名或成员偏好来列出成员。请使用以下结构:

 该程序创建一个由上述结构组成的小型数组,并将其初始化为适当的值,另外,使用一个循环,让用户在下面的选项中进行选择:

 注意:"display by the preference"并不意味着显示成员偏好,而是意味着根据成员偏好来列出成员。

例如:如果偏好为1,则选择d将显示程序员的头衔。该程序运行情况如下:

 程序如下:
 
#include 

using namespace std;

const int strsize = 20;
const int usersize = 4;

void showmenu(void);

void print_by_fullname(void);
void print_by_title(void);
void print_by_bopname(void);
void print_by_preference(void);

struct bop
{
    char fullname[strsize];
    char title[strsize];
    char bopname[strsize];
    int preference;
};

bop user[usersize] = {<< "Please enter character a,b,c,d,q:" << endl;  //把判断条件放到default也是不错的
        }
        cin.get();
        cout << "Next input: ";
        cin >{"Rick","Level_A","RR",0},{"Jack","Lever_B","JJ",1},{"Micheal","Lever_C","MM",2},{"Rose","Lever_D","RR",3}};

int main(void)
{
    

    showmenu();

    char input;
    cin >> input;

    while (input!= 'q')
    {
        switch (input)
        {
        case 'a':
            print_by_fullname();
            break;
        case 'b':
            print_by_title();
            break;
        case 'c':
            print_by_bopname();
            break;
        case 'd':
            print_by_preference();
            break;
        default:
            cout << "Bye!" << endl;
 
    return 0;
}
void showmenu(void) //菜单函数 
{
    cout << "Benevolent Order of Programmers Report " << endl;
    cout << "a) display by name\t\t b)display by title" << endl;
    cout << "c) display by bopname\t\t\t g) display by preference" << endl;
    cout << "q) quit " << endl;
}

void print_by_fullname(void)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < usersize; i++)
    {
        cout << user[i].fullname << endl;
    }
}

void print_by_title(void)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < usersize; i++)
    {
        cout << user[i].title << endl;
    }
}

void print_by_bopname(void)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < usersize; i++)
    {
        cout << user[i].bopname << endl;
    }
}

void print_by_preference(void)
{
    for(int i = 0; i < usersize; i++)
    {
        switch (user[i].preference)
        {   
        case 0:
            cout << user[i].fullname << endl;
            break;
        case 1:
            cout << user[i].title << endl;
            break;
        case 2:
            cout << user[i].bopname << endl;
            break;
        default:
            break;
        }
    }
}> input;
    }
    cout 


结果:
Benevolent Order of Programmers Report
a) display by name               b)display by title
c) display by bopname                    g) display by preference
q) quit
a
Rick
Jack
Micheal
Rose
Next input: b
Level_A
Lever_B
Lever_C
Lever_D
Next input: c
RR
JJ
MM
RR
Next input: d
0
1
2
3
Next input: q

Bye!

*

1)在switch的时候把判断条件放到default也是不错的,这样就不用在while中写太多

2)注意main定义的数组在main外部无法访问的,一定要记住

3)创建结构,创建结构数组,创建while-switch循环,创建外部函数,访问完了要消耗

5:在Neutronia王国,货币的单位是tvarp,收入所得税计算方式如下:

5000 trarps:不收税

5001~15000 tvarps: 10%

15001~35000 tvarps: 15%

35000 tvarps+: 20%

请编写一个语句,使用循环来要求用户输入收入,并报告所得税,输入负数或者非数字结束循环。

例如输入38000,所得税5000×0.00+10000×0.10+20000×0.15+3000×0.20,即4600.

程序:

<===>)
File: /www/wwwroot/outofmemory.cn/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 126, InsideLink()
File: /www/wwwroot/outofmemory.cn/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 165, include(/www/wwwroot/outofmemory.cn/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/outofmemory.cn/index.php, Line: 30, include(/www/wwwroot/outofmemory.cn/tmp/index.inc.php)
C++入门——Day5_C_内存溢出

C++入门——Day5

C++入门——Day5,第1张

一、if语句

if语句的语法和while类似

if(test-condition)

statement

比如:假设读者希望程序计算输入的空格数和字符总数,则可以在while循环使用cing.get(char)读取字符,使用if预计识别空格字符并计算,使用.确定句尾

#include 

int main(void)
{
    using namespace std;

    int spaces = 0;
    int total = 0;
    char ch;

    cin.get(ch);
    
    while (ch != '.')   
    {
        if(ch == ' ')
        {
            ++spaces;
        }
        ++total; 
        cin.get(ch);
    }

    cout << "spaces = " << spaces << endl;
    cout << "total = " << total << endl;

    return 0; 
}

结果:

chararcters total in sentence.
spaces = 3
total = 31

*如果遇到的字符不是点,那是不是空格呢,前面触发点+1,后面触发空格+1

1:if else语句

对比以下两个程序,感受数据提升

1)使用++ch,不会丢失char

#include 

int main(void)
{
    using namespace std;

    char ch;

    cout << "Type ,and I shall repeat.\n";
    cin.get(ch);
    
    while (ch!='.')
    {
        if(ch == '\n')
            cout << ch;
        else   
            cout << ++ch;
        cin.get(ch);
    }
    
    cout << endl;

    return 0; 
}

结果:

Type ,and I shall repeat.
a
b
c
d
.
 

2)使用ch + 1,变成了数据类型提升,输出就是数字

#include 

int main(void)
{
    using namespace std;

    char ch;

    cout << "Type ,and I shall repeat.\n";
    cin.get(ch);
    
    while (ch!='.')
    {
        if(ch == '\n')
            cout << ch;
        else   
            cout << ch + 1;
        cin.get(ch);
    }
    
    cout << endl;

    return 0; 
}

结果:

Type ,and I shall repeat.
c
100
d
101

2:格式化if else语句

别忘了{}

3:if else if else结构

看如下程序:
 

#include 

int main(void)
{
    using namespace std;

    const int Fave = 27;
    int n;

    cout << "Enter number in the range 1-100 to find your favorite number : ";
    do
    {
        cin >> n;//先输入
        if(n < Fave)
            cout << "Too low ,guess again!" << endl;
        else if(n > Fave)
            cout << "Too high ,guess again!" << endl;       
        else cout << Fave << " is the right number." << endl;

    } while (n != Fave);//如果不是Fave呢

    return 0; 
}

结果如下:

Enter number in the range 1-100 to find your favorite number : 24
Too low ,guess again!
27
27 is the right number.

*相等运算符最好这样声明!

if(3 == myNumber)

就算少写了等号,也不会报错

二、逻辑表达式

逻辑运算符的优先级比关系运算符低

1:逻辑OR运算符:||

满足其一就行

C++规定,||运算符是一个顺序点,如果左侧的表达式为true,则C++不会去判定右侧表达式

看下程序:

#include 

int main(void)
{
    using namespace std;

    cout << "This program may reformat your hard disk \n"
            "and destroy all your data. \n"
            "do you wish to continue? ";
    char ch;
    cin >> ch;

    if(ch=='y' || ch == 'Y')
        cout << "You were warned!" << endl;
    else if(ch == 'n' || ch == 'N')
        cout << "A wise choise.." << endl;
    
    else 
        cout << "That wasn't a y or n!" << endl;

    return 0; 
}
2:逻辑AND运算符:&&

必须同时满足

如果左侧为false,则整个逻辑表达式必定为false,在这种情况下,C++不会对右侧进行判定了

看下程序:

#include 

const int ArSize = 6;

int main(void)
{
    using namespace std;

    float value[ArSize];
    float temp;
    int i;

    cout << "Enter six numbers and campare with your level:" << endl;
    cout << "Terminate condition: when you make 6 numbers or enter a nagative number" << endl;

    cout << "First value: ";
    cin >>temp;

    while (i < ArSize && temp >= 0)
    {
        value[i] = temp;
        ++i;

        if (i < ArSize)
        {
            cout << "Next value:";
            cin >> temp;
        }
    }

    if (i == 0)
    {
        cout << "No date--byte." << endl;
    }
    else
    {
        cout << "Enter your level: ";
        float level;
        cin >> level;
        int count = 0;

        for (int j = 0; j < i; j++)
        {
            if (value[j] > level)
                count++;
        }
        cout << count << " numbers are bigger than your level" << endl;
    }
    return 0; 
}

结果如下:

Enter six numbers and campare with your level:
Terminate condition: when you make 6 numbers or enter a nagative number
First value: 12
Next value:55
Next value:5
Next value:6
Next value:5
Next value:43
Enter your level: 10
3 numbers are bigger than your level

*程序说明

1)声明一个浮点型的数组,大小为6,初始化一个浮点型的数,用于捕获和存放

2)while循环就是为了提醒和存放数据

3)存放完成后,后面定义一个float标准进行比较

4)出现负数直接返回

3:用&&来设置取值范围

使用if (age >17 && age < 35)而不是if (17 < age < 35) !

看下例:

#include 

int main(void)
{
    using namespace std;

    const char *qualify[] = 
    {
        "Perfect","Great","Good","Just soso","failed"
    };

    int score;
    int index;

    cout << "Enter your score: ";
    cin >> score;

    if(score >= 90 && score <= 100)
    {
        index = 0;
    }
    else if (score >= 80 && score < 90)
    {
        index = 1;
    }
    else if(score >= 70 && score < 80)
    {
        index = 2;
    }
    else if(score >= 60 && score < 70)
    {
        index = 3;
    }
    else
        index = 4;

    cout << "Your qualify: " << qualify[index] << endl;
    return 0; 
}

结果:

Enter your score: 96
Your qualify: Perfect

*用了index,这样就减少了代码量,不然每一行都输出你的成绩,比较麻烦

4:逻辑NOT运算符:!

!运算符的优先级高于所有的关系运算符和算术运算符的,记得加()。

看代码

#include 
#include 

bool is_int(double x);//记得声明函数啊,不然没法用哦

int main(void)
{
    using namespace std;

    double num;

    cout << "Enter an interger value: ";
    cin >> num;
    
    while (!is_int(num))//如果不是int,就重新输入
    {
        cout << "Out of range, please enter again: ";
        cin >> num;
    }

    int value = int(num);//否则就输出强制转换为int类型的number
    cout << "You have enter an interger: " << value << endl;

    return 0; 
}

bool is_int(double x)  //定义了一个bool类型的判断是否是int的函数,参数是double,返回值是bool
{
    if(x<= INT_MAX && x >= INT_MIN) //如果输入在int的最大最小范围之内,就确定是int
        return true;
    else
        return false;
}

结果:

Enter an interger value: 10000000000000
Out of range, please enter again: 10
You have enter an interger: 10
*

1)记得引用函数

2)记得类型转换

5:逻辑运算符细节

&&运算符的优先级高于||

三、字符函数库cctype

这个头文件还是很好用的,能判断你输入的是不是字母,数组,控制符,小写,大写,标点,十六进制等。。

 写个代码:

#include 
#include //这就是很好用的那个玩意儿

int main(void)
{
    using namespace std;

    int whitespace = 0;
    int digits = 0;
    int chars = 0;
    int punch = 0;
    int others = 0;

    char ch;

    cout << "Enter text for analysis , and @ to terminate the input." << endl;

    cin.get(ch);

    while (ch != '@')
    {
        if(isalpha(ch))
            chars++;
        else if(isspace(ch))
            whitespace++;
        else if(isdigit(ch))
            digits++;
        else if(ispunct(ch))
            punch++;
        else
            others++;
        cin.get(ch);
    }
    
    cout << chars << " letters," << whitespace << " whitespaces," << digits << " digits," << punch << " punchs," << others << " others." << endl;

    return 0; 
}

结果:

Enter text for analysis , and @ to terminate the input.
My dinner with Andre, scheduled for 2013.
@
29 letters,7 whitespaces,4 digits,2 punchs,0 others.

*就是调用了cctype头文件,能够判断大小写字母数字字符空格什么的

四、?:运算符(条件运算符)

C++ 有一个长被用来代替if else语句的运算符,这个运算符被称为条件运算符(?:),它是C++中唯一一个需要3个 *** 作数的运算符。通用格式如下:

expression1  ?   expression2   :   expression3

如果1为true,则整个条件表达式的值为2,否则就是3

常见用法,见以下代码:

#include 

int main(void)
{
    using namespace std;

    int a,b;
    int c;

    cout << "Enter two intergers: \n";
    cin >> a >> b;
    
    c = a > b ? a : b;
    cout << c;

    return 0; 
}

结果:

Enter two intergers:
10
20
20

对于比较复杂的条件语句,用if else更好,如果指示简单的关系表达式,用?:(条件表达式)更方便。

五、Switch语句

Switch语句更能够容易从大型列表中进行选择

Switch (integer - expression)

{

     case 1 :statement

     case 2:statement

      ...

     default : statement

}

程序不会在执行到下一个case处自动停止,要让程序执行完一组特定语句后停止,必须使用break语句,这将导致程序switch后面的语句处执行!

以下程序会演示switch和break

#include 

using namespace std;

void showmenu(void);
void report(void);
void comfort(void);

int main(void)
{

    showmenu();

    int choice;
    cin >> choice;
    while (choice != 5)
    {
        switch (choice)
        {
        case 1:
            cout << "\a\n";
            break;
        case 2:
            report();
            break;
        case 3:
            cout << "boss was in all day.\n";
            break;
        case 4:
            comfort();
            break;
        default:
            cout << "That's not a choice\n";
            break;
        }
        showmenu();
        cin >> choice;
    }
    cout << "Bye!\n";
    
    return 0;
}
void showmenu(void)
{
    cout << "Please enter 1,2,3,4,5 as your choice:" << endl;
    cout << "1) alarm     2) report" << endl;
    cout << "3) alibi     3) comfort"  << endl;
    cout << "5) quit" << endl; 
}
void report(void)
{
    cout << "It has been an excellet week for bussiness.\n";
}
void comfort(void)
{
    cout << "in the industry. The board of directors think\n";
}

运行结果如下:

Please enter 1,2,3,4,5 as your choice:
1) alarm     2) report
3) alibi     3) comfort
5) quit
1

Please enter 1,2,3,4,5 as your choice:
1) alarm     2) report
3) alibi     3) comfort
5) quit
2
It has been an excellet week for bussiness.
Please enter 1,2,3,4,5 as your choice:
1) alarm     2) report
3) alibi     3) comfort
5) quit
3
boss was in all day.
Please enter 1,2,3,4,5 as your choice:
1) alarm     2) report
3) alibi     3) comfort
5) quit
4
in the industry. The board of directors think
Please enter 1,2,3,4,5 as your choice:
1) alarm     2) report
3) alibi     3) comfort
5) quit
5
Bye!

*

1)定义了三个没有参数没有返回值的方法

2)switch 记得要加break

3)函数记得引用

如果没有break,它就会一直执行下去,有时候其实也有用

1:将枚举量作为标签

定义一个枚举,然后在switch里面直接用就行了,见下面程序

#include 

enum {red,orange,yellow,green,blue,violet,indigo};//定义枚举量

int main(void)
{
    using namespace std;
   
    int code;

    cout << "Enter color code(0~6):";
    cin >> code;

    while(code >= red && code <= indigo)
    {
        switch (code)
        {
        case red:
            cout << "You choose red!" << endl;
            break;
        case orange:
            cout << "You choose orange!" << endl;
            break;
        case yellow:
            cout << "You choose yellow!" << endl;
            break;
        case green:
            cout << "You choose red!" << endl;
            break;
        case blue:
            cout << "You choose blue!" << endl;
            break;
        case violet:
            cout << "You choose violet!" << endl;
            break;
        case indigo:
            cout << "You choose indogo!" << endl;
            break;
        }
        cout << "Enter color code(0~6):";
        cin >> code;
    }
    cout << "Bye!" << endl;

    return 0;
}

结果:

Enter color code(0~6):0
You choose red!
Enter color code(0~6):1
You choose orange!
Enter color code(0~6):2
You choose yellow!
Enter color code(0~6):3
You choose red!
Enter color code(0~6):4
You choose blue!
Enter color code(0~6):5
You choose violet!
Enter color code(0~6):6
You choose indogo!
Enter color code(0~6):8
Bye!

*里面不用default了,因为就那么点变量,while跳出来以后再进行选择

2:switch和if else

if lese更适合处理取值范围

switch语句每个标签都是单独的值,必须是整数或者char,不能判断浮点型,更不能判断取值范围了

六、break和continue语句

break和continue都能使程序跳过部分代码

但是break是跳过当前循环,continue是跳过循环体剩下的语句,直接进行下一轮循环

下面的程序是演示两条语句是如何工作的

#include 

const int ArSize = 80;

int main(void)
{
    using namespace std;
   
    char line[ArSize];
    int spaces = 0;

    cout << "Enter a line of text:" << endl;
    cin.get(line,ArSize);

    cout << "Complete line: " << line << endl;

    for(int i = 0; line[i] != '
'; i++) { cout << line[i]; if(line[i]=='.') break; //如果找到句号,直接就跳出循环 if(line[i]!=' ') continue;//如果没有找到空格,直接跳出循环 spaces++; } cout << endl; cout << "Spaces = " << spaces << endl; return 0; }

结果:


Enter a line of text:
hello world.good morning
Complete line: hello world.good morning
hello world.

Spaces = 1

*

1)如果执行了continue,后面的space++就不执行了,直接跳到i++部分

2)比如说,我们第一个字符是h,对于h,先会打印出来,然后到if,它不是句号,所以不会break,紧接着到了下一个if语句,它如果不是空格,那么就会执行continue而跳过space++,直接到下一个i。

七、读取数字的循环
当我们使用cin进行输入数字时,如果不小心输入了字母,单词,就会发生如下情况:

·n值保持不变

·不匹配的输出留在队列中

·cin对象中的一个错误标记被设置

·对cin方法调用返回false

那如何解决呢??

看下例直接:
 
#include << "First num: ";
    cin >

using namespace std;

int main(void)
{
    
    int num1,num2;
    cout << "Second num: ";
    cin >> num1;

    cin.clear();//reset input
    while (cin.get()!='\n');

    cout << "num1 = " << num1 << ", num2 = " << num2 << endl;

    return 0;
}
> num2;
    
    cout 

结果:


First num: xyz
Second num: 2

num1 = 0, num2 = 2

*

1)使用cin.clear()方法来重置输入

2)把留在队列的错误输入值使用while(cin.get()!='\n')来重置

再看个捕鱼的例子:
 
#include << "Please enter the weight of your fish:" << endl;
    cout << "You may enter up to " << Max << " fish 

const int Max = 5;
using namespace std;

int main(void)
{
    double fish[Max];
    cout << endl;

    cout << "fish #1 \n";
    int i = 0;
    while (i < Max && cin > to terminate." < Max)
            cout << "fish # " << i+1 << ": " << endl;
    }

    double total = 0.0;
    for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) //这个意思是,你录入多少条,就输出多少条,并不是Max
    {
        total += fish[j];//这里是j不是i
    }
    cout << "total =" << total << endl;

    if (i == 0)
    {
        cout << "No fish" << endl;
    }
    else
        cout << "Average weight of " << i << " fish: " << total / i << endl;
    
    return 0;
}
> fish[i]) //第二个条件的意思是你输入的必须要满足它是重量,如果是其他类型直接跳出
    {
        if(++i 

结果:


Please enter the weight of your fish: You may enter up to 5 fish
to terminate.
fish #1
2.3
fish # 2:
3.2
fish # 3:
4.4
fish # 4:
1.2
fish # 5:
3.3
total =14.4

Average weight of 5 fish: 2.88

*

那如果输入错误,应该采取哪种措施呢?

·重置cin以接受新的输入

·删除无效输入

·提示用户输入新的输入

那我们看下面的程序:读取高尔夫得分,并计算平均得分,如果输入错误,会提示输入错误,重新输入。
 
#include << "Please enter your golf scores:\n";
    cout << "You must enter " << Max << " rounds.\n" ;

    int i;
    for (i = 0; i < Max; i++)
    {
        cout << "Round" << i+1 << ":" << endl;
        while(!(cin >

const int Max = 5;
using namespace std;

int main(void)
{
    int golf[Max];
    cout << "Please enter a number : \n";
        }
    }

    double total = 0;
    for (i= 0; i < Max; i++)
    {
        total += golf[i];
    }

    cout << "The average score is : " << total / Max << "." << endl; 

    return 0;
}> golf[i]))//这里取反就是说,输入的不是数字,而是其他类型
        {
            cin.clear();
            while(cin.get() != '\n') //删除用户的信息,消耗掉回车前的信息,用get()
                continue;//跳出while循环
            cout 

结果如下:


Please enter your golf scores:
You must enter 5 rounds.
Round1:
22
Round2:
33
Round3:
ad
Please enter a number :
22
Round4:
dd
Please enter a number :
11
Round5:
22

The average score is : 22.

*注意while那块的continue,如果不加的话,会输出三遍“please enter a number”

八、简单文件输入/输出

不能总要通过键盘输入,假设从文件导入数据会更好,这里先介绍简单的文本文件I/O

1:文本I/O和文本文件

使用cin进行输入时,程序将输入视为一系列的字节,其中每个字节都被解释为字符编码。不管目标数据类型是什么,输入一开始都是字符数据——文本数据,然后cin对象负责将文本转换为其他其他类型。我们来看下是如何进行的。

假设有如下示例输入行:

38.5  19.2

首先来看使用char数据类型的情况:

char ch;

cin >> ch;

输入行中的第一个字符被赋给ch,第一个字符是数字3,其二进制编码被存储在变量ch中。

输入和目标变量都是字符,因此不需要进行转换。注意这里存储的不是数值3,而是3的编码


对于int类型:

int n;

cin >> n;

cin会不断读取,直到遇到非数字字符

也就是说,它读取3和8,这样句点将称为输入队列中的下一个字符。cin通过计算发现,这两个字符对应数值38,因此将38的二进制编码复制到变量n中

对于double类型:

double x;

cin >> x;

cin不断读取,直到遇到第一个不属于浮点数的字符

cin读取3,8,句号和5,使得空格称为输入队列中的下一个字符,所以会把38.5的二进制编码复制到x中

对于char数组类型

char word[50];

cin >> wordk;

cin将不断读取,直到遇到空白字符

所以会读取3、8、点和5,使得空格称为输入队列中的下一个字符。存储的是'3','8','.'

然后cin将这4个字符编码存储到数组word中,并在末尾加上一个

最后看另一种char数组存储情况

char word[50]

cin.getline(word,50);

这种情况下,cin将一直读取,直到遇到换行符

所有字符都会被存储到数组word中,并在末尾加上一个空字符,换行符被丢弃,输入队列中的下一个字符是下一行中的第一个字符,这里不需要进行任何转换(存进去的都是字符)

本章讨论的文件IO相当于控制台IO,因此仅适用于文本文件

2:写入到文本文件中

再复习以下cout的东西

·必须包含头文件iostream

·头文件iostream定义了一个用于处理输出的ostream类

·头文件iostream声明了一个名为cout的ostream变量

·必须有命名空间std

<<来显示各种信息

·结合cout和运算符

文件输出和它非常类似

·必须包含头文件fstream

·头文件fstream定义了一个用于处理输出的ofstream类

·需要声明一个或多个ofstream对象,并以自己喜欢的方式对其进行命名,条件是遵守常用的命名规则

·必须使用命名空间std

·需要将ofstream对象和文件关联起来,为此,方法之一是使用open()方法

·使用完了后,应该使用close()关闭

<<来输出各种类型的数据

·可以结合使用ofstream对象和运算符

下列代码演示了这种方法:
 
#include 
#include << "Enter the make and model of automobile: ";
    cin.getline(automobile,50);
    cout << "Enter the model year: ";
    cin >

using namespace std;

int main(void)
{
    char automobile[50];
    int year;
    double a_price;
    double d_price;

    ofstream outFile;//1.创建一个输出文件流的对象
    outFile.open("carinfo.txt");   //2.使用outfile创建文本文件


    cout << "Enter the orignal asking price: ";
    cin >> year;
    cout << "Make and model: " << automobile << endl;
    cout << "Year: " << year << endl;
    cout << "Was asking: " << a_price << endl;
    cout << "Now asking: " << d_price << endl;

    outFile << "Make and model: " << automobile << endl;
    outFile << "Year : " << year << endl;
    outFile << "Was asking: " << a_price << endl;
    outFile << "Now asking: " << d_price << endl;

    return 0;
}
> a_price;
    d_price = a_price * 0.913;

    cout 

*

1)文件流中并没有预先创建好类似cin和cout之类的对象,需要自己创建,它由ofstream和ifstream组成

2)ofstream创建,然后调用open方法

3)调用完了以后,使用cout类似的方法,使用outFile方法就行了

结果如下:


Enter the make and model of automobile: Flitz Perky
Enter the model year: 2009
Enter the orignal asking price: 13500
Make and model: Flitz Perky
Year: 2009
Was asking: 13500

Now asking: 12325.5


同时生成了carinfo的文本文件

 但是这里的Was asking里面只显示了一位,如何能让他显示小数点后两位呢?


下面使用fixed修正:

 
 
#include 
#include << "Enter the make and model of automobile: ";
    cin.getline(automobile,50);
    cout << "Enter the model year: ";
    cin >//文件流中并没有预先创建好类似cin和cout之类的对象,需要自己创建,它由ofstream和ifstream

using namespace std;

int main(void)
{
    char automobile[50];
    int year;
    double a_price;
    double d_price;

    ofstream outFile;//1.创建一个输出文件流的对象
    outFile.open("carinfo.txt");   //2.使用outfile创建文本文件


    cout << "Enter the orignal asking price: ";
    cin >> year;
    cout << "Make and model: " << automobile << endl;
    cout << "Year: " << year << endl;
    cout << "Was asking: " << a_price << endl;
    cout << "Now asking: " << d_price << endl;

    outFile << "Make and model: " << automobile << endl;
    outFile << "Year : " << year << endl;
    outFile << "Was asking: " << a_price << endl;
    outFile << "Now asking: " << d_price << endl;

    cout << fixed;
    cout.precision(2);//显示两位
    cout.setf(ios_base::showpoint);
    cout << "Make and model: " << automobile << endl;
    cout << "Year: " << year << endl;
    cout << "Was asking: " << a_price << endl;
    cout << "Now asking: " << d_price << endl;

    outFile << fixed;
    outFile.precision(2);//显示两位
    outFile.setf(ios_base::showpoint);
    outFile << "Make and model: " << automobile << endl;
    outFile << "Year: " << year << endl;
    outFile << "Was asking: " << a_price << endl;
    outFile << "Now asking: " << d_price << endl;

    return 0;
}> a_price;
    d_price = a_price * 0.913;

    cout 

显示如下:


Enter the make and model of automobile: Nissan
Enter the model year: 2011
Enter the orignal asking price: 200000
Make and model: Nissan
Year: 2011
Was asking: 200000
Now asking: 182600
Make and model: Nissan
Year: 2011
Was asking: 200000.00

Now asking: 182600.00

再来看文本文件:

从文本内容可以看得出来,并不是追加文件,而是把原来的内容删除了,重新写入

3:读取文本文件

再跟cin对比以下:

文本输入:

·必须包含头文件iostream

·头文件iostream定义一个用于处理输入的istream类

·头文件iostream声明一个名为cin的istream变量

·必须写出命名空间std

·结合>>来读取各种类型数据

·使用cin的方法get()和getling()方法读取一行

·可以结合使用cin和eof()、fail()方法来判断输入是否成功

·对象cin本身被用作测试条件时,如果最后一个读取 *** 作成功,会被转换为Bool的true。

文件输入:

·头文件包含fstream

·头文件fstream定义一个用于处理输入的ifstream类

·需要声明一个或多个ifstream变量,并命名

·指出命名空间std

·需要将ifstream对象和文件关联起来,方法之一是open()方法

·使用完了用close()关闭

·结合ifstream对象和运算符>>读取各种数据类型

·可以使用get()或getline()方法

·可以结合使用cin和eof()、fail()方法来判断输入是否成功

·对象ifstream本身被用作测试条件时,如果最后一个读取 *** 作成功,会被转换为Bool的true。

代码如下:
 
#include 
#include 
#include << "Enter name of data file: ";
    cin.getline(filename,SIZE);

    inFile.open(filename);

    if(!inFile.is_open())//如果不能打开就打开失败,退出
    {
        cout << "could not open the file " << filename << endl;
        cout << "Program terminating." << endl;
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    cout << "Success open the txt file." << endl;//记得别忘了后缀txt

    double value;
    double sum = 0.0;
    int count = 0;
    
    inFile >

const int SIZE = 60;

using namespace std;

int main(void)
{
    char filename[SIZE];
    ifstream inFile;

    cout << "End of file!" << endl;
    }
    else if(inFile.fail())//如果读取失败
        cout << "Input terminater by data mismachted." << endl;

    if(count == 0)
        cout << "No data processed." << endl;
    else
    {
        cout << "Items read: " << count << endl;
        cout << "Sum = " << sum << endl;
        cout << "Average: " << sum / count << endl;
    }

    inFile.close();

    return 0;
}> value;
    while (inFile.good())//如果从文件当中能读取数据,一直到读取不到,就退出循环
    {
        ++count;
        sum += value;
        inFile >> value;
    }

    if (inFile.eof())//end of file,读取到文件末尾,判断文末必须有
    {
        cout 

*

1)声明fstream头文件,然后使用ifstream类,创建一个对象,然后调用open()方法

2)判断是否打开,使用is_open()方法,如果不能打开就使用exit()方法,它位于cstrlib头文件中

3)使用while循环使用good()方法,看能否从文件中读取数据

4)判断是否到文件尾,使用eof方法

5)读取失败使用inFail中的fail()方法

6)如果数量太少的话,比如时0,就返回没有值

运行结果:


Enter name of data file: 6-19file.txt
Success open the txt file.
End of file!
Items read: 11
Sum = 186.9

Average: 16.9909

九、复习题和编程练习 1:复习题

1:

 同样进入while循环

第一种执行完if语句之后,会重新检测一遍ch中的字符

而第二种执行完if语句后,会把其中的空格部分都去掉,避免了重复检测

2:在如下代码中,如果用ch+1替换++ch有什么变化?

 解:我们的输入是字符,主要部分的目的是把字符向前一位

如果++ch变成ch+1,那就会变成数字,而不是字符

3:请阅读以下代码,假设输入如下:

Hi!

Send $10 or $20 now!

则输出将是什么?

定义char型和整型ct1和ct2,然后进入while循环

如果输入的字符不是’$‘,那么就进入循环,打印出这个字符,然后ct2++

后面的if语句里面是赋值,把$给了ch,所以永远为真,ct2++,然后输出$,就往复循环,直到while的条件不满足,即碰到$就停止,然后输出ct1,ct2

H$i$!$

$S$e$n$d$ $     ,这时候碰到了$,停止while循环,跳出,打印ch1,ch2

此时输出ch1和ch2=9;

4:创建表示下述条件的逻辑表达式:

a:weight大于或等于115,但是小于125

< 125;

weight >=115 && weight

b:ch为q或Q

ch ='q' || 'Q';

c:x为偶数,但不是26

(x%2)=0 && (x != 26),注意偶数的表达方式

d:x为偶数,但不是26倍数

(x%2)= 0 && (x % 26 != 0),注意不是倍数的表达方式

e:donation为1000-2000或guest为1

<= 2000) || (guest == 1)

(donation >= 1000 && donation

     

f:ch是小写字母或大写字母(假设小写字母和大写字母是依次编码的,但在大小写之间编码不是连续的)

<= z") || (ch >(ch >= a" && ch <= Z")= A" && ch

5:在英语中,“i will not speak”的意思和"i will speak"相同,在C++中,!!x和 x是否相同呢?

如果x是bool类型是OK的

如果x是int,那么!x就true,再取反变成false,然后变成true,所以不行

6:创建一个条件表达式,其值为变量的绝对值。也是说,如果变量x为正,则表达式的值为x,但是如果x为负,则表达式的值为-x——这是一个正值
 
<< x;
else
    cout << -x;int x;
if(x >= 0)
    cout 

但是推荐用条件表达式,对于这种比较简单的判断式:

(x >=0) : x ? -x

7:用switch语句改写下面代码:

 
switch (ch) { case 'A': a_grade++; break; case 'B': b_grade++; break; case 'C': c_grade++; break; case 'D': d_grade++; break; default: break; }


8:对于如下程序,与使用数字相比,使用字符(如a或c),表示菜单选项和case标签有何优势呢?(比如用户输入q或5)

 
 
#include << "\a\n";
            break;
        case 2:
            report();
            break;
        case 3:
            cout << "boss was in all day.\n";
            break;
        case 4:
            comfort();
            break;
        default:
            cout << "That's not a choice\n";
            break;
        }
      

using namespace std;

int main(void)
{

    showmenu();

    int choice;
    cin >> choice;
    while (choice != 5)
    {
        switch (choice)
        {
        case 1:
            cout 

1)choice定义为int类型,那么你输入12345,其实是先把字符12345转化成int类型存放到choice里面

然后choice再和12345对比,如果你此时输入的是整型,那没有什么问题,但是如果输入的是字符,那么程序就会出问题

2)但是如果定义为char型,那么无论输入的是数字还是字母,都不会有问题


如下:

 
 
<< "\a\n";
            break;
        case '2':
            report();
            break;
        case '3':
            cout << "boss was in all day.\n";
            break;
        case '4':
            comfort();
            break;
        default:
            cout << "That's not a choice\n";
            break;
        }    char choice;
    cin >> choice;
    while (choice != '5')//修改为字符5
    {
        switch (choice)
        {
        case '1':
            cout 

 如果是这样的,输入字符也不会有任何问题

9:看如下代码:

请重写该代码,不要使用break和continue语句

int line = 0;

char ch;

while(cin.get(ch) && ch != 'Q')

{

       if(ch == '\n')

                line++;

}

2:编程练习

1:编写一个小程序,读取键盘输入,直到遇到@符号为止,并回显(数字除外),同时将大写字符转换为小写。将小写字符转换为大写(cctype函数)
 
#include 
#include << "Please enter a character: ";
    cin >

using namespace std;

int main(void)
{
    char ch;

    cout << ch << endl;
    }
    else if (isdigit(ch))
        cin >> ch;
    
    if (ch == '@')
    {
        cout << ch;
    cin >> ch;
    else if(islower(ch))
    {
        ch = toupper(ch);
    }
    else 
    {
        ch = tolower(ch);
    }
    cout > ch;

    return 0;
}

*

1)cctype头文件

2)isdigit()判断数组,islower()判断小写,issupper()判断大写

3)tolower()大转小,toupper()小转大

2:编写一个程序,最多将10个donation值读入到一个double数组中,程序遇到非数字输入时将结束输入,并报告这些数字的平均值及数组中有多少个数大于平均值。
 
#include 
#include 

using namespace std;
const int SIZE =10;

int main(void)
{
    array<< "Please enter the double numerial: ";

    while ((cin > donation;

    double input;
    int count = 0;
    double sum = 0.0;
    double average;
    int bigger;

    cout << "Please enter the double numerial: "; 
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
    {
        sum += donation[i];
    }

    average = sum / count;
    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
    {
        if (donation[i] >> input))
        donation[count++] = input;
        if(count == 10)
            break;
        cout << "Average = " << average << "," << bigger << " numbers are bigger than averager. " << endl;
    
    return 0;
} average)
        {
            bigger++;
        }
    }
    cout 

结果:


Please enter the double numerial: 12.5
Please enter the double numerial: 12.1
Please enter the double numerial: a

Average = 12.3,1 numbers are bigger than averager.

*

注意判断是不是字母那块,不用isdigit判断,其实光写cin >> input就够了,因为如果你输入的东西放不到double里面去,说明它不是数字

3:编写一个菜单驱动程序的雏形。该程序显示一个提供4个选项的菜单——每个选项用一个字母标记。然后用户使用有效选项之外的字母进行响应,程序将提示用户输入一个有效的字母,直到用户这样做为止。

然后该程序使用一条switch语句,根据用户的选择执行一个简单的 *** 作。该程序运行如下:

 
#include << "Please enter a character: c,p,t,g: " ;
        cin >

using namespace std;
void showmenu(void);

int main(void)
{
    char ch;

    showmenu();
    
    cin >> ch;//也可cin.get()
    while (ch != 'c' && ch!= 'p' && ch != 't' && ch!='g')
    {
        cin.get();//消耗上面的回车字符
        cout << "A map is a tree." << endl;
    default:
        break;
    }
    return 0;
}
void showmenu(void)//菜单函数 
{
    cout << "Please enter one of the following choices: " << endl;
    cout << "c) carnivore\t\t p)pianist" << endl;
    cout << "t) tree\t\t\t g) game" << endl;
}> ch;
    }
    switch (ch)
    {
    case 'c':
        break;
    case 'p': break;
    case 't': break;
    case 'g': cout 

 结果如下:


Please enter one of the following choices:
c) carnivore             p)pianist
t) tree                  g) game
a
Please enter a character: c,p,t,g: b
Please enter a character: c,p,t,g: g

A map is a tree.

*

1)一个选择提示,调用menu函数

2)switch语句,选择 *** 作

3)捕获输入

4:加入Benevolent Order of Programmer后,在BOP大会上,人们便可以通过加入者的真实姓名、头衔或秘密BOP姓名来了解它。

请编写一个程序,可以使用真实姓名,头衔,秘密姓名或成员偏好来列出成员。请使用以下结构:

 该程序创建一个由上述结构组成的小型数组,并将其初始化为适当的值,另外,使用一个循环,让用户在下面的选项中进行选择:

 注意:"display by the preference"并不意味着显示成员偏好,而是意味着根据成员偏好来列出成员。

例如:如果偏好为1,则选择d将显示程序员的头衔。该程序运行情况如下:

 程序如下:
 
#include 

using namespace std;

const int strsize = 20;
const int usersize = 4;

void showmenu(void);

void print_by_fullname(void);
void print_by_title(void);
void print_by_bopname(void);
void print_by_preference(void);

struct bop
{
    char fullname[strsize];
    char title[strsize];
    char bopname[strsize];
    int preference;
};

bop user[usersize] = {<< "Please enter character a,b,c,d,q:" << endl;  //把判断条件放到default也是不错的
        }
        cin.get();
        cout << "Next input: ";
        cin >{"Rick","Level_A","RR",0},{"Jack","Lever_B","JJ",1},{"Micheal","Lever_C","MM",2},{"Rose","Lever_D","RR",3}};

int main(void)
{
    

    showmenu();

    char input;
    cin >> input;

    while (input!= 'q')
    {
        switch (input)
        {
        case 'a':
            print_by_fullname();
            break;
        case 'b':
            print_by_title();
            break;
        case 'c':
            print_by_bopname();
            break;
        case 'd':
            print_by_preference();
            break;
        default:
            cout << "Bye!" << endl;
 
    return 0;
}
void showmenu(void) //菜单函数 
{
    cout << "Benevolent Order of Programmers Report " << endl;
    cout << "a) display by name\t\t b)display by title" << endl;
    cout << "c) display by bopname\t\t\t g) display by preference" << endl;
    cout << "q) quit " << endl;
}

void print_by_fullname(void)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < usersize; i++)
    {
        cout << user[i].fullname << endl;
    }
}

void print_by_title(void)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < usersize; i++)
    {
        cout << user[i].title << endl;
    }
}

void print_by_bopname(void)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < usersize; i++)
    {
        cout << user[i].bopname << endl;
    }
}

void print_by_preference(void)
{
    for(int i = 0; i < usersize; i++)
    {
        switch (user[i].preference)
        {   
        case 0:
            cout << user[i].fullname << endl;
            break;
        case 1:
            cout << user[i].title << endl;
            break;
        case 2:
            cout << user[i].bopname << endl;
            break;
        default:
            break;
        }
    }
}> input;
    }
    cout 


结果:
Benevolent Order of Programmers Report
a) display by name               b)display by title
c) display by bopname                    g) display by preference
q) quit
a
Rick
Jack
Micheal
Rose
Next input: b
Level_A
Lever_B
Lever_C
Lever_D
Next input: c
RR
JJ
MM
RR
Next input: d
0
1
2
3
Next input: q

Bye!

*

1)在switch的时候把判断条件放到default也是不错的,这样就不用在while中写太多

2)注意main定义的数组在main外部无法访问的,一定要记住

3)创建结构,创建结构数组,创建while-switch循环,创建外部函数,访问完了要消耗

5:在Neutronia王国,货币的单位是tvarp,收入所得税计算方式如下:

5000 trarps:不收税

5001~15000 tvarps: 10%

15001~35000 tvarps: 15%

35000 tvarps+: 20%

请编写一个语句,使用循环来要求用户输入收入,并报告所得税,输入负数或者非数字结束循环。

例如输入38000,所得税5000×0.00+10000×0.10+20000×0.15+3000×0.20,即4600.

程序:

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原文地址: http://outofmemory.cn/langs/1499029.html

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