语态如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如:It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party(不定式作主语是被动语态to be invited是被邀请)It was impossible for lost time to be made up(不定式作主语)I wish to be sent to work in the country(不定式作宾语)Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired(不定式作定语)He went to the hospital to be examined(不定式作状语)在There be结构中,修饰主语的不定式可用被动,也可用主动。如:There are still many things to take care of (to be taken care of)但有时两种形式表达的意思不同,如:There is nothing to do now( We have nothing to do now) There is nothing to be done now(We can do nothing now)时态1) 现在时:一般现在时表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。He seems to know thisI hope to see you again = I hope that I'll see you again 我希望再见到你。2) 完成时:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。I'm sorry to have given you so much troubleHe seems to have caught a cold3)进行时:表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。He seems to be eating something4)完成进行时:She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years一般在表示情绪的动词后加to do也表将来疑问词疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语,在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等。如:①When to leave for London has not been decided yet (不定式在句子中做主语)②Mr Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there (不定式在句子中做宾语)③I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well (不定式在句子中做直接宾语)④The question was where to get the medicine needed (不定式在句子中表语)以上例句中疑问词+不定式部分,均可转换为相应的从句形式。如:①When we shall leave…③…how Icould learn……经常在这种结构中使用的动词有:consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,hear,know,lea rn,observe,understand,wonder等。作主语动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:(1)把不定式置于句首。如:To get there by bike will take us half an hour骑自行车到那儿将花费我们半个小时。To make up for lost time is not possible要弥补失去的时光是不可能的。To lean out of the window is dangerous身子探出窗外很危险。To save money now seems impossible现在好像不可能存钱。(2)用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。如:①It+be+名词+to doIt's our duty to take good care of the old这是照顾老人是我们的责任。②It takes sb+some time+to doHow long did it take you to finish the work你花了多少时间来完成这项工作吗?③It+be+形容词+for sb+to doIt is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour我们难以在四分之一小时内完成这篇作文。It is stupid of you to write down everything (that) the teacher saysIt is an offence to drop litter in the street在马路上乱丢废物是违章的。④It seems(appears)+形容词+to doIt seemed impossible to save money在句型③中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如:difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等;在句型④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is+形容词+to do句式 ,如:It's kind of you to help me with my English=You are kind to helpme with my English⑤It + 不定式结构可位于believe/consider/discover/expect/find/think和wonder之后He thought it would be safer to go by train他认为乘火车比较安全。He will find it is hard to make friends他会感觉到交朋友困难。⑥不定式的完成式也可作句子的主语To have made the same mistake twice was unforgivable两次犯同样的错误是不可原谅的。It is better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all爱过而后失去了爱,比从未爱过要好。(3)举例(1) It's easy (for me) to do that我做这事太容易了easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enoughIt's so nice to hear your voice听到你的声音真高兴。It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it当你不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。(2) It's very kind of him to help us 他帮助我们,他真好。Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)例句:It was silly of us to believe him 我们真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything 他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。注意:(1) 其他系动词如,look,appear等也可用于此句型(2) 不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式。(3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is… to…的句型(对)To see is to believe 眼见为实。(错)It is to believe to see3作宾语1) 以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语afford (付得起),agree(同意),aim(力求做到),appear(显得),arrange(安排),ask(要求),attempt (试图),care(想要),choose(决定),claim(声称),condescend(屈尊),consent(准许),decide(决定),demand(要求),determine(决心),endeavor(竭力),expect(期待),fail(未履行),help(帮助),hesitate(犹豫),hope(希望),learn(学会),manage(设法),neglect(疏忽),offer(主动提出),plan(计划),prepare(准备),pretend(假装),proceed(接着做),promise(答应),prove(证明),refuse(拒绝),resolve(解决),seem(觉得好像),swear(发誓),tend(往往会),threaten(预示),undertake(承诺),volunteer(自愿做),vow(发誓),want(想要),wish(希望)举例:The driver failed to see the other car in time司机没能及时看见另一辆车。I happen to know the answer to your question我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。2) 动词+疑问词+ 不定式decide,know,consider forget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,find out,explain,tellPlease show us how to do that 请演示给我们如何去做。There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。The question is how to put it into practice问题是怎样把它付诸实施。3)当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即:主语+动词+it+补语+to do句式。如:We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage wellHe feels it his duty to help the poorI find it difficult to learn English well4作补语1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)advise allow believe cause challenge compel declare encourage forbid force find hire induce instruct invite like order permit persuade remind request require select send suppose tell train urge例句:a Father will not allow us to play on the street父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。b We believe him to be guilty我们相信他是有罪的。
在英语中,用到动词不定式的情况有很多:
在语法中,动词不定式是指动词的一种不带词形变化从而不指示人称、数量、时态的形式。它被叫做不定式,是因为动词不被限定,或者说不被词形变化所局限。不定式属于非谓语动词。
如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如:
It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party不定式作主语是被动语态to be invited是被邀请
It was impossible for lost time to be made up不定式作主语
I wish to be sent to work in the country不定式作宾语
Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired不定式作定语
He went to the hospital to be examined不定式作状语
在There be结构中,修饰主语的不定式可用被动,也可用主动如:There are still many things to take care of (to be taken care of)但有时两种形式表达的意思不同,如:There is nothing to do now( We have nothing to do now) There is nothing to be done now(We can do nothing now)
形式
1) 现在式:一般现在时表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
He seems to know this
I hope to see you again = I hope that I'll see you again 我希望再见到你。
完成式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble
He seems to have caught a cold
进行式:表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
He seems to be eating something
完成进行式:
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years
一般在表示情绪的动词后加to do也表将来
疑问词
疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语,在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等。如:
When to leave for London has not been decided yet 不定式在句子中做主语Mr Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there 不定式在句子中做宾语
I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well 不定式在句子中做直接宾语
The question was where to get the medicine needed 不定式在句子中表语)
以上例句中疑问词+不定式部分,均可转换为相应的从句形式。如:When we shall leave…③…how I could learn……
经常在这种结构中使用的动词有:consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,hear,know,learn,observe,understand,wonder等。
作主语
动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:
把不定式置于句首。如:
To get there by bike will take us half an hour
骑自行车到那儿将花费我们半个小时。
To make up for lost time is not possible
要弥补失去的时光是不可能的。
To lean out of the window is dangerous
身子探出窗外很危险。
To save money now seems impossible
现在好像不可能存钱。
用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。如:
It+be+名词+to do
It's our duty to take good care of the old
照顾老人是我们的责任。
It takes sb+some time+to do
How long did it take you to finish the work
你花了多少时间来完成这项工作?
It+be+形容词+for sb+to do
It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour
我们难以在四分之一小时内完成这篇作文。
It is stupid of you to write down everything (that) the teacher says
你把老师说的所有东西都记下来的行为是很愚蠢的。
It is an offence to drop litter in the street在
马路上乱丢废物是违章的。
It seems(appears)+形容词+to do
It seemed impossible to save money
在句型③中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如:difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等;
在句型④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词。
在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is+形容词+to do句式 ,如:It's kind of you to help me with my English=You are kind to help me with my English
It + 不定式结构可位于believe/consider/discover/expect/find/think和wonder之后
He thought it would be safer to go by train
他认为乘火车比较安全。
He will find it is hard to make friends
他会感觉到交朋友困难。
不定式的完成式也可作句子的主语
eg:
To have made the same mistake twice was unforgivable
两次犯同样的错误是不可原谅的。
It is better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all
爱过而后失去了爱,比从未爱过要好。
不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式。
当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is… to…的句型(对)To see is to believe 眼见为实 < 正确 >
It is to believe to see < 错误 >
作宾语
以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语
afford (付得起),agree(同意),aim(力求做到),appear(显得),arrange(安排),ask(要求),attempt (试图),care(想要),choose(决定),claim(声称),condescend(屈尊),consent(准许),decide(决定),demand(要求),determine(决心),endeavor(竭力),expect(期待),fail(未履行),help(帮助),hesitate(犹豫),hope(希望),learn(学会),manage(设法),neglect(疏忽),offer(主动提出),plan(计划),prepare(准备),pretend(假装),proceed(接着做),promise(答应),prove(证明),refuse(拒绝),resolve(解决),seem(觉得好像),swear(发誓),tend(往往会),threaten(预示),undertake(承诺),volunteer(自愿做),vow(发誓),want(想要),wish(希望)
eg:
The driver failed to see the other car in time
司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
I happen to know the answer to your question
我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
动词+疑问词+ 不定式
decide,know,consider forget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,find out,explain,tell
eg:
Please show us how to do that 请演示给我们如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to bu有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。
The question is how to put it into practice
问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
3)当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即:主语+动词+it+补语+to do句式。如:
We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well
He feels it his duty to help the poor
I find it difficult to learn English well
作补语
动词+宾语+不定式(to do)
advise allow believe cause challenge compel declare encourage forbid force find hire induce instruct invite like order permit persuade remind request require select send suppose tell train urge
eg:
Father will not allow us to play on the street
父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
We believe him to be guilty
我们相信他是有罪的。
to + be 的不定式结构,作补语的动词。
Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel, find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand
eg:
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class
我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
to be +形容词
Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean…
eg:
The book is believed to be uninteresting
人们认为这本书没什么意思。
there be+不定式
believe,expect,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,want,wish,undrstand
eg:
We didn't expect there to be so many people there我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。
有些动词需用as 短语做补语,如regard,think believe,take,consider
eg:
We regard Tom as our best teacher 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
Mary took him as her father 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
秃头不定式作补语
秃头不定式, 即不带“to”的不定式,其语法功能一般在句子中作宾语的补语(宾语补足语)。用秃头不定式作宾语补足语的常用动词如下:
口诀:“五看、三使役“,“两听、一感”要记住,若是“宾补”变“主补”,主补“to”字不能无。动词let属例外,其宾补/主补“to”均无。说明:
五看-----see/watch/notice/observe/look at;三使役-----have/make/let;两听-----hear/listen to;一感-----feel。
eg:
I often see him go to school on foot(秃头不定式作宾语补足语) He is often seen to go to school on foot(不定式作主语补足语,要带“to”) Let him try again---- He is let try again(let的主补与宾补均用秃头不定式)
Find 特殊用法
Find 后可用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get,have。
eg:
I found him lying on the ground
I found it important to learn
I found that to learn English is important
情态动词有四类:
①只做情态动词:must,can(could),may(might),ought to
②可做情态动词又可做实义动词:need,dare
③可做情态动词又可做助动词:shall(should),will(would)
④具有情态动词特征:have(had) to,used to
外貌:moutache(嘴唇上的胡须) beard(下巴上有胡须的) bald(秃顶的) slim(苗条的) obese(肥胖的)charming(有魅力的) cute(可爱的) sexy(性感的) gorgeous(漂亮而吸引人的) handsome(英俊的) blonde金发的 long hair 长发 enchanting 妩媚的 wrinkle皱纹
先写这么多,如果是你要的就请加分。如果不是就算啦。
report (sb)to sb并不是report sb to do,后边也不接doing,也不是非谓语的用法,report to后边只能接sb,意思是“向某人报告”。
report:英 [rɪˈpɔːt] 美 [rɪˈpɔːrt]
v汇报;报告;通报;报道;公布;发表;宣布;(不知传言是否确凿)据说,传闻 n报道;汇报;报告;记述;调查报告
例如:Call me urgently if you have anything to report 如果有什么事要向我汇报,立即给我打电话。
固定短语:report sb 告发某人,report to sb 向某人报告
例如:You should have reported them to the police 你应当向警方控告他们的。这个例句是 report sbto sb,并不是report sth to sb
扩展资料:
非谓语动词用to do、doing 的用法:
非谓语动词也是动词的一种,主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)他们有着动词的其他特点,可以充当主语、宾语、状语等。非谓语动词与谓语动词是相对的概念。
非谓语动词有四种:不定式,动名词,现在分词和过去分词。
其中不定式和动名词具有名词性,可以在短语和句子中充当名词性成份,如主语、宾语、表语等。考虑到很多英语动词短语中,会用到动词不定式( to do )和动名词( doing )作宾语的情况。
动词一般 + to do 总结:
1、动词不定式可以用作目的状语。注意其他非谓语动词形式不能用作目的状语。
2、only to do sth为不定式作结果状语,表示出乎意料的结果。
3、形容词或过去分词作表语时,后面可接不定式作原因状语。常见词有:happy, lucky, glad, sorry, anxious, proud, disappointed, angry, surprised, ready, delighted, clever
4、在“主语+系动词+表语(形容词)+to do”结构中,不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。该结构中常用的形容词有:easy, hard, difficult, important, impossible, interesting, pleasant, nice等。
5、下列动词或词组一般+ doing
consider,suggest / advise,look forward to,excuse / pardon,admit,delay / put off,fancy,avoid,miss,keep / keep on,practice
It's fun 后面是跟doing sth或者to do sth均可。
It's fun to do和It's fun doing的用法要结合语境:
to do:强调马上或将要去做的事。
doing:强调做过或正在做的动作或事。
例句:
I think it is great fun to do the impossible
我觉得能完成别人认为不可能的事乐趣无穷。
At first it was fun doing things at night Las Vegas is a decent place to be polyphasic
当然在晚上,尤其是在拉斯维加斯,有很多地方是开到很晚的。
扩展资料:
fun
英 [fʌn] 美 [fʌn]
n 乐趣;玩笑;有趣的人或事
adj 供娱乐用的
vi 开玩笑
过去式 funned 过去分词 funned 现在分词 funning
相关短语
Horse Fun 套马
fun fur 化纤花式裘皮 ; 趣味皮草 ; 趣皮草
Love Fun 就是爱放电
Fun Home 欢乐之家 ; 喜乐园 ; 玩味居
Fun Facts 有趣的事实 ; 认识动物 ; 感恩节有趣小知识
Underwater fun 在水下 ; 海底鲨鱼祖玛
No Fun 对于其他 ; 没有意思 ; 无趣的
Fun Freight 欢乐货运 ; 硬盘版
Freaky Fun 蒲拉兹吃魔豆
Fun box 游戏 ; 互动游戏
have fun 玩得开心
for fun 开玩笑地;闹着玩地
make fun of someone [口语]取笑(或嘲弄、奚落)某人,拿某人开玩笑
a lot of fun 非常有意思;很大的乐趣
having fun 玩乐
in fun 开玩笑地;不是认真地
make fun 开玩笑
great fun 有趣的人;很大的乐趣
like fun [口语]很快地,迅速地;非常;奋力地,强有力地 , [美国俚语]靠不住,决不会,毫不;当然不(强调否定或怀疑)
make fun of 取笑
have fun with 玩得高兴,玩得开心
fun and games [口语] , (如社交聚会中)欢乐,热闹有趣的玩乐,玩笑,轻松的娱乐;喧闹;嬉闹,闹着玩;欢乐的聚会,狂欢会[常为讽刺语] , 轻而易举的琐事 , 特别困难的任务,相当棘手的事情[用作反语] , (男女之间)动手动脚;拥抱;性交
fun fair 游乐园
fun house 游乐宫
rain 本身就有名词和动词两种词性,It rains。中的rain 是动词,不及物动词。如果再加一个is,那就两个动词了,所以不用is了。而cold是adj 形容词,如果不加is,又缺少动词了,必须补上一个is,成为系动词加表语结构。
推荐你看下简单句的几种句型,会理解得更深:
>
什么是非谓语动词?
在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词
是动词的非谓语形式动词一般在句子中充当谓语在句中可起名词,形容词,副词的作用,在句中充当主语,宾语,表语,补语,定语或状语即动词的非谓语形式除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的任何成分
3种形式:不定式,分词(现在分词、过去分词),动名词
不定式
不定式是什么?
有to的,没有 to的,两种。
常用形式:一般主动式to do, 一般被动式to be done完成主动式to have done, 完成被动式to have been done进行式to be doing
注意!不定式和一般的动词一样,有自己的主动和被动。
主动:I am glad to see you
被动:You are here to be trained as soldiers
不定式的含义:应当、将要、随之要发生的事
不定式有什么作用?
1.作主语
To master a foreign language is very important
(It is very important to master a foreign language)
2.作宾语
Do you want to visit the Great Wall
3.作宾补(复合宾语)
The teacher advised us to have a rest first
4.作定语
I have a lot of things to do
5.作状语
She often comes to see me
6.作表语
My job is to kill the cockroaches every day
一、不定式作主语:
A 直接作主语
Ex:
To see is to believe
To err is human, to forgive divine
B it (形式主语) + be + 形、名 + 不定式
Ex:
It is good to see you
It is easy to learn English
It is an honor to meet you
It is my duty to protect my country
C it + V + 宾语 + 不定式(V常用:take,cost,require,make)
Ex:
It takes me 5 minutes to draw the picture
It costs me 1000 Yuan to buy this machine
It requires great patience to be a teacher
D it (形式主语) + be + 介词短语 + 不定式
Ex:
It is against the law to steal
It is beyond my ability to do this
注意:在it作形式主语的句子中,不定式必须带to。
It + be + V-ed+ to do 的句型中,不定式动作与主动作同时发生。
It + be + V-ed+ to have done的句型中,不定式动作发生在主动作之前。
Ex: the boy was seen to fall from the tree
The boy is said to have fallen from the tree
二、不定式作宾语
V + 不定式
(V常用:afford、attempt、choose、continue、need、like、love、pretend、promise、 refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、wait、want、fail、plan、agree、forget、 prefer、decide、manage、try、arrange、determine、desire等)
Ex:
They refused to do my homework
He pretends to be sleeping
V + 疑问词(why除外)+ 不定式
(V常用:decide, learn, forget, remember, know, understand, see, think, wonder, find out, settle等)
Ex:
We can’t decide where to go
I don’t understand what to do
V + 间宾 + 直宾 (疑问词 + 不定式)
(V常用:teach, inform, tell, show, advise等)
Ex:
I will show you how to use it
Tell me what to do
S + V + it (形式主语) + 宾补 + (for sb) +不定式 (真宾语)
(V常用:think, consider, regard, believe, feel, make, find, suppose等)
Ex:
Do you think it difficult to answer the question
I consider it easy for him to do this
注意:表希望的动词(过去式)+to+have done,表示本希望完成而没有完成的事情,后面常加上but分句,表遗憾。
Ex:
I __ you off yesterday, but I didn’t have time
Hope to have seen/ hope to see/ hoped to have seen/ hoped to see
三、不定式作宾补
A V + 宾 + 宾补(带to的不定式)
(V常用:like, prefer, get, tell, advise, ask, force, expect, encourage, teach, cause, allow, beg, forbid, invite, permit, persuade, remind, want, warn等)
Ex:
He told me to be quiet
I’d like you to meet Tom
He advised me to use this machine
B V + 宾 + 宾补(省to的不定式)
(V常用:四看:see, watch, notice, observe;三使役:let, make, have; 二听:listen to, hear; 一感觉:feel )
Ex:
I saw him bring out a gun
I let Tom run
She had the students do their homework
C V + 宾 +(to be)+ 形
(V常用:find, consider, believe, think, feel, prove等)
Ex:
I consider him (to be) cool
I feel her (to be) very kind
D 短语动词 + 宾 + 宾补(带to的不定式)
(短语动词常用:call on, wait for, ask for, depend on, rely on等)
Ex:
We are waiting for you to answer
Chairman Mao called on us to learn from Lei Feng
You can’t rely on other people to help you
注意:a 宾补不定式的否定形式:not to do。Ex: he warned us not to do it
b have + 宾 + do 而 get + 宾 + to do
四、不定式作定语
形式:被修饰语+to do
不定式与被修饰语的关系:
动宾关系
Ex: I have 2 letters to write
She has no food to eat
主谓关系
Ex: he was the only one to have the power
无主谓动宾关系
Ex: I have no time to do it
He has no money to buy the book
注意:a 由V转化而来的N,且V本身能接to do,那么该N后面常用to do作定语。如:decide/decision, need, order, wish, hope, promise, choose/choice等。
Ex: I have no wish to win She made a promise to help me
b 许多时候to do作定语相当于一个定从的作用。。
Ex: it is the right way to take = it is the right way that we should take
c to do也可以与which连用作定语。
Ex:You must have a sword with which to defend yourself
You should have the time in which to leave
d 带疑问词的to do不能直接作定语。
Ex:This is the only way how to solve the problem F
e to do作定语时可以带逻辑主语
Ex:I have a letter for you to read
五、不定式作表语
不定式作表语,可以用来表达主语的内容,也可以用来表示目的。
主语与表语都是不定式的句型
Ex:To see is to believe
2 主语是由V转化而来的N,且原来的V本身接不定式,那么该句的表语也用不定式。
Ex:My wish/hope/plan/purpose is to buy a new car
3 主语是由all, what引导的从句,表语可以用不定式。
Ex:All you should do is to apologize
What she must do now is to keep quiet
系动词是seem,appear,happen等表似乎、碰巧的单词后,表语用不定式。
Ex:He seems to be ill
Tom happens to know me
在此用法中,主+ seem等动词 + to do = it seems/seemed that 主 do
Ex: she happened to be not at home = it happened that she was not at home
六、不定式作状语
不定式作状语,修饰动词,在句中表示行为目的、结果、原因。
Be (系V) + 形容词(情绪、状态、品质) + to do
Ex: I am afraid to tell her the truth
I feel proud to be a Chinese
He was determined to leave
You are right to say so
在固定句型中作状语。
Ex:a so as to 句型: he was so careless as to leave his door unlocked
Walk quietly so as not to wake up the baby
b in order to句型: He canceled the meeting in order to watch the game
c 形 + enough + to 句型: He is old enough to make his own decision
Are you good enough to close the door for me
d too… to…句型: You are too young to understand
It is too late to go
e only to do表示出人意料的结果: We hurried to the classroom only to find none there
在整个句子中作状语
Ex: To be honest, I like her
To tell you the truth, I don’t know
注意现象:a 不定式的省略。
①and或or连接的并列结构。
Ex: I want to finish my homework and go home
I’m really puzzled what to think or say
特例:To be or not to be, this is a question
He is better to laugh than to cry (表示对比)
②不定式作表语,前面句中含do时,后面省略to。
Ex:What he did was lose the game
③介词but、except、besides(除了)、such as,若前面有do,后面要省to,否则就不省。
Ex: what do you like me to do besides swim
I had no choice but to swim
④rather than, 前面含有不定式,后面省to。如:I’d like to dance rather than sing
⑤Why not、had better、would rather、can’t but等词后省to。如:He could not but walk home
分词
现在分词:V+ing
功能:作定语、状语、表语、宾补。
含义:表主动,同时发生。也表“令人~”
常用形式:一般主动式doing, 一般被动式being done完成主动式having done, 完成被动式having been done
现在分词作定语
Ving + N
Ex: a running horse, a flying pig, a missing child, exciting news, an interesting book
复合现在分词+N
Ex: a good-looking girl, a hard-working teacher, a record-breaking jump
N+Ving/复合现分: 其功能相当于一个定从
Ex: They plan to build a road leading into (= which lead into) the mountain
This is a house belonging to (=which belongs to) my dad
注意:
a 现分与动名作定语的区别
现分,被修饰N是Ving的主语:A flying bird = a bird that is flying; the sleeping beauty = the beauty who is sleeping
动名词, N与Ving中没有主谓关系,只表示目的、用途:a waiting room = a room for waiting, 而不是 a room that is waiting
b 现分与过分作定语的区别
现分,表示正在的,或,主动的意思。也有“令人~”的意思
过分,表示完成的,或,被动的意思。也有“觉得~”的意思
Ex:比较An eating boy与an eaten apple; Exciting news与excited people
现在分词作表语
主+系+表(Ving,表情绪、特征、状态)
Ex:The book is interesting
This movie is boring
注意:a 要注意不要把Ving作表语与作进行时搞混。作进行时的V往往表动作。
b 现分与过分作表语的区别:
现分, 反映本身的属性。“令人~”
过分, 反映人的感觉。“觉得~”
Ex:比较The boy is interesting与 the boy is interested
现在分词作状语
1.现在分词在句中作时间、原因、伴随、条件、结果等状语。
①时间状语(前面可加when, while等)
Ex: Hearing the good news, he jumped with great joy
②原因状语
Ex: Being ill, his father stayed at home
③伴随状语
Ex: The girls came in, following their parents
④结果状语
Ex: The poor old man died, leaving nothing to his children
注意:a 现分状语的几个特性。①时间性。与谓语动词同时发生to do。发生在主动作之前,用having done。②语态性。③人称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。
2 现分作独立主格结构:现分有自己独立的逻辑主语(既,分句和主句各自有自己的主语),名/代+Ving
ex:The day being fine (= as the day is fine), we decide to go to the park
There being ice on the road, I have to be careful
比较:Hearing the good news, he jumped with great joy 前后主语都是he。
3 作句子的独立状语:
ex: generally/frankly speaking, he is a good man
现在分词作补语
主+谓+宾+Ving
Ex:I see my teacher coming
记忆常见动词搭配:see sb doing sth
hear sb doing sth
watch, smell, catch, find, feel, notice, have, leave, listen to, look at
注意:上述的许多动词既可接do,也可接doing
过去分词:V+ed
功能:作定语、状语、表语、宾补。
含义:表被动,表已经完成(先于谓语发生)。
过去分词作定语
完成或被动的意思
1 Ved + N
Ex: a frightened girl, a broken cup, a missed chance, a satisfied smile;
Fallen leaves, returned students
复合过去分词+N
Ex: a home-made pie, a well-dressed woman, half-finished products
N+Ved/复合过分: 其功能相当于一个定从
Ex: There are some thing planned (= which is planned) for tonight
I always remember the thing happened (= which has happened) 10 years ago
注意:若要表示正在被进行的动作,则要用过去分词的进行式(既,现分的被动式)
Ex: there is a meeting being held in BJ
I know nothing about the thing being discussed
二、过去分词作表语
主+系+Ved(Ved作形容词,要用表情绪、特征、状态的V才可以)
Ex:The boy is interested in this book
I am disappointed with you
注意:要注意不要把Ved作表语与被动语态搞混。两者结构相同,意义不同。 Be+表语表状态,被动结构表动作。
比较:The shop is closed 与The shop is often closed at 9:00
The window is broken 与The window was broken by Tom
三、过去分词作状语
1.句中作时间、原因、条件等状语。
①时间状语(前面可加when, while等)
Ex: When heated (=when it is heated), ice will be changed into water
②原因状语
Ex: Given an apple (=if the boy is given an apple), the boy will stop crying
③条件状语
Ex: Given better instruction (=if they are given better…), the students will learn better
If asked, he will come
注意:过分与现分作状语的不同。不表伴随,不表结果
2 过分也有独立主格结构:过分有自己的逻辑主语。名/代+Ved
ex:The work finished (= as the work is finished), we decide to go to the park
3 单独的过分作状语:
Ex: frustrated, he went back home
Astonished, he cried out
注意几个现象:
a 过分作状语可以与连词连用: I went on talking, though interrupted by noise
b 少数时候过分被直接当“如果…”用(既不是普通的条件状语,也不是独立主格,此处Ved相当于if):
ex:Given good weather, we will go to the park = if there is good weather…
Provided there is no question, we shall stop today
四、过去分词作补语
1 主+谓+宾+Ved 表被动
Ex:I had my shoes repaired yesterday
I get my dog washed
The wine made me drunk
We all wish the problem settled
How do you like your hair cut
He found the window broken
注意:have sb do sth与have sth done的区别
2 谓 + with + Ved
Ex:The day ended with nothing finished
He sat with doors closed all day
动名词
Ving作为名词使用
功能:与普通名词一样:作主、宾、表、同位、以及构成合成词。
常用形式, 与现分一样:(一般主动式doing, 一般被动式being done完成主动式having done, 完成被动式having been done)
1.作主语
普通用法,同一般名词:
Seeing is believing
Smoking is bad
Reading helps us learning
Playing ball is good for the health
It 作形式主语的用法:
It is no use doing that
It is no good reading such books
It is a waste of time going there
It is worth while discussing the question again
It is fun playing this game
There be + no +动名 的用法:
There is no knowing what he would do
There was no arguing with her
2.作宾语
作动词的宾语: V+动名
Ex: I suggested buying a new car
Do you enjoy eating
I can’t help laughing
什么样的V后要接动名词呢?
作介词的宾语:介+动名
Ex: she left without saying a word
How about seeing a movie
作动词短语的宾语
Ex:be devoted to, look forward to, get/be used to, object to doing sth
Prevent sb from doing, have trouble (in) doing, put sb into trouble of doing, insist of doing
3.作表语
主+系+doing(名词性表语)
Ex:My job is teaching
4.作同位语
与动作性名词相联,作其同位语
Ex:This move, stretching your body, is good for your bone
His aim, winning the game, is very clear
总结:
1
不定
(即将,应当发生) 现分
(主动,正在发生) 过分
(被动,已完成) 动名
(名词性动词)
主 O X X O
宾 O X X O
表 O O O O
定 O O O O
状 时 O O O
X
条 O O O
因 O O O
果 O O X
独 O O O
伴 X O O
补 O O O X
2.接动名词与接不定式作宾语的V
接动名词的V
只接doing的V,记忆Mwcarfeispkd (记,没咖啡是不可的)
M: mind, miss, mention
W: be worthy/be busy
C: consider, can’t help, can’t stand
A: avoid, appreciate, admit
R: risk, resist
F: finish, fancy, forgive
E: enjoy, escape, excuse
I: imagine, include
S: suggest
P: practice
K: keep (on)
D: dislike, delay, deny
2 既可接doing也可接to do,且意思会随之变化的“两栖”V,
记“爱恨frogs”
爱恨: like, love, prefer, hate
Frogs:
F:forget
R: remember, regret
og: go on
S: stop
注意:接doing和to do的意思差别
3 既可接doing也可接to do,且意思不会变化的V
Begin, start
接不定式的V
记忆:
提出 学会的打算,答应 要求来帮忙
准备 决定遭拒绝,敢于 设法有希望
未能做到 莫 假装,坚持到底要自强
提出:offer,afford
学会:learn
打算:plan
答应:promise,agree
要求:demand,ask
帮忙:help
准备:prepare
决定:decide,determine,choose
拒绝:refuse
敢于:dare
设法:manage
希望:hope,wish,expect,long
未能做到:fail
假装:pretend
注意:这3个V
The window needs/requires/wants cleaning/to be cleaned
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