一、 It 用作形式主语
当不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句在某个句子中作主语时,为保持句子结构前后平衡,避免头重脚轻,因此常用it作形式主语置于句首,而将真正的主语放在句尾此时it只起先行引导作用,本身无词义
eg It is wrong to tell a lie
(说谎是错误的) 〔It为to tell a lie的形式主语〕
It is no use arguing about it
(争吵是没用的) 〔It为arguing about it的形式主语〕
It is uncertain who will come
(谁要来还不确定) 〔It为who will come的形式主语〕
It 作形式主语的常见句型:
① It + be + 形容词 + to do sth / doing / that …
eg It is very important to learn a foreign language
(学一门外语非常重要)
It is useless crying over the spilt milk
(覆水难收)
It was really surprising that she married a man like that
(她嫁给那样的男士真让人惊讶)
② It + be +名词词组 + doing / that …
eg It is no good telling lies
(撒谎没好处)
It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film yesterday
(你昨天没看成那部**真遗憾)
It is a truth that there would be no new China without the Communist Party
(没有***就没有新中国,这是毋庸质疑的)
③ It + be + 过去分词 + that …
该句型常见动词有:say, hope, think, suppose, expect, report, know, believe, decide, etc
eg It is said that they have invented a new type of computer
(据说他们发明了一种新型电脑)
It is believed that China will become one of the strongest countries in the world
(大家都相信中国将会步入世界强国之列)
It was reported that more than 170 thousand people died in the 2004 tsunami
(据报道,至少有十七万人在2004年那场海啸中丧生)
④ It + seems / appears / happens等不及物动词 + that …
eg It seems that he enjoys pop songs very much
(似乎他非常喜欢流行歌曲)
It appears that Tom might change his mind
(看来汤姆可能会改变主意)
⑤ 若句子是疑问形式,就只能用it作形式主语
eg Does it matter much that they won’t come tomorrow
(他们明天不来很重要吗)
Is it true that he will go abroad next week
(他下周出国是真的吗)
⑥ It + takes + (sb) + some time + to do sth
这是一个表示“(某人)花多少时间干某事”的句型,其中it是形式主语,代替后面的不定式(to do sth),句型中的sb也可以省略
eg It took me some time to read the reading materials
(我花了一些时间才读完那段阅读材料)
It took him fourteen hours to go to New Zealand from Shanghai by plane
(从上海乘飞机去新西兰花了他14小时)
How long does it take you to go to Beijing from Qingdao by train
(从青岛坐火车到北京一般要花多久时间)
I am not sure, but I think it takes at least nine hours to get there
(我不能肯定,但估计至少要九个钟头才能到那儿)
二、It 用作形式宾语
当不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句在某个句子中作宾语时,为保持句子结构平衡,避免句式结构的混乱,常用it作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语放在句尾此时it仍只起先行引导作用,本身无词义
下列四种情况须用it 作形式宾语:
① 当不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句在复合宾语结构中作某些动词的宾语时(如think, make, find, consider, feel, suppose等);
eg They found it pleasant that they worked with us Chinese
(他们发现与我们中国人一起工作很愉快)
I don’t feel it difficult to understand the Special English
(我觉得理解英语特别节目并不难)
He makes it a rule never to borrow money
(他立志决不向别人借钱)
I think it no need talking about it with them
(我认为没必要跟他们谈)
② 某些表示“喜、怒、哀、乐”的动词,如like, enjoy, love, hate等,往往不能直接接宾语从句;
eg I don’t like it that he’s so lazy
(我不喜欢他那么懒惰)
I hate it when my mother asks me to eat eggs
(我讨厌母亲要我吃鸡蛋)
③ that引导的宾语从句不能直接作介词的宾语;
eg You may depend on it that we shall always help you
(尽管放心,我们会随时帮你的)
Would you see to it that she gets home early
(你负责保证她早到家,好吗)
He insisted on it that he was innocent
(他坚持说自己是无辜的)
④ 由及物动词与介词组成的固定搭配中,宾语从句若作该动词的宾语时,须借用it
eg I leave it to your own judgement whether you should do it
(我让你自己判断这事是否该做)
We owe it to you that there wasn’t a serious accident
(多亏了你才没有发生严重事故)
作形式主语
一主要用于It is+ adj /n + doing/to do/从句…句型。
Is it necessary for me to do so 我有必要这样做吗?
It is silly of him to do so 他这样做真是可笑。
It’s no good waiting here 在这里等没有用。
Is it certain that they will win 他们一定会赢吗
It’s my duty to help you improve English 帮助你们提高英语水平是我的职责。
二,it用作形式主语有不少非常有用的句式,比如以下一些就值得注意:
1 用于it seems (appears) that…句式。如:
It seems that he knows everything 他好像什么都知道。
It appears that we may be mistaken 看来我们可能弄错了。
但是,英语一般不说it looks that…,可改用it looks as if…。如:
It looks as if we’ll be late 我们似乎要迟到了。
it和it is用法:
1、做代词,代替刚提到的过的一件事情
a可以指一个具体的东西b可以指前面所谈的事情或情况
例句:
1、It’s a nice room
2、You promised to write the article,and you must do it
2、做代词代替指示代词 this,that
例句:
What’s this——It’s a flag
3、起指示代词的作用,指一个人或事物,it 所指的东西不很具体
a有时指某个动作的人b 有时指引起某种情况的事物
例句:
1、Who is knocking at the door——It’s me
2、It’s the wind shaking the window
4、指环境,情况等
例句:
It’s very quiet at the moment
5、指自然现象(天气,气候,明暗等)
例句:
It’s getting cold (dark,late,etc)
6、指季节,时间
例句:
It was late autume (early spring,mid summer,etc)
7、指距离
例句:
It’s only five miles (half an hour’s walk)
8、用于强调结构,在这里it 可以说没有意思它只帮助改变一个句子的结构,使某一成分受到强调,改变结构的办法是:
IT + be + 要强调的部分+ that(who,whom) + 句子其他部分
强调的部分是人用who(m),其他情况多用that
例句:
It was Mary who (that) met your sister in the zoo yesterday
It was your sister that (whom) Mary met in the zoo yesterday
It was in the zoo that (where) Mary met your sister yesterday
9、做形式主语,代替一个由不定式,动名词短语或是从句表示的主语,使原来的这些主语可以放在句子后部,避免头重脚轻
a真正的主语是不定式
例句:
It’s our duty to attend to this letter
b真正的主语是动名词
例句:
It’s no use talking to him about it
c真正的主语是从句,这个从句可以用that 引起,也可以用一个连接代词或连接副词引起
例句:
It happened that I wasn’t there that day
It’s doubtful whether she will be able to come
10、做形式宾语,代替一个由不定式,动名词,或是宾语从句,往往把宾语放在它的补足语后面而用it做形式宾语,放在宾语补足语之前
例句:
I think it no use arguing with him
it
指同一物体It 指代前面提到的单数名词,相当于the one:
----Do you want the cup
---Yes ,I want it
----Do you want the cup
----No,I want the red one
that
通常用来代替前面出现的可数名词不可数名词,主要是用来避免重复(比较级中只用that)
The weather of Guangzhou is hotter than that of Beijing
that只能代替事物,不能代替人one可以代替事物,也可以代替人在口语中it也可以指人
it可用作无人称代词,指时间,自然现象(天气,气候,明暗等),距离,量度,价值etc
(1)this和that是指示代词,it是人称代词
(2)距离说话人近的人或物用this,距离说话人远的人或物用that如:
This is a flower这是一朵花(近处)
That is a tree那是一棵树(远处)
(3)放在一起的两样东西,先说this,后说that如:
This is a penThat is a pencil这是一支钢笔那是一支铅笔
(4)向别人介绍某人时说This is…,不说That is…如:
This is HelenHelen,this is Tom这是海伦,海伦,这是汤姆
(5)This is 不能缩写,而That is可以缩写如:
This is a bikeThat’s a car这是一辆自行车那是一辆轿车
(6)打电话时,介绍自己用this,询问对方用that如:
—Hello!Is that Miss Green喂,是格林**吗
—Yes,this isWho’s that是的,我是,你是谁
注意:虽然汉语中使用“我”和“你”,但英语中打电话时绝不可以说:I am…,Are you…/Who are you
(7)在回答this或that作主语的疑问句时,要用it代替this或that如:
①—Is this a notebook这是笔记本吗
—Yes,it is是的,它是
②—What’s that那是什么
—It’s a kite是只风筝
需要注意的是 定语从句 代替人 只有that可以用
it不能代替人 只能代替物 或者动物
1 要点提示
it可以用作人称代词,它还可以指时间、天气、距离、上下文等,另外,it还可以作先行词,作形式主语和形式宾语。
2 用法指南
(1)作为人称代词,it可以用来指东西、动物、婴儿和未确定身份的人。
Where's my book Have you seen it
我的书在哪里?你看见了没有?
The dog is in the garden, isn't it
狗在花园里,是吧?
The baby cried because it is hungry
婴儿哭了,因为他/她饿了。
(Someone is ringing)Who's it It's me
(有人在按门铃。)谁呀?是我。
(2)it 可以指上下文内容
The Olympic Game will be held in Beijing in 2008 It makes the Chinese proud
2008年将在北京举行奥运会。这使得中国人非常自豪。
(3)it表示时间、天气、距离等。
What time is it now It's half past nine
现在几点了?九点半
It is cold天气冷。
It's about ten kilometers from the park to the museum
公园到博物馆大约是十公里。
(4)it用作形式主语或形式宾语
It's very important for us to learn English well(实际主语是to learn English well)
对我们来说,学好英语很重要。
I found it hard to fly a kite (实际主语是to fly a kite)
我发现放风筝很难。
it
代词 pron
1(指已提及或心目中的人或事物)这,那,它
This is our new car I bought it yesterday
这是我们的新车。我昨天买的。
2(指无生命物、动植物、性别不详的幼孩等)它
What a beautiful baby -- is it a boy
多漂亮的孩子啊--它是男孩吗
3(作无人称动词的主语,表示时间、气候、距离等)
It's about 50 kilometers from here to my ranch
从这儿到我的牧场约有五十公里。
It's early yet
还早呢。
It's very hot
天真热。
4(置于句首或句中,引导后面的短语或从句)
I'd think it well worth while to go
我觉得很值得一去。
5(作为形式上的主语或宾语,用于表示强调的句型中)
But here it's my word that counts
但这里是我说的话算数。
6(用于某些动词、介词后面,词义含糊,构成习惯语)
Don't lord it over your friends
不要对你的朋友摆威风。
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