一、非谓语动词种类及句法功能
(一)概述:
在英语中,不作句子谓语,而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词,叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式(the Infinitive);动名词(the Gerund);现在分词(the Present Participle);过去分词(the Past Participle)。
1.非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有:
(1)如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用,例如:
They built a garden
They suggested building a garden
(2)都可以被状语修饰:
The suit fits him very well
The suit used to fit him very well
(3)都有主动与被动, “体”式(一般式;进行式;完成式)的变化。例如:
He was punished by his parents(谓语动词被动语态)
He avoided being punished by his parents(动名词的被动式)
We have written the composition(谓语动词的完成时)
Having written the composition, we handed it in(现在分词的完成式)
(4)都可以有逻辑主语
They started the work at once(谓语动词的逻辑主语)
The boss ordered them to start the work(动词不定式的逻辑主语)
We are League members(谓语动词的主语)
We being League member, the work was well done
(现在分词的逻辑主语)
2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有:
(1)非谓语动词可以有名词作用(如动词不定式和动名词),在句中做主语、宾语、表语。
(2)非谓语动词可以有形容词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。
(3)非谓语动词可以有副词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中作状语。
(二)非谓语动词的句法功能:
二、非谓语动词用法:
(一)动词不定式:(to)+do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。
1.不定式的形式:(以动词write为例)
否定式:not + (to) do
(1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后,
例如:
I'm glad to meet you
He seems to know a lot
We plan to pay a visit
He wants to be an artist
The patient asked to be operated on at once
The teacher ordered the work to be done
(2)进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如:
The boy pretended to be working hard
He seems to be reading in his room
(3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如:
I regretted to have told a lie
I happened to have seen the film
He is pleased to have met his friend
2.不定式的句法功能:
(1)作主语:
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard
To lose your heart means failure
动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,例如上面两句可用如下形式:
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes
It means failure to lose your heart
(2)作表语:
Her job is to clean the hall
He appears to have caught a cold
(3)作宾语:
常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不
定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例如:
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia
动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,如:
I have no choice but to stay here
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike
动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用,如:
He gave us some advice on how to learn English
(4)作宾语补足语:
在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite
此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如:
With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema.
有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to, 如:
I saw him cross the road
He was seen to cross the road
(5)作定语:
动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系:
①动宾关系:
I have a meeting to attend
注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,如:
He found a good house to live in
The child has nothing to worry about
What did you open it with
如果不定式修饰time, place, way,可以省略介词:
He has no place to live
This is the best way to work out this problem
如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者,不定式可用主动式也可用被动式:
Have you got anything to send
Have you got anything to be sent
②说明所修饰名词的内容:
We have made a plan to finish the work
③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语:
He is the first to get here
(6)作状语:
①表目的:
He worked day and night to get the money
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain
注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致:
wrong:To save money, every means has been tried
right:To save money, he has tried every means
wrong:To learn English well, a dictionary is needed
right:To learn English well, he needs a dictionary
②表结果:
He arrived late to find the train gone
常用only放在不定式前表示强调:
I visited him only to find him out
③表原因:
They were very sad to hear the news
④表程度:
It's too dark for us to see anything
The question is simple for him to answer
(7)作独立成分:
To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked
(8)不定式的省略:保留to省略do动词。
If you don't want to do it, you don't need to
(9)不定式的并列:第二个不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor
(二)动名词:
动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能。
1.动名词的形式:
否定式:not + 动名词
(1)一般式:
Seeing is believing 眼见为实。
(2)被动式:
He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。
(3)完成式:
We remembered having seen the film 我们记得看过这部**。
(4)完成被动式:
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old
他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。
(5)否定式:not + 动名词
I regret not following his advice 我后悔没听他的劝告。
(6)复合结构:物主代词(或名词所有格)+ 动名词
He suggested our trying it once again 他建议我们再试一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot
他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。
2.动名词的句法功能:
(1)作主语:
Reading aloud is very helpful 朗读是很有好处的。
Collecting stamps is interesting 集邮很有趣。
当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。
It's no use quarrelling争吵是没用的。
(2)作表语:
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs
在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵。
(3)作宾语:
They haven't finished building the dam 他们还没有建好大坝。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted
我们必须阻止空气被污染。
注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语,如上面两个例句。此外,动名词作宾语时,若跟有宾语补足语,则常用形式宾语it,例如:
We found it no good making fun of others 我们发现取笑他人不好。
要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语:
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid(避免), excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承认),deny(否认), mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒险), appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help(情不自禁地), think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…(from),protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
(4)作定语:
He can't walk without a walking-stick 他没有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school 你们学校有游泳池吗?
(5)作同位语:
The cave, his hiding-place is secret 那个山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.
他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。
(三)现在分词:
现在分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。
1、现在分词的形式:
否定式:not + 现在分词
(1)现在分词的主动语态:现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,完成
式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语。例如:
They went to the park, singing and talking 他们边唱边说向公园走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball 做完作业,他开始打篮球。
(2)现在分词的被动语态:一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生在谓语动
词之前的被动的动作。
The problem being discussed is very important 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake
被告诉了好几遍,这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。
2.现在分词的句法功能:
(1)作定语:现在分词作定语,当分词单独做定语时,放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语做定语
放在名词后。
In the following years he worked even harder
在后来的几年中,他学习更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father
正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。
现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能,如:in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher
(2)现在分词作表语:
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting 正在这家上演的**很棒。
The present situation is inspiring 当前的形势鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示现在进行时,也可能是现在分词做表语,它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时,而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。
(3)作宾语补足语:
如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语:
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如:
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?
He kept the car waiting at the gate 他让小汽车在门口等着。
(4)现在分词作状语:
①作时间状语:
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker
在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人。
②作原因状语:
Being a League member, he is always helping others 由于是共青团员,他经常帮助他人。
③作方式状语,表示伴随:
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing 他呆在家里,又擦又洗。
④作条件状语:
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time
要是整天玩,你就会浪费宝贵的时间。
⑤作结果状语:
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces 他把杯子掉了,结果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的状语:
He went swimming the other day 几天前他去游泳了。
⑦作让步状语:
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon
虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。
⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格:
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard.
我等汽车时,一只鸟落到我头上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly
所有的票已经卖光了,他们失望地离开了。
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises
如果时间允许,我们将做另两个练习。
有时也可用with (without) +名词(代词宾格)+分词形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep 他点着灯睡着了。
⑨作独立成分:
udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor
从外表看,他一定是个演员。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful 一般说来,女孩子更细心。
(四)过去分词:
过去分词只有一种形式:规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求,要一一记住。
过去分词的句法功能:
1.过去分词作定语:
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。
注意当过去分词是单词时,一般用于名词前,如果是过去分词短语,就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
2.过去分词作表语:
The window is broken 窗户破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意:be + 过去分词,如果表示状态是系表结构,如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别:
The window is broken(系表)
The window was broken by the boy(被动)
有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的,不表示被动,只表示完成。如:
boiled water(开水) fallen leaves(落叶)
newly arrived goods(新到的货) the risen sun(升起的太阳)
the changed world(变了的世界)
这类过去分词有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3.过去分词作宾语补足语:
I heard the song sung several times last week
上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语:
With the work done, they went out to play 工作做完了,他们出去玩去了。
4.过去分词作状语:
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents
受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲。(表示原因)
Once seen, it can never be forgotten
一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了。(表示时间)
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better
如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好。(表示条件)
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life
1
extra ['ekstr]
adj 额外的
adv 特别地
n 额外之物, 额外收入
例句:
Luggage in excess of 100 kg will be charged extra
超过100公斤的行李要额外收费。
I'm so envious of you getting an extra day's holiday
我真羡慕你得到一天额外的假期。
The teacher disciplined the class by giving them extra homework
那教师布置额外的家庭作业来处罚学生。
2
remind [ri'maind]
vt 提醒, 使想起
例句:
He reminds me of his brother
他使我想起了他的弟弟。
Please remind me to write to my mother tomorrow
请提醒我明天给我母亲写信。
This story reminds me of my childhood
这个故事让我想起了我的童年。
讲解:
词源解说
1645年进入英语,意为记忆。
语法用法
remind有“remind+主语+不定式”的格式,表示提醒某人做某事。
He reminded me to write the letter
他提醒我写信。
3
remembrance [ri'membrns]
n 回想, 记忆, 纪念品
例句:
But it may be said as a rule that every Englishman in the Duke of Wellington's army paid his way The remembrance of such a fact surely becomes a nation of shop-keepers
可是有一样,威灵顿公爵军队里的英国人买东西向来不欠账,他们究竟是来自小店主之国,所以买东西从来不会忘记付钱。
In remembrance of the battle, we set up a museum
为纪念那次战役,我们建立了一座博物馆。
Something given as a token of love, affection, or remembrance
信物,纪念品作为爱、喜爱或纪念的一种标志
4
remember [ri'memb]
v 记得, 记住, 想起
例句:
I remember his objecting to the scheme
我记得他曾经反对该计划。
I remember seeing him once
我记得见过他一次。
I'm sorry, I can't remember your name
对不起,我想不起你的名字了。
讲解:
词源解说
1300年左右进入英语,直接源自古法语的remembrer,意为回忆起;最初源自古典拉丁语的rememorari:re(再)+memorari(留意),意为能够再次想起。
5
deny [di'nai]
vt 否认, 拒绝给与
例句:
No one can deny the fact that fire burns
无人能否认火能燃烧的事实。
I can't in all honesty (ie if I must be honest) deny it
我确实不能否认这一点。
I was denied the chance of going to university
我得不到上大学的机会。
讲解:
词源解说
1300年左右进入英语,直接源自古法语的denier;最初源自拉丁语的denegare:de(分开)+negare(拒绝),意为分开拒绝。
语法用法
deny所在的句子在句子结构不同下也可表示相同的意思。
He denies her nothing
She is denied nothing (by him)
他对她没有否认任何东西。
5
resist [ri'zist]
v 抵抗, 反抗, 抵制, 忍住
n 防蚀涂层
例句:
They were powerless to resist
他们无力反抗。
Many young people could not resist the spiritual pollution
很多年轻人不能抵制精神污染。
I can't resist the temptation
我不能抵挡诱惑。
讲解:
词源解说
14世纪晚期进入英语,直接源自古法语的resister;最初源自古典拉丁语的resistere:re(重新)+sistere(采取立场,坚定站立),意为抵抗,忍受。
语法用法
当resist用来表达“免于……,欲……而不”时,后面可接动名词,但不可接不定式。
She couldn't resist taking aim at the wild geese as they flew over
当野天鹅飞过的时候,她不自禁的瞄准射击。
没有这种语法格式。
正确语法结构如下:
There be no denying that
There be no denying the fact that that
Of cause, There Be No Denying Something also is correct in grammar
例句:
But there is simply no denying that President Obama is more staunchly liberal on health care then candidate Obama ever was
《When Can I See You Again》是由Owl City作词并作曲并演唱演唱的一首歌曲,该曲由环球唱片于2012年发行。
基本介绍 中文名称 :我什么时候能再见到你 外文名称 :When Can I See You Again 所属专辑 :When Can I See You Again - Single 歌曲时长 :03:38 发行时间 :2012-10-05 歌曲原唱 :Owl City 音乐风格 :影视原声,流行 歌曲语言 :英语 歌曲歌词,中文歌词,中英文版, 歌曲歌词 Owl City - When Can I See You Again (When can we do this again) (When can I see you again) When can we do this again When can I see you again When can we do this again When can I see you again Switch on the sky and the stars glow for you Go see the world ‘cause it’s all so brand new Don’t close your eyes ‘cause your future is ready to shine It’s just the matter of time before we learn how to fly Welcome to the rhythm of the night There’s something in the air you can’t deny (deny) It’s been fun but now I’ve got to go Life is way too short to take it slow But before I go and hit the road I gotta know, till then When can we do this again (oh oh oh) When can I see you again (oh oh oh) When can we do this again (oh oh oh) I gotta know When can I see you again (When can I see you again) Join at the hip, yeah your sidekick needs you Life is a trip and the road that leads you Look all around at the mountains you haven’t climbed It’s just the matter of time before we learn how to fly Welcome to the rhythm of the night There’s something in the air you can’t deny (deny) It’s been fun but now I’ve got to go Life is way too short to take it slow But before I go and hit the road I gotta know, till then When can we do this again (oh oh oh) When can I see you again (oh oh oh) When can we do this again (oh oh oh) I gotta know When can I see you again Don’t close your eyes ‘cause your future is ready to shine It’s just the matter of time before we learn how to fly Welcome to the rhythm of the night There’s something in the air you can’t deny So let me know before I wave goodbye When can I see you again (oh oh oh) When can we do this again (oh oh oh) When can I see you again (oh oh oh) When can we do this again (oh oh oh) Yeah, it’s been fun but now I’ve got to go Life is way too short to take it slow But before I go and hit the road Tell me when, when can I see you again When can I see you again (Tell me when) When can I see you again 中文歌词 猫头鹰之城 - 我什么时候能再见到你? (我们什么时候能在聚一起?) (我什么时候可以再见到你?) 我们什么时候能在聚一起? 我什么时候可以再见到你? 我们什么时候能在聚一起? 我什么时候可以再见到你? 我何时才能再见到你? 打开天空 那星星为你而闪亮 一起去看看世界 因为它已经全然崭新 不要闭上眼睛 因为你的未来已经要开始闪耀了 要学会如何去飞只是时间的问题 欢迎来到夜的旋律 它让你无法回避 它十分有趣 但是现 在我要走了 生命太过短暂 以至于分秒必争 但是在我上路之前离开之前 我要知道我何时才能再见到你? (oh oh oh) 我何时才能再见到你?(oh oh oh) 我们何时才能像以前一样 (oh oh oh) 请让我知道我何时才能再见到你? 我何时才能再见到你? 你的朋友需要你 去和他们一起吧 这条路指引着你走上生命的旅程 站在你攀上的顶峰撕四周看看 要学会如何去飞只是时间的问题 欢迎来到夜的旋律 它让你无法回避 它十分有趣,但是现 在我要走了 生命太过短暂 以至于分秒必争 但是在我上路之前离开之前 我要知道我们何时才能像以前一样(oh oh oh) 我何时才能再见到你? (oh oh oh) 我们何时才能像以前一样(oh oh oh) 请告诉我我何时才能再见到你? 不要闭上眼睛 因为你的未来已经要开始闪耀了 要学会如何去飞只是时间的问题 欢迎来到夜的旋律 它让你无法回避 所以请让我在挥手告别之前知道 我何时才能再见到你? (oh oh oh) 我们何时才能像以前一样 (oh oh oh) 我何时才能再见到你?(oh oh oh) 我们何时才能像以前一样 (oh oh oh) Yeah,它十分有 但是现 在我要走了 生命太过短暂以至于分秒必争 但是在我上路之前 告诉我什么时候,才能再见到你? 我何时才能再见到你?(告诉我何时) 我何时才能再见到你? -END- 中英文版 (When can we do this again) 我们何时才能再次聚在一起 (When can I see you again) 我何时才能再次见到你 When can we do this again 我们何时才能再次聚在一起 When can I see you again 我何时才能再次见到你 When can we do this again 我们何时才能再次聚在一起 When can I see you again 我何时才能再次见到你 Switch on the sky and the stars glow for you 打开天幕 星星在为你闪耀 Go see the world ‘cause it’s all so brand new 看看这个世界吧 因为它焕然一新了 Don’t close your eyes ‘cause your future is ready to shine 不要闭上眼睛 因为你的未来将是一片光明 It’s just the matter of time before we learn how to fly 我们学会飞翔 仅仅是时间问题 Welcome to the rhythm of the night 欢迎来到夜晚的旋律中 There’s something in the air you can’t deny (deny) 空中有一些有趣的东西让你欲罢不能 It’s been fun but now I’ve got to go 这很的确有趣 但现在我要走了 Life is way too short to take it slow 人生实在太过短暂,你都无法放慢脚步 But before I go and hit the road 但在我离开踏向人生道路前 I gotta know, till then 在此之前,我想知道 When can we do this again (oh oh oh) 我们何时才能再次聚在一起 When can I see you again (oh oh oh) 我何时才能再次见到你 When can we do this again (oh oh oh) 我们何时才能再次聚在一起 I gotta know 我想知道 When can I see you again 我何时才能再次见到你 (When can I see you again) (我何时才能再次见到你) Join at the hip, yeah your sidekick needs you 好知己,你的伙伴需要你 Life is a trip and the road that leads you 生活像是旅行,你沿着路前进 Look all around at the mountains you haven’t climbed 看看周围你没有攀登过的山 It’s just the matter of time before we learn how to fly 我们学会飞翔仅仅是时间问题 Welcome to the rhythm of the night 欢迎来到夜晚的旋律中 There’s something in the air you can’t deny (deny) 空中有一些有趣的东西让你欲罢不能 It’s been fun but now I’ve got to go 这很的确有趣但现 在我要走了 Life is way too short to take it slow 人生实在太过短暂,你都无法放慢脚步 But before I go and hit the road 但在我离开踏向人生道路前 I gotta know, till then 在此之前,我想知道 When can we do this again (oh oh oh) 我们何时才能再次聚在一起 When can I see you again (oh oh oh) 我何时才能再次见到你 When can we do this again (oh oh oh) 我们何时才能再次聚在一起 I gotta know 我想知道 When can I see you again 我何时才能再次见到你 Don’t close your eyes ‘cause your future is ready to shine 主唱 Adam Young 不要闭上眼睛因为你的未来将是一片光明 It’s just the matter of time before we learn how to fly 我们学会飞翔仅仅是时间问题 Welcome to the rhythm of the night 欢迎来到夜晚的旋律中 There’s something in the air you can’t deny 空中有一些有趣的东西让你欲罢不能 So let me know before I wave goodbye 所以让我在告别前知道 When can I see you again (oh oh oh) 我何时才能再次见到你 When can we do this again (oh oh oh) 我们何时才能再次聚在一起 When can I see you again (oh oh oh) 我何时才能再次见到你 When can we do this again (oh oh oh) 我们何时才能再次聚在一起 Yeah, it’s been fun but now I’ve got to go 这很的确有趣但现 在我要走了 Life is way too short to take it slow 人生实在太过短暂,你都无法放慢脚步 But before I go and hit the road 但在我离开踏向人生道路前 Tell me when, when can I see you again 告诉我我何时才能再次见到你 When can I see you again (Tell me when) 我何时才能再次见到你(告诉我) When can I see you again 我何时才能再次见到你
在非谓语动词中,不定式(the Infinitive)的用法最广泛。它在句中可作主语、表语、宾语,定语、状语和宾语(或主语)的补语。也就是说,不定式可以充当除谓语以外的所有成分。
常跟不定式作宾语的动词有:
afford(担负得起) agree(同意) arrange(安排) ask(要求)
attempt(试图) beg(乞求) care(介意) choose(愿意)
claim(声称) consent(同意) dare(敢) decide(决定)
decline(谢绝) desire(希望) determine(决心) expect(期望)
fail(未能) hope(希望) intend(企图) learn(学会)
long(渴望) manage(设法) mean(意欲) need(需要)
offer(提出) plan(计划) prepare(准备) pretend(假装)
promise(许诺) refuse(拒绝) seek(寻求) tend(倾向于)
threaten(威胁) undertake(承担) volunteer(志愿) want(想要)
wish(希望)
常跟疑问词(以及whether和if)+不定式作宾语的动词有:
ask(询问) consider(考虑) decide(决定) discover(发现)
discuss(讨论) explain(解释) find out(查明) forget(忘记)
inquire(打听) know(知道) 1earn(学会) remember(记得)
show(演示) tell(说出) think(考虑) understand(懂得)
wonder(想知道)
常跟不定式作宾补的动词有:
ask(要求) advise(劝告) allow(允许) beg(请求)
cause (促使) compel (强迫) command(指挥) direct(指导)
enable (使能够) encourage(鼓励) expect(期望) feel(觉得)
force(迫使) get(使得) hate(不喜欢) have(使)
hear(听见) help(帮助) inspire(鼓舞) intend(打算要)
invite(邀请) instruct(指示) lead(引导) let(让)
listen (to)(听) look (at)(看) make(使得) notice(注意到)
observe (观察) order(命令) permit(允许) persuade(说服)
press(迫使) remind(提醒) request(请求) teach(教)
tell(告诉) urge(激励) want(想要) watch(注视)
warn (警告) wish(希望)
另外,like和prefer常与should,would连用,跟一不定式作宾补。例如:
I should like you to finish the work as soon as possible 我倒希望你尽早地完成这个工作。
The chairman would prefer the matter to be discussed at the next meeting 主席希望这个问题在下次会上讨论。
值得一提的是,hope,demand和suggest不可接不定式作宾补,但可跟that引出的宾语从句。
英语中,在see,hear,look at,listen to,feel,observe,watch,notice等感官动词,以及let,make,have等其他动词后面,作宾补的不定式均省去“to”。例如:
The teacher makes us write a composition every week 那个老师让我们每星期写一篇作文。
(1)跟不定式作定语的名词
英语有一些名词经常跟不定式作定语。其中,有一部分是由常跟不定式作宾语的动词和常与不定式一起构成复合谓语结构的形容词转化或派生而来的。常见的这部分名词有:
ability agreement ambition anxiety attempt
claim decision determination eagerness failure
intention hope need plan promise
readiness refusal reluctance resolution tendency
threat willingness wish
例如:
His attempt to solve the problem failed again 他攻克这个难题的尝试又失败了。
Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us 他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大为吃惊。
(2)the first, second, last, only (thing), best (thing)等后面常跟不定式作定语。例如:
He is always the first to come and the last to leave 他总是第一个到来,最后一个离去。
What is the best thing to do 最可行的办法是什么呢?
分词主要起形容词和副词作用,在句中充当表语、定语、宾语(或主语)的补足语和状语等。
(1)常跟分词作宾补的动词有:
catch(偶然发觉) have(让,使) keep(使处于某状态)
get(使得) see(看见) hear(听见)
find(发现) feel(感觉到) leave(使处于某状态)
make(使) want(想要) start(引起)
notice(注意到) observe(观察) watch(注视)
set(使处于某状态)
(2)现在分词和不定式作宾语补足语在含义上的区别
有些动词如:see, hear, feel, notice, watch等既可跟现在分词也可跟不定式作复合宾语。它们之间的区别在于:现在分词着重说明动作正在发生;不定式着重说明动作的全过程。试比较:
I saw the boys climbing the wall 我看见孩子在爬墙。
I saw the boys climb the wall 我看见孩子爬墙了。
现在分词的完成式和不定式的完成式的区别:两者都表示某动作发生在谓语动作以前,但现在分词的完成式一般只用作状语,而不定式的完成式则用作除状语以外的其他成分,在谓语复合结构中尤为多见。例如:
Having studied hard during the term, he passed the exam 经过这学期的刻苦学习,他通过了考试。
He is said to have studied hard and passed the exam 据说他学习刻苦并通过了考试。
动名词(the Gerund)与现在分词同形,但主要起名词作用,在句中充当主语、表语、宾语、介词宾语和同位语等。
(1)常见的只可跟动名词作宾语的动词
admit(承认) avoid(避免) consider(考虑) delay(耽搁)
deny(否认) endure(忍耐) enjoy(喜欢) escape(逃避)
excuse(原谅) fancy(想象) finish(完成) forbid(严禁)
imagine(想象) mind(介意) miss(错过) dislike(错过)
permit(允许) postpone(推迟) practice(练习) require(需要)
risk(冒…危险) stop (停止) suggest(建议)
还有不少动词短语也要求跟动名词作宾语。常见的有:
can’t help(禁不住) feel like(想,欲) give up(放弃)
keep on (继续进行) object to(反对) put off(推迟)
(2)常见的既可跟动名词也可跟不定式作宾语的动词有:
attemp(试图) begin(开始) can’t bear(忍不住) cease(停止)
continue(继续) deserve(值得) forget(忘记) hate(不喜欢)
intend(打算) learn(学习) like(喜欢) love(喜欢)
prefer(宁愿) need(需要) neglect(疏忽) propose(建议)
remember (记得) regret(懊悔) start(开始) try(尝试)
oppose(反对)
1) 动名词和现在分词作定语的区别
动名词作定语时,通常表示所修饰词的“目的”或“用途”;而现在分词作定语,表示的是所修饰词的“性质”或“状态”。试比较:
动名词 现在分词
a flying suit 飞行服 a flying bird 飞鸟
a working method 工作方式 the working people 劳动人民
a sleeping car 卧车 a sleeping child 熟睡的孩子
2) 用动名词还是不定式作宾语
(1)英语中,有些动词常接不定式作宾语;有些动词常接动名词作宾语。还有些动词的宾语既可是不定式,也可是动名词,并且意义无明显差别。一般说来,作宾语的动名词和作宾语的不定式相比,前者意义更 着重一般概念,后者强调具体情况。例如:
I like reading novels but I don't like to read this novel 我喜欢读小说但是我不喜欢读这本小说。
(2) 有些动词虽然既可接不定式也可接动名词作宾语,但意义上差别较大。常见的有:
(a)remember to do(记住要做某事) remember doing(记得曾做过某事)
(b)forget to do(忘记要做某事) forget doing(忘记曾做过某事)
(c)regret to do(因要做某事感到不安) regret doing(因做了某事感到后悔)
(d)go on to do ((做完某事)接着做另一事) go on doing(继续做某事)
(e)try to do (设法做某事) try doing(试着做某事)
(f)need to do (需要做某事) need doing(需要…(被动))
(g)want to do (想做某事) want doing(需要(被动))(同need doing)
(h)used to do (过去常常做某事) be used to doing(习惯做某事)
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