19款朗逸是不是朗逸plus

绿宝石中文抓宠金手指：（日文通用）

开启：92C90C6353B078F3——使用金手指必须输入的代码，请在GS码里输入

解除：7155AA01F8A8D888——不使用时，如果删除上面那个GS码还不能解除锁定，就输入这个

（以上输入在GAMESHARK里）

————————————————————————————--

绿宝石英文抓宠金手指：（使用方法同上） （以下输入在CODE里）

开启：0146DCEA3E32A31D

解除：050A1D799B4586FB

宠物代码（中、日、英通用）：03007E28:XXXX

宠物代码：

03007E28:0001——妙娃种子

03007E28:0002——妙娃草

03007E28:0003——妙娃花

03007E28:0004——小火龙

03007E28:0005——火恐龙

03007E28:0006——喷火龙

03007E28:0007——杰尼龟

03007E28:0008——卡咪龟

03007E28:0009——水箭龟

03007E28:000A——绿毛虫

03007E28:000B——铁甲蛹

03007E28:000C——巴大蝴

03007E28:000D——独角虫

03007E28:000E——铁壳蛹

03007E28:000F——大针蜂

03007E28:0010——波波

03007E28:0011——比比鸟

03007E28:0012——比雕

03007E28:0013——小拉达

03007E28:0014——拉达

03007E28:0015——鬼雀

03007E28:0016——大嘴雀

03007E28:0017——阿柏蛇

03007E28:0018——阿柏怪

03007E28:0019——皮卡丘

03007E28:001A——雷丘

03007E28:001B——穿山鼠

03007E28:001C——穿山王

03007E28:001D——尼多兰♀

03007E28:001E——尼多丽娜

03007E28:001F——尼多后

03007E28:0020——尼多郎♂

03007E28:0021——尼多力诺

03007E28:0022——尼多王

03007E28:0023——皮皮

03007E28:0024——皮可斯

03007E28:0025——六尾

03007E28:0026——九尾

03007E28:0027——胖丁

03007E28:0028——胖可丁

03007E28:0029——超音蝠

03007E28:002A——大嘴蝠

03007E28:002B——走路草

03007E28:002C——臭臭花

03007E28:002D——霸王花

03007E28:002E——蘑菇虫

03007E28:002F——巨菇虫

03007E28:0030——毛球

03007E28:0031——末入蛾

03007E28:0032——地鼠

03007E28:0033——三地鼠

03007E28:0034——喵喵

03007E28:0035——猫老大

03007E28:0036——可达鸭

03007E28:0037——哥达鸭

03007E28:0038——猴怪

03007E28:0039——火爆猴

003A——卡蒂狗

003B——风速狗

003C——蚊香蝌蚪

003D——蚊香蛙

003E——大力蛙

003F——卡斯

0040——勇吉拉

0041——胡地

0042——腕力

0043——豪力

0044——怪力

0045——喇叭花

0046——口呆花

0047——大食花

0048——玛瑙水母

0049——毒刺水母

004A——小拳石

004B——隆隆石

004C——隆隆岩

004D——小火马

004E——烈焰马

004F——呆呆兽

0050——呆河马

0051——小磁怪

0052——三磁怪

0053——大葱鸭

0054——多多

0055——多多利

0056——小海狮

0057——白海狮

0058——臭泥

0059——臭臭泥

005A——大舌贝

005B——铁甲贝

005C——鬼斯

005D——鬼斯通

005E——耿鬼

005F——大岩蛇

0060——食梦兽

0061——催眠兽

0062——大钳蟹

0063——巨钳蟹

0064——雷电球

0065——雷霆球

0066——蛋蛋

0067——椰蛋树

0068——卡拉卡拉

0069——嘎拉嘎拉

006A——沙瓦郎

006B——艾比郎

006C——大舌头

006D——瓦斯d

006E——双d瓦斯

006F——铁甲犀牛

0070——铁甲暴龙

0071——吉利蛋

0072——蔓藤怪

0073——袋龙

0074——墨海马

0075——海刺龙

0076——角金鱼

0077——金鱼王

0078——海星

0079——宝石海星

007A——魔偶

007B——飞天螳螂

007C——迷唇姐

007D——电击兽

007E——鸭嘴火龙

007F——钳刀甲虫

0080——肯泰罗

0081——鲤鱼王

0082——暴鲤龙

0083——乘龙

0084——百变怪

0085——伊布

0086——水伊布

0087——雷伊布

0088——火伊布

0089——3D龙

008A——菊石兽

008B——多刺菊石兽

008C——万年虫

008D——镰刀虫

008E——化石翼龙

03007E28:008F——卡比兽

03007E28:0090——急冻鸟

03007E28:0091——闪电鸟

03007E28:0092——火焰鸟

03007E28:0093——迷你龙

03007E28:0094——哈克龙

03007E28:0095——快龙

03007E28:0096——超梦

03007E28:0097——梦幻

0098——菊草叶

0099——月桂叶

009A——大菊花

009B——火球鼠

009C——岩浆鼠

009D——暴焰兽

009E——小锯鳄

009F——蓝鳄

00A0——大力鳄

00A1——尾立

00A2——大尾立

00A3——小猫头鹰

00A4——猫头鹰

00A5——金龟虫

00A6——昆虫战士

00A7——独角蛛

00A8——大角蛛

00A9——叉字蝠

00AA——电灯鱼

00AB——大电灯鱼

00AC——皮丘

00AD——小皮皮

00AE——小胖丁

00AF——刺头蛋

00B0——刺头鸟

00B1——天然雀

00B2——天然鸟

00B3——电绵羊

00B4——电气羊

00B5——电气龙

00B6——美丽花

00B7——水鼠

00B8——大水鼠

00B9——伪装树

00BA——大水蛙

00BB——毽子草

00BC——毽子花

00BD——毽子棉

00BE——强尾猴

00BF——向日种子

00C0——向日葵花

00C1——花羽蜓

00C2——乌波

00C3——沼王

00C4——光依布

00C5——暗依布

00C6——暗乌鸦

00C7——呆呆兽王

00C8——梦妖

00C9——未知图腾

00CA——果然翁

00CB——双头长颈鹿

00CC——松果兽

00CD——核果兽

00CE——土龙

00CF——蝎子蝠

00D0——钢岩蛇

00D1——布鲁

00D2——布鲁皇

00D3——河豚

00D4——钢甲螳螂

00D5——壶壶龟

00D6——独角仙

03007E28:00D7——狃拉

00D8——姬熊

00D9——圈圈熊

00DA——小蜗牛

00DB——熔岩蜗牛

00DC——小猪怪

00DD——长毛猪

00DE——太阳珊瑚

00DF——怪蛙鱼

00E0——章鱼

00E1——企鹅

00E2——飞鱼怪

00E3——钢鸟

00E4——暗犬

00E5——地狱犬

00E6——海马龙

00E7——短脚象

00E8——轮子象

00E9——3D龙2

00EA——惊角鹿

00EB——图图犬

00EC——巴尔郎

00ED——卡波郎

00EE——迷唇娃

00EF——小电击兽

00F0——小鸭嘴火龙

00F1——奶牛

03007E28:00F2——幸福蛋

03007E28:00F3——雷皇

03007E28:00F4——炎帝

03007E28:00F5——水君

03007E28:00F6——幼甲兽

03007E28:00F7——蛹甲兽

03007E28:00F8——巨大甲兽

03007E28:00F9——路基亚

03007E28:00FA——凤凰

03007E28:00FB——雪拉比

0115——树蜥蜴

0116——森林蜥蜴

0117——蜥蜴王

0118——小火鸡

0119——斗火鸡

011A——火鸡战士

011B——小水狗

011C——水狗

011D——水狗王

011E——皮皮犬

011F——黑毛犬

0120——针鼠

0121——大飞鼠

0122——红毛虫

0123——小白蛹

0124——黄蝶

0125——小粉蛹

0126——毒蛾

0127——顶叶兽

0128——顶叶童

0129——乐天河童

012A——橡实果

012B——长鼻叶

012C——铁扇天狗

012D——钻地虫

012E——风速蝉

012F——鬼蝉

0130——麻燕

0131——大麻燕

0132——木果兽

0133——木生兽

0134——晕眩熊

0135——海鸥

0136——大嘴鹈鹕

0137——水蛛怪

0138——巨蛛怪

0139——皮皮鲸

013A——鲸鱼王

013B——小松鼠

013C——大松鼠

013D——变色龙

013E——土偶

013F——三土偶

0140——磁石怪

0141——熔岩乌龟

0142——地狱超人

0143——泥鳅

0144——龙鳅

0145——心形鱼

0146——奇亚蟹

0147——大利蟹

0148——丑丑鱼

0149——美丽龙

014A——三色鲨

014B——鲨鱼王

014C——大头怪

014D——小蜻蜓龙

014E——蜻蜓龙

014F——拳击兔

0150——相扑熊

0151——电气兽

0152——雷电兽

0153——喷火驼

0154——双峰喷火驼

0155——海象球

0156——大海象

0157——海象王

0158——仙人球

0159——恶魔仙人掌

015A——小头冰怪

015B——巨头冰怪

015C——月亮石

015D——太阳石

015E——小水鼠

015F——d簧猪

0160——飞天猪

0161——正电兔

0162——负电兔

0163——巨嘴娃

0164——冥思兽

0165——佳雷木

0166——云雀

0167——大云雀

0168——果然宝宝

0169——钻墙鬼

016A——独眼鬼

016B——芭蕾玫瑰

016C——小懒猴

016D——狂猴

016E——大猩猩

016F——毒布丁

0170——毒布丁王

0171——香蕉飞龙

0172——音波兔

0173——噪音怪

0174——噪音王

0175——海贝

0176——大嘴鳗

0177——长睫鳗

0178——灾兽

0179——小失眠鬼

017A——失眠鬼

017B——钢尾蛇

017C——斩猫

017D——化石鱼

017E——钢甲虫

017F——钢甲犀牛

0180——钢甲暴龙

03007E28:0181——天气怪

03007E28:0182——母萤火虫

03007E28:0183——公萤火虫

03007E28:0184——化石花

03007E28:0185——化石巨花

03007E28:0186——化石蝎

03007E28:0187——化石巨蝎

03007E28:0188——感知兽

03007E28:0189——神知兽

03007E28:018A——圣护兽

03007E28:018B——宝贝龙

03007E28:018C——甲壳龙

03007E28:018D——血翼飞龙

03007E28:018E——铁哑铃

03007E28:018F——金属怪

03007E28:0190——钢螃蟹

03007E28:0191——岩神柱

03007E28:0192——冰神柱

03007E28:0193——钢神柱

03007E28:0194——海皇牙

03007E28:0195——古拉顿

03007E28:0196——烈空龙

03007E28:0197——红水都

03007E28:0198——蓝水都

03007E28:0199——许愿星

03007E28:019A——迪奥西斯

03007E28:019B——风铃子

你乐了吧？如果你把分给我，我就也乐了~

（绝对可用，除非你用错了~）

你仔细看看，不难理解的~~

London, capital of Great Britain, SE England, on both sides of the Thames River Greater London (1991 pop 6,378,600), c620 sq mi (1,610 sq km), consists of the Corporation of the City of London (1991 pop 4,000), usually called the City, plus 32 boroughs The City is the old city of London and is the modern city's commercial center; it is also referred to as the “Square Mile” because of its area The 12 inner boroughs that surround the City are Westminster, Camden, Islington, Hackney, Tower Hamlets, Greenwich, Lewisham, Southwark, Lambeth, Wandsworth, Hammersmith and Fulham, Kensington and Chelsea The 20 outer boroughs are Waltham Forest, Redbridge, Havering, Barking and Dagenham, Newham, Bexley, Bromley, Croydon, Sutton, Merton, Kingston upon Thames, Richmond upon Thames, Hounslow, Hillingdon, Ealing, Brent, Harrow, Barnet, Haringey, and Enfield Greater London includes the area of the former county of London, most of the former county of Middlesex, and areas that were formerly in Surrey, Kent, Essex, and Hertfordshire Each of the boroughs of Greater London elects a council

The Greater London Council administered the larger London area until 1986, when it was abolished by the Thatcher government, making London unique as a world metropolis without a central governing unit In 1999 the Greater London Authority Act reestablished a single local governing body for the Greater London area, consisting of an elected mayor and the London Assembly Elections were held in 2000, and Ken Livingstone became London's first elected mayor

Economy

London is one of the world's foremost financial, commercial, industrial, and cultural centers The Bank of England, Lloyd's, the stock exchange, and numerous other banks and investment companies have their headquarters there, primarily in the City, but increasingly at Canary Wharf The financial services sector is a major source of overall employment in London

London still remains one of the world's greatest ports It exports manufactured goods and imports petroleum, tea, wool, raw sugar, timber, butter, metals, and meat Consumer goods, clothing, precision instruments, jewelry, and stationery are produced, but manufacturing has lost a number of jobs in the once-dominant textile, furniture, printing, and chemical-processing industries as firms have moved outside the area Engineering and scientific research are also important to the economy, as is tourism The city is a hub for road, rail, and air (its airports include Heathrow and Gatwick), and it is now linked to the Continent by a high-speed rail line under the English Channel

Points of Interest

The best-known streets of London are Fleet Street, the Strand, Piccadilly, Whitehall, Pall Mall, Downing Street, and Lombard Street Bond and Regent streets and Covent Garden are noted for their shops Buckingham Palace is the royal family's London residence Municipal parks include Hyde Park, Kensington Gardens, Regent's Park (which houses the London Zoo), and St James's and Green parks Museums include the British Museum, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the National Gallery, the Tate Gallery, the Wallace Collection, the Institute of Contemporary Art, and the Saachi Gallery London also has numerous commercial art galleries and plays a major role in the international art market

The British Library, one of the world's great reference resources, is located in London The city is rich in other artistic and cultural activities Its approximately 100 theater companies reflect the importance of drama, and it has several world-class orchestras, a well-known opera house, performance halls, and clubs A working replica of Shakespeare's Globe Theatre opened in 1997 The Univ of London is the largest in Great Britain, and there are other universities and colleges in the city The state-owned BBC (British Broadcasting Company) is headquartered in London, and most of the country's national newspapers are published there The New Scotland Yard, synonymous with criminal investigation, is located in the city Sporting events draw large support from Londoners who follow cricket, soccer (at Wimbley Stadium), and tennis (including the Wimbledon championship)

History

Little is known of London prior to AD 61, when, according to the Roman historian Tacitus, the followers of Queen Boadicea rebelled and slaughtered the inhabitants of the Roman fort Londinium Roman authority was soon restored, and the first city walls were built, remnants of which still exist After the final withdrawal of the Roman legions in the 5th cent, London was lost in obscurity Celts, Saxons, and Danes contested the general area, and it was not until 886 that London again emerged as an important town under the firm control of King Alfred, who rebuilt the defenses against the Danes and gave the city a government

London put up some resistance to William I in 1066, but he subsequently treated the city well During his reign the White Tower, the nucleus of the Tower of London, was built just east of the city wall Under the Normans and Plantagenets (see Great Britain), the city grew commercially and politically and during the reign of Richard I (1189–99) obtained a form of municipal government from which the modern City Corporation developed In 1215, King John granted the city the right to elect a mayor annually

The guilds of the Middle Ages gained control of civic affairs and grew sufficiently strong to restrict trade to freemen of the city The guilds survive today in 80 livery companies, of which members were once the voters in London's municipal elections Medieval London saw the foundation of the Inns of Court and the construction of Westminster Abbey By the 14th cent London had become the political capital of England It played no active role in the Wars of the Roses (15th cent)

The reign of Elizabeth I brought London to a level of great wealth, power, and influence as the undisputed center of England's Renaissance culture This was the time of Shakespeare (and the Globe Theatre) and the beginnings of overseas trading companies such as the Muscovy Company With the advent (1603) of the Stuarts to the throne, the city became involved in struggles with the crown on behalf of its democratic privileges, culminating in the English civil war

In 1665, the great plague took some 75,000 lives A great fire in Sept, 1666, lasted five days and virtually destroyed the city Sir Christopher Wren played a large role in rebuilding the city He designed more than 51 churches, notably the rebuilt St Paul's Cathedral Other notable churches include the gothic Southwark Cathedral, St Paul's Church (1633; designed by Inigo Jones), St Martin-in-the-Fields (18th cent), and Westminster Cathedral Much of the business of London as well as literary and political discussion was transacted in coffeehouses, forerunners of the modern club Until 1750, when Westminster Bridge was opened, London Bridge, first built in the 10th cent, was the only bridge to span the Thames Since the 18th cent, several other bridges have been constructed; the Tower Bridge was completed in 1894

In the 19th cent, London began a period of extraordinary growth The area of present-day Greater London had about 11 million people in 1801; by 1851, the population had increased to 27 million, and by 1901 to 66 million During the Victorian era, London acquired tremendous prestige as the capital of the British Empire and as a cultural and intellectual center Britain's free political institutions and intellectual atmosphere made London a haven for persons unsafe in their own countries The Italian Giuseppe Mazzini, the Russian Aleksandr Herzen, and the German Karl Marx were among many politically controversial figures who lived for long periods in London

Many buildings of central London were destroyed or damaged in air raids during World War II These include the Guildhall (scene of the lord mayor's banquets and other public functions); No 10 Downing Street, the prime minister's residence; the Inns of Court; Westminster Hall and the Houses of Parliament; St George's Cathedral; and many of the great halls of the ancient livery companies Today there are numerous blocks of new office buildings and districts of apartment dwellings constructed by government authorities The growth of London in the 20th cent has been extensively planned One notable feature has been the concept of a “Green Belt” to save certain areas from intensive urban development In 1982, a tax-free zone in the Docklands in the East End's Tower Hamlets borough was created to stimulate development Although the Canary Wharf financial center (with Lloyd's futuristic building, opened in 1986) was initially slow to fill, it now rivals the City

London has an ethnically and culturally diverse population, with large groups of immigrants from Commonwealth nations South Asian, West Indian, African, and Middle Eastern peoples account for much of the immigrant population The city is the site of one of the largest Hindu temple complexes and the largest Sikh temple outside India; there also are many mosques, including one of the largest in Europe With the reestablishment of the city's central government (2000), London built its egg-shaped City Hall (2002), on the south bank of the Thames opposite the Tower of London The city was the site of the 1908 and 1948 summer Olympic games and will be the site of the 2012 summer games

19款朗逸都是朗逸plus。朗逸和朗逸plus的区别就是第二代朗逸和第三代朗逸的区别。第二代朗逸(2012~2018)基于大众PQ34平台打造，无论是设计还是内饰配置都更倾向于捷达、桑塔纳等低端车型。

2018年，朗逸从头到脚都换了。大众最新MQB模块化平台外观采用新设计，配置优化升级。整体来看，第三代朗逸被称为“小帕萨特”。

换平台后，朗逸的尺寸从原来的4605/1765/1460mm增加了4670/1806/1474mm，轴距从2610mm加长到了2688mm，就像你过年后长胖了一样，所以叫朗逸plus。

两款朗逸车型的动力系统没有变化。关键区别在于排放标准已经升级。18款朗逸是第五国标的排放标准，而19款朗逸已经达到了第六国标的排放标准。细心的车主发现，18和19款朗逸发动机车型的后缀不同，其实是排放标准的更新。

升级排放标准后，19款14T朗逸车型最高时速仅为200公里/小时，而18款车型最高时速为210公里/小时，开到200公里/小时的机会很少，所以这个变化影响不大。

另一方面，15L发动机的最大功率和扭矩已经从85kw和150N·m降低到了83kW和145N·m，赛车没有这个功率和扭矩，胜负会直接受到影响，但像朗逸这样的家用车却没有明显的变化感。

1、About Stephen

Stephen William Hawking was born on 8 January 1942 (300 years after the death of Galileo) in Oxford, England His parents' house was in north London, but during the second world war Oxford was considered a safer place to have babies When he was eight, his family moved to St Albans, a town about 20 miles north of London At eleven Stephen went to St Albans School, and then on to University College, Oxford, his father's old college Stephen wanted to do Mathematics, although his father would have preferred medicine Mathematics was not available at University College, so he did Physics instead After three years and not very much work he was awarded a first class honours degree in Natural Science

Stephen then went on to Cambridge to do research in Cosmology, there being no-one working in that area in Oxford at the time His supervisor was Denis Sciama, although he had hoped to get Fred Hoyle who was working in Cambridge After gaining his PhD he became first a Research Fellow, and later on a Professorial Fellow at Gonville and Caius College After leaving the Institute of Astronomy in 1973 Stephen came to the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, and since 1979 has held the post of Lucasian Professor of Mathematics The chair was founded in 1663 with money left in the will of the Reverend Henry Lucas, who had been the Member of Parliament for the University It was first held by Isaac Barrow, and then in 1663 by Isaac Newton

Stephen Hawking has worked on the basic laws which govern the universe With Roger Penrose he showed that Einstein's General Theory of Relativity implied space and time would have a beginning in the Big Bang and an end in black holes These results indicated it was necessary to unify General Relativity with Quantum Theory, the other great Scientific development of the first half of the 20th Century One consequence of such a unification that he discovered was that black holes should not be completely black, but should emit radiation and eventually evaporate and disappear Another conjecture is that the universe has no edge or boundary in imaginary time This would imply that the way the universe began was completely determined by the laws of science

His many publications include The Large Scale Structure of Spacetime with G F R Ellis, General Relativity: An Einstein Centenary Survey, with W Israel, and 300 Years of Gravity, with W Israel Stephen Hawking has two popular books published; his best seller A Brief History of Time, and his later book, Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays

Professor Hawking has twelve honorary degrees, was awarded the CBE in 1982, and was made a Companion of Honour in 1989 He is the recipient of many awards, medals and prizes and is a Fellow of The Royal Society and a Member of the US National Academy of Sciences

Stephen Hawking continues to combine family life (he has three children and one grandchild), and his research into theoretical physics together with an extensive programme of travel and public lectures

2、His view about his diability

Disability - My Experience with ALS

I am quite often asked: How do you feel about having ALS The answer is, not a lot I try to lead as normal a life as possible, and not think about my condition, or regret the things it prevents me from doing, which are not that many

It was a great shock to me to discover that I had motor neurone disease I had never been very well co-ordinated physically as a child I was not good at ball games, and my handwriting was the despair of my teachers Maybe for this reason, I didn't care much for sport or physical activities But things seemed to change when I went to Oxford, at the age of 17 I took up coxing and rowing I was not Boat Race standard, but I got by at the level of inter-College competition

In my third year at Oxford, however, I noticed that I seemed to be getting more clumsy, and I fell over once or twice for no apparent reason But it was not until I was at Cambridge, in the following year, that my father noticed, and took me to the family doctor He referred me to a specialist, and shortly after my 21st birthday, I went into hospital for tests I was in for two weeks, during which I had a wide variety of tests They took a muscle sample from my arm, stuck electrodes into me, and injected some radio opaque fluid into my spine, and watched it going up and down with x-rays, as they tilted the bed After all that, they didn't tell me what I had, except that it was not multiple sclerosis, and that I was an a-typical case I gathered however, that they expected it to continue to get worse, and that there was nothing they could do, except give me vitamins I could see that they didn't expect them to have much effect I didn't feel like asking for more details, because they were obviously bad

The realisation that I had an incurable disease, that was likely to kill me in a few years, was a bit of a shock How could something like that happen to me Why should I be cut off like this However, while I had been in hospital, I had seen a boy I vaguely knew die of leukaemia, in the bed opposite me It had not been a pretty sight Clearly there were people who were worse off than me At least my condition didn't make me feel sick Whenever I feel inclined to be sorry for myself I remember that boy

Not knowing what was going to happen to me, or how rapidly the disease would progress, I was at a loose end The doctors told me to go back to Cambridge and carry on with the research I had just started in general relativity and cosmology But I was not making much progress, because I didn't have much mathematical background And, anyway, I might not live long enough to finish my PhD I felt somewhat of a tragic character I took to listening to Wagner, but reports in magazine articles that I drank heavily are an exaggeration The trouble, is once one article said it, other articles copied it, because it made a good story Anything that has appeared in print so many times, must be true

My dreams at that time were rather disturbed Before my condition had been diagnosed, I had been very bored with life There had not seemed to be anything worth doing But shortly after I came out of hospital, I dreamt that I was going to be executed I suddenly realized that there were a lot of worthwhile things I could do if I were reprieved Another dream that I had several times, was that I would sacrifice my life to save others After all, if I were going to die anyway, it might as well do some good But I didn't die In fact, although there was a cloud hanging over my future, I found to my surprise, that I was enjoying life in the present more than before I began to make progress with my research, and I got engaged to a girl called Jane Wilde, who I had met just about the time my condition was diagnosed That engagement changed my life It gave me something to live for But it also meant that I had to get a job if we were to get married I therefore applied for a research fellowship at Gonville and Caius (pronounced Keys) College, Cambridge To my great surprise, I got a fellowship, and we got married a few months later

The fellowship at Caius took care of my immediate employment problem I was lucky to have chosen to work in theoretical physics, because that was one of the few areas in which my condition would not be a serious handicap And I was fortunate that my scientific reputation increased, at the same time that my disability got worse This meant that people were prepared to offer me a sequence of positions in which I only had to do research, without having to lecture

We were also fortunate in housing When we were married, Jane was still an undergraduate at Westfield College in London, so she had to go up to London during the week This meant that we had to find somewhere I could manage on my own, and which was central, because I could not walk far I asked the College if they could help, but was told by the then Bursar: it is College policy not to help Fellows with housing We therefore put our name down to rent one of a group of new flats that were being built in the market place (Years later, I discovered that those flats were actually owned by the College, but they didn't tell me that) However, when we returned to Cambridge from a visit to America after the marriage, we found that the flats were not ready As a great concession, the Bursar said we could have a room in a hostel for graduate students He said "We normally charge 12 shillings and 6 pence a night for this room However, as there will be two of you in the room, we will charge 25 shillings" We stayed there only three nights Then we found a small house about 100 yards from my university department It belonged to another College, who had let it to one of its fellows However he had moved out to a house he had bought in the suburbs He sub-let the house to us for the remaining three months left on his lease During those three months, we found that another house in the same road was standing empty A neighbour summoned the owner from Dorset, and told her that it was a scandal that her house should be empty, when young people were looking for accommodation So she let the house to us After we had lived there for a few years, we wanted to buy the house, and do it up So we asked my College for a mortgage However, the College did a survey, and decided it was not a good risk In the end we got a mortgage from a building society, and my parents gave us the money to do it up We lived there for another four years, but it became too difficult for me to manage the stairs By this time, the College appreciated me rather more, and there was a different Bursar They therefore offered us a ground floor flat in a house that they owned This suited me very well, because it had large rooms and wide doors It was sufficiently central that I could get to my University department, or the College, in my electric wheel chair It was also nice for our three children, because it was surrounded by garden, which was looked after by the College gardeners

Up to 1974, I was able to feed myself, and get in and out of bed Jane managed to help me, and bring up the children, without outside help However, things were getting more difficult, so we took to having one of my research students living with us In return for free accommodation, and a lot of my attention, they helped me get up and go to bed In 1980, we changed to a system of community and private nurses, who came in for an hour or two in the morning and evening This lasted until I caught pneumonia in 1985 I had to have a tracheostomy operation After this, I had to have 24 hour nursing care This was made possible by grants from several foundations

Before the operation, my speech had been getting more slurred, so that only a few people who knew me well, could understand me But at least I could communicate I wrote scientific papers by dictating to a secretary, and I gave seminars through an interpreter, who repeated my words more clearly However, the tracheostomy operation removed my ability to speak altogether For a time, the only way I could communicate was to spell out words letter by letter, by raising my eyebrows when someone pointed to the right letter on a spelling card It is pretty difficult to carry on a conversation like that, let alone write a scientific paper However, a computer expert in California, called Walt Woltosz, heard of my plight He sent me a computer program he had written, called Equalizer This allowed me to select words from a series of menus on the screen, by pressing a switch in my hand The program could also be controlled by a switch, operated by head or eye movement When I have built up what I want to say, I can send it to a speech synthesizer At first, I just ran the Equalizer program on a desk top computer However David Mason, of Cambridge Adaptive Communication, fitted a small portable computer and a speech synthesizer to my wheel chair This system allowed me to communicate much better than I could before I can manage up to 15 words a minute I can either speak what I have written, or save it on disk I can then print it out, or call it back, and speak it sentence by sentence Using this system, I have written a book, and dozens of scientific papers I have also given many scientific and popular talks They have all been well received I think that is in a large part due to the quality of the speech synthesizer, which is made by Speech Plus One's voice is very important If you have a slurred voice, people are likely to treat you as mentally deficient: Does he take sugar This synthesizer is by far the best I have heard, because it varies the intonation, and doesn't speak like a Dalek The only trouble is that it gives me an American accent However, the company is working on a British version

I have had motor neurone disease for practically all my adult life Yet it has not prevented me from having a very attractive family, and being successful in my work This is thanks to the help I have received from Jane, my children, and a large number of other people and organisations I have been lucky, that my condition has progressed more slowly than is often the case But it shows that one need not lose hope

Stephen Hawking

3、Public Lectures

Professor Hawking has given many lectures to the general public Many of these past lectures have been released in his 1993 book, 'Black Holes and Baby Universes, and other essays' Below are some of the more recent public lectures Included with these lectures is a Glossary of some of the terms used

The Beginning of Time

"In this lecture, I would like to discuss whether time itself has a beginning, and whether it will have an end All the evidence seems to indicate, that the universe has not existed forever, but that it had a beginning, about 15 billion years ago This is probably the most remarkable discovery of modern cosmology Yet it is now taken for granted We are not yet certain whether the universe will have an end"

The Nature of Space and Time

Stephen Hawking and Roger Penrose gave a series of 3 lectures each at the Isaac Newton Institute in Cambridge The full series is available in a book of the same name Here we have compiled Stephen's contribution to the series, as well as the final debate

This is available for download as pdf format or 4 postscript files or (penrose1ps penrose2ps penrose3ps penrose4ps)

Space and Time Warps

"In science fiction, space and time warps are a commonplace They are used for rapid journeys around the galaxy, or for travel through time But today's science fiction, is often tomorrow's science fact So what are the chances for space and time warps"

Does God Play Dice

"This lecture is about whether we can predict the future, or whether it is arbitrary and random In ancient times, the world must have seemed pretty arbitrary Disasters such as floods or diseases must have seemed to happen without warning or apparent reason Primitive people attributed such natural phenomena, to a pantheon of gods and goddesses, who behaved in a capricious and whimsical way There was no way to predict what they would do, and the only hope was to win favour by gifts or actions"

Life in the Universe

"In this talk, I would like to speculate a little, on the development of life in the universe, and in particular, the development of intelligent life I shall take this to include the human race, even though much of its behaviour through out history, has been pretty stupid, and not calculated to aid the survival of the species"

You can download these lectures in a format suitable for Palm Pilots:

Lectures (Microsoft Reader)

Lectures (Palm Reader)

4、Physics Colloquiums

These lectures assume a level of Physics which is of at least at University Degree level

Inflation: An Open and Shut Case (April '98)

Gravitational Entropy (June '98)

Quantum Cosmology, M-theory and the Anthropic Principle (January '99) This lecture was given at the Pritzker Symposium, for the University of Chicago

Rotation, Nut Charge and Anti de Sitter Space (February '99) This lecture was given at the Institue of Theoretical Physics, at the Institue of Theoretical Physics, at the University of California, Santa Barbara

5、News

Professor Hawking travels all over the world to lecture As soon as lecture dates are finalized they will be posted on this page

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Latest

New Hawking lectures dates

Professor Hawking will be giving a new popular lecture titled "The Origin of the Universe" in the USA this November For dates, locations and to purchase tickets please visit >

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