SQL Server数据库常用命令(建议收藏)

SQL Server数据库常用命令(建议收藏),第1张

命令:create database 数据库名;

示例:create database student;

命令:drop database 数据库名;

示例:drop databasestudent

命令:create table 表名

(列名数据类型,列名2.....)

示例:create table student

(snamechar(20),sidint)

命令:drop table 表名

示例:drop table student

(插入(新增)列)

命令:alter table 表名

add 新列名数据类型

示例:alter table student

addsageint

(删除列)

命令:alter table 表名

drop column 列名

示例:alter table student

drop column sid

(修改列类型)

命令:alter table 表名

altercolumn 列名数据类型

示例:alter table student

altercolumnsidfloat(浮点型)

(新增约束)

命令:alter table 表名

alter column 列名新数据类型

示例:alter table student

alter column PK_sidprimarykey(sid)(新增的约束类型是主键约束)

(删除约束)

命令:alter table 表名

drop列名

示例:alter table student

drop PK_sid

命令:select要查询的数据列名

from 表名

where筛选条件(无法对分组后的数据进行筛选)

(高级搜索)【groupby 列名(分组)

having筛选条件(只能对分组后的数据进行筛选)

order by排序方式(控制数据最后输出的排列方式有正序:asc、倒叙:desc)】

示例:selectsid

from student

wheresid=2

【group by sid

havingsid=1

order by desc】

命令:insertinto表名

(列名 ,列名)

values

(值,值)

示例:insertinto表名

(sname,sid,sage)

values

(‘张三’,12,15)

命令:update from 表名

set 列名=新值

示例:update from student

set sname='李四'

命令:insert into 表名(值的总数必须和列的总数相同)

select值,值,值union all

selevt值,值,值

示例:insertinto表名

select'张三',15,18

select'李四',16,19

命令:create view 视图名

as

select 列

from 表名

示例:create view students

as

select sname

from student

数据库常用sql语句

Student(S#,Sname,Sage,Ssex) 学生表

Course(C#,Cname,T#) 课程

SC(S#,C#,score) 成绩

Teacher(T#,Tname) 教师表

问题:

1、查询“001”课程比“002”课程成绩高的所有学生的学号

select a.S# from (select s#,score from SC where C#='001') a,(select s#,score

from SC where C#='002') b

where a.score>b.score and a.s#=b.s#

2、查询平均成绩大于60分的同学的学号和平均成绩;

select S#,avg(score)

from sc

group by S# having avg(score) >60

3、查询所有同学的学号、姓名、选课数、总成绩;

select Student.S#,Student.Sname,count(SC.C#),sum(score)

from Student left Outer join SC on Student.S#=SC.S#

group by Student.S#,Sname

4、查询姓“李”的老师的个数;

select count(distinct(Tname))

from Teacher

where Tname like '李%'

5、查询没学过“叶平”老师课的同学的学号、姓名;

select Student.S#,Student.Sname

from Student

where S# not in (select distinct( SC.S#) from SC,Course,Teacher where SC.C#=Course.C# and Teacher.T#=Course.T# and Teacher.Tname='叶平')

6、查询学过“001”并且也学过编号“002”课程的同学的学号、姓名;

select Student.S#,Student.Sname from Student,SC where Student.S#=SC.S# and SC.C#='001'and exists( Select * from SC as SC_2 where SC_2.S#=SC.S# and SC_2.C#='002')

7、查询学过“叶平”老师所教的所有课的同学的学号、姓名;

select S#,Sname

from Student

where S# in (select S# from SC ,Course ,Teacher where SC.C#=Course.C# and Teacher.T#=Course.T# and Teacher.Tname='叶平' group by S# having count(SC.C#)=(select count(C#) from Course,Teacher where Teacher.T#=Course.T# and Tname='叶平'))

8、查询课程编号“002”的成绩比课程编号“001”课程低的所有同学的学号、姓名;

Select S#,Sname from (select Student.S#,Student.Sname,score ,(select score from SC SC_2 where SC_2.S#=Student.S# and SC_2.C#='002') score2

from Student,SC where Student.S#=SC.S# and C#='001') S_2 where score2<score

9、查询所有课程成绩小于60分的同学的学号、姓名;

select S#,Sname

from Student

where S# not in (select Student.S# from Student,SC where S.S#=SC.S# and score>60)

10、查询没有学全所有课的同学的学号、姓名;

select Student.S#,Student.Sname

from Student,SC

where Student.S#=SC.S# group by Student.S#,Student.Sname having count(C#) <(select count(C#) from Course)

11、查询至少有一门课与学号为“1001”的同学所学相同的同学的学号和姓名;

select S#,Sname from Student,SC where Student.S#=SC.S# and C# in select C# from SC where S#='1001'

12、查询至少学过学号为“001”同学所有一门课的其他同学学号和姓名;

select distinct SC.S#,Sname

from Student,SC

where Student.S#=SC.S# and C# in (select C# from SC where S#='001')

13、把“SC”表中“叶平”老师教的课的成绩都更改为此课程的平均成绩;

SC set score=(select avg(SC_2.score)

from SC SC_2

where SC_2.C#=SC.C# ) from Course,Teacher where Course.C#=SC.C# and Course.T#=Teacher.T# and Teacher.Tname='叶平')

14、查询和“1002”号的同学学习的课程完全相同的其他同学学号和姓名;

select S# from SC where C# in (select C# from SC where S#='1002')

group by S# having count(*)=(select count(*) from SC where S#='1002')

15、删除学习“叶平”老师课的SC表记录;

Delect SC

from course ,Teacher

where Course.C#=SC.C# and Course.T#= Teacher.T# and Tname='叶平'

16、向SC表中插入一些记录,这些记录要求符合以下条件:没有上过编号“003”课程的同学学号、2、

号课的平均成绩;

Insert SC select S#,'002',(Select avg(score)

from SC where C#='002') from Student where S# not in (Select S# from SC where C#='002')

17、按平均成绩从高到低显示所有学生的“数据库”、“企业管理”、“英语”三门的课程成绩,按如下形式显示: 学生ID,,数据库,企业管理,英语,有效课程数,有效平均分

SELECT S# as 学生ID

,(SELECT score FROM SC WHERE SC.S#=t.S# AND C#='004') AS 数据库

,(SELECT score FROM SC WHERE SC.S#=t.S# AND C#='001') AS 企业管理

,(SELECT score FROM SC WHERE SC.S#=t.S# AND C#='006') AS 英语

,COUNT(*) AS 有效课程数, AVG(t.score) AS 平均成绩

FROM SC AS t

GROUP BY S#

ORDER BY avg(t.score)

18、查询各科成绩最高和最低的分:以如下形式显示:课程ID,最高分,最低分

SELECT L.C# As 课程ID,L.score AS 最高分,R.score AS 最低分

FROM SC L ,SC AS R

WHERE L.C# = R.C# and

L.score = (SELECT MAX(IL.score)

FROM SC AS IL,Student AS IM

WHERE L.C# = IL.C# and IM.S#=IL.S#

GROUP BY IL.C#)

AND

R.Score = (SELECT MIN(IR.score)

FROM SC AS IR

WHERE R.C# = IR.C#

GROUP BY IR.C#

)

19、按各科平均成绩从低到高和及格率的百分数从高到低顺序

SELECT t.C# AS 课程号,max(course.Cname)AS 课程名,isnull(AVG(score),0) AS 平均成绩

,100 * SUM(CASE WHEN isnull(score,0)>=60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/COUNT(*) AS 及格百分数

FROM SC T,Course

where t.C#=course.C#

GROUP BY t.C#

ORDER BY 100 * SUM(CASE WHEN isnull(score,0)>=60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/COUNT(*) DESC

20、查询如下课程平均成绩和及格率的百分数(用"1行"显示): 企业管理(001),马克思(002),OO&UML (003),数据库(004)

SELECT SUM(CASE WHEN C# ='001' THEN score ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE C# WHEN '001' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 企业管理平均分

,100 * SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '001' AND score >= 60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '001' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 企业管理及格百分数

,SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '002' THEN score ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE C# WHEN '002' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 马克思平均分

,100 * SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '002' AND score >= 60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '002' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 马克思及格百分数

,SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '003' THEN score ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE C# WHEN '003' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS UML平均分

,100 * SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '003' AND score >= 60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '003' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS UML及格百分数

,SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '004' THEN score ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE C# WHEN '004' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 数据库平均分

,100 * SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '004' AND score >= 60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '004' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 数据库及格百分数

FROM SC

21、查询不同老师所教不同课程平均分从高到低显示

SELECT max(Z.T#) AS 教师ID,MAX(Z.Tname) AS 教师姓名,C.C# AS 课程ID,MAX(C.Cname) AS 课程名称,AVG(Score) AS 平均成绩

FROM SC AS T,Course AS C ,Teacher AS Z

where T.C#=C.C# and C.T#=Z.T#

GROUP BY C.C#

ORDER BY AVG(Score) DESC

22、查询如下课程成绩第 3 名到第 6 名的学生成绩单:企业管理(001),马克思(002),UML (003),数据库(004)

[学生ID],[学生姓名],企业管理,马克思,UML,数据库,平均成绩

SELECT DISTINCT top 3

SC.S# As 学生学号,

Student.Sname AS 学生姓名 ,

T1.score AS 企业管理,

T2.score AS 马克思,

T3.score AS UML,

T4.score AS 数据库,

ISNULL(T1.score,0) + ISNULL(T2.score,0) + ISNULL(T3.score,0) + ISNULL(T4.score,0) as 总分

FROM Student,SC LEFT JOIN SC AS T1

ON SC.S# = T1.S# AND T1.C# = '001'

LEFT JOIN SC AS T2

ON SC.S# = T2.S# AND T2.C# = '002'

LEFT JOIN SC AS T3

ON SC.S# = T3.S# AND T3.C# = '003'

LEFT JOIN SC AS T4

ON SC.S# = T4.S# AND T4.C# = '004'

WHERE student.S#=SC.S# and

ISNULL(T1.score,0) + ISNULL(T2.score,0) + ISNULL(T3.score,0) + ISNULL(T4.score,0)

NOT IN

(SELECT

DISTINCT

TOP 15 WITH TIES

ISNULL(T1.score,0) + ISNULL(T2.score,0) + ISNULL(T3.score,0) + ISNULL(T4.score,0)

FROM sc

LEFT JOIN sc AS T1

ON sc.S# = T1.S# AND T1.C# = 'k1'

LEFT JOIN sc AS T2

ON sc.S# = T2.S# AND T2.C# = 'k2'

LEFT JOIN sc AS T3

ON sc.S# = T3.S# AND T3.C# = 'k3'

LEFT JOIN sc AS T4

ON sc.S# = T4.S# AND T4.C# = 'k4'

ORDER BY ISNULL(T1.score,0) + ISNULL(T2.score,0) + ISNULL(T3.score,0) + ISNULL(T4.score,0) DESC)

23、统计列印各科成绩,各分数段人数:课程ID,课程名称,[100-85],[85-70],[70-60],[<60]

SELECT SC.C# as 课程ID, Cname as 课程名称

,SUM(CASE WHEN score BETWEEN 85 AND 100 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS [100 - 85]

,SUM(CASE WHEN score BETWEEN 70 AND 85 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS [85 - 70]

,SUM(CASE WHEN score BETWEEN 60 AND 70 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS [70 - 60]

,SUM(CASE WHEN score <60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS [60 -]

FROM SC,Course

where SC.C#=Course.C#

GROUP BY SC.C#,Cname

24、查询学生平均成绩及其名次

SELECT 1+(SELECT COUNT( distinct 平均成绩)

FROM (SELECT S#,AVG(score) AS 平均成绩

FROM SC

GROUP BY S#

) AS T1

WHERE 平均成绩 >T2.平均成绩) as 名次,

S# as 学生学号,平均成绩

FROM (SELECT S#,AVG(score) 平均成绩

FROM SC

GROUP BY S#

) AS T2

ORDER BY 平均成绩 desc

25、查询各科成绩前三名的记录:(不考虑成绩并列情况)

SELECT t1.S# as 学生ID,t1.C# as 课程ID,Score as 分数

FROM SC t1

WHERE score IN (SELECT TOP 3 score

FROM SC

WHERE t1.C#= C#

ORDER BY score DESC

)

ORDER BY t1.C#

26、查询每门课程被选修的学生数

select c#,count(S#) from sc group by C#

27、查询出只选修了一门课程的全部学生的学号和姓名

select SC.S#,Student.Sname,count(C#) AS 选课数

from SC ,Student

where SC.S#=Student.S# group by SC.S# ,Student.Sname having count(C#)=1

28、查询男生、女生人数

Select count(Ssex) as 男生人数 from Student group by Ssex having Ssex='男'

Select count(Ssex) as 女生人数 from Student group by Ssex having Ssex='女';

29、查询姓“张”的学生名单

SELECT Sname FROM Student WHERE Sname like '张%'

30、查询同名同性学生名单,并统计同名人数

select Sname,count(*) from Student group by Sname having count(*)>1

31、1981年出生的学生名单(注:Student表中Sage列的类型是datetime)

select Sname, CONVERT(char (11),DATEPART(year,Sage)) as age

from student

where CONVERT(11),DATEPART(year,Sage))='1981'

32、查询每门课程的平均成绩,结果按平均成绩升序排列,平均成绩相同时,按课程号降序排列

Select C#,Avg(score) from SC group by C# order by Avg(score),C# DESC

33、查询平均成绩大于85的所有学生的学号、姓名和平均成绩

select Sname,SC.S# ,avg(score)

from Student,SC

where Student.S#=SC.S# group by SC.S#,Sname having avg(score)>85

34、查询课程名称为“数据库”,且分数低于60的学生姓名和分数

Select Sname,isnull(score,0)

from Student,SC,Course

where SC.S#=Student.S# and SC.C#=Course.C# and Course.Cname='数据库'and score<60

35、查询所有学生的选课情况;

SELECT SC.S#,SC.C#,Sname,Cname

FROM SC,Student,Course

where SC.S#=Student.S# and SC.C#=Course.C#

36、查询任何一门课程成绩在70分以上的姓名、课程名称和分数;

SELECT distinct student.S#,student.Sname,SC.C#,SC.score

FROM student,Sc

WHERE SC.score>=70 AND SC.S#=student.S#

37、查询不及格的课程,并按课程号从大到小排列

select c# from sc where scor e<60 order by C#

38、查询课程编号为003且课程成绩在80分以上的学生的学号和姓名;

select SC.S#,Student.Sname from SC,Student where SC.S#=Student.S# and Score>80 and C#='003'

39、求选了课程的学生人数

select count(*) from sc

40、查询选修“叶平”老师所授课程的学生中,成绩最高的学生姓名及其成绩

select Student.Sname,score

from Student,SC,Course C,Teacher

where Student.S#=SC.S# and SC.C#=C.C# and C.T#=Teacher.T# and Teacher.Tname='叶平' and SC.score=(select max(score)from SC where C#=C.C# )

41、查询各个课程及相应的选修人数

select count(*) from sc group by C#

42、查询不同课程成绩相同的学生的学号、课程号、学生成绩

select distinct A.S#,B.score from SC A ,SC B where A.Score=B.Score and A.C# <>B.C#

43、查询每门功成绩最好的前两名

SELECT t1.S# as 学生ID,t1.C# as 课程ID,Score as 分数

FROM SC t1

WHERE score IN (SELECT TOP 2 score

FROM SC

WHERE t1.C#= C#

ORDER BY score DESC

)

ORDER BY t1.C#

44、统计每门课程的学生选修人数(超过10人的课程才统计)。要求输出课程号和选修人数,查询结果按人数降序排列,查询结果按人数降序排列,若人数相同,按课程号升序排列

select C# as 课程号,count(*) as 人数

from sc

group by C#

order by count(*) desc,c#

45、检索至少选修两门课程的学生学号

select S#

from sc

group by s#

having count(*) >= 2

46、查询全部学生都选修的课程的'课程号和课程名

select C#,Cname

from Course

where C# in (select c# from sc group by c#)

47、查询没学过“叶平”老师讲授的任一门课程的学生姓名

select Sname from Student where S# not in (select S# from Course,Teacher,SC where Course.T#=Teacher.T# and SC.C#=course.C# and Tname='叶平')

48、查询两门以上不及格课程的同学的学号及其平均成绩

select S#,avg(isnull(score,0)) from SC where S# in (select S# from SC where score<60 group="" by="" having="">2)group by S#

49、检索“004”课程分数小于60,按分数降序排列的同学学号

select S# from SC where C#='004'and score<60 order by score desc

50、删除“002”同学的“001”课程的成绩

from Sc where S#='001'and C#='001'

一、SQL语言简介

1、SQL语言简介

SQL是结构化查询语言(Structured Query Language),是用于访问和处理数据库的标准的计算机语言。

SQL语言的功能如下:

A、SQL面向数据库执行查询

B、SQL可从数据库取回数据

C、SQL可在数据库中插入新的记录

D、SQL可更新数据库中的数据

E、SQL可从数据库删除记录

F、SQL可创建新数据库

G、SQL可在数据库中创建新表

H、SQL可在数据库中创建存储过程

I、SQL可在数据库中创建视图

J、SQL可以设置表、存储过程和视图的权限

SQL是一门ANSI的标准计算机语言,用来访问和 *** 作数据库系统。SQL语句用于取回和更新数据库中的数据。SQL可与数据库程序协同工作,比如MS Access、DB2、Informix、MS SQL Server、Oracle、MySQL、Sybase以及其他数据库系统。

每一种数据库有自己版本的SQL语言,但是为了与ANSI标准相兼容,SQL必须以相似的方式共同地来支持一些主要的关键词(比如 SELECT、UPDATE、DELETE、INSERT、WHERE等等)。

除了SQL标准之外,大部分SQL数据库程序都拥有自己的私有扩展。

2、SQL语言分类

SQL语言分为数据定义语言、数据控制语言、数据 *** 作语言、数据查询语言,分别实现对数据库数据 *** 作。

二、SQL语言基础

1、数据定义语言(DDL)

DDL:Data Definition Language

用于定义和管理数据对象,包括数据库、数据表、函数、视图、索引、触发器等。例如:CREATE、DROP、ALTER等语句。

create table student

(

sid INT,

sname var20)

)

alter table student add age int default 20

student

drop database student

2、数据控制语言(DCL)

DCL:Data Control Language

用来管理数据库的语言,包含授权用户访问、拒绝用户访问、撤销授予的权限。例如:GRANT、DENY、REVOKE、COMMIT、ROLLBACK等语句。

创建用户

create user ‘wang’@‘localhost’ identified by ‘a1!’

权限设置

grant select on db.student to ‘wang’@‘localhost’

撤销权限

revoke select on db.student from ‘wang’@‘localhost’

3、数据 *** 作语言(DML)

DML:Data Manipulation Language

用于 *** 作数据库对象中所包含的数据,增、删、改。例如:INSERT、DELETE、UPDATE语句。

4、数据查询语言(DQL)

DQL:Data Query Language

用于查询数据库对象中所包含的数据,能够进行单表查询、连接查询、嵌套查询,以及集合查询等各种复杂程度不同的数据库查询,并将数据返回到客户机中显示。例如:SELECT语句。

三、常量和变量

1、常量

A、字符常量

字符串常量使用单引号或双引号,数值常量不用加引号。

如果字符串常量中需要换行、有单引号、双引号 % _

前面需要加转义字符

换行

’ 一个单引号

” 一个双引号

一个 如果没有转义字符 就认为是一个转义字符

% 一个% 如果没有转义字符就认为这是一个通配符

_ 一个_ 如果没有转移字符 就认为是一个通配符

select ‘hanli’gang001’

select ‘han ligang001’

select ‘han ligang001’

select “han"ligang001”

select “韩立刚001”

B、数值常量

数值常量不用添加引号,

select 100+100+200

C、布尔常量

布尔型常量取值 true 和 false

在SQL中使用1和0表示

select true,false

在表达式中

select 100>200

select 100<200

2、变量

用户自定义变量使用@开始,使用set给变量赋值。

set @name=‘孙悟空’

select @name

select * from student

into student values (6,‘孙悟空’,20);

into student values (8,@name,20);

set @sid=9,@nid=10

into student values (@sid,@name,20);

select @sid+@nid;

set @sid=@sid+1;

select @sid;

set @sname3=(select sname from student where sid=9);

select @sname3;

3、系统变量

系统变量分为全局系统变量和会话系统变量。

全局系统变量:针对所有默认设置

会话系统变量:针对当前用户生效,用户登录MySQL会使用全局系统变量,如果会话中更改了变量值,使用更改后的值,不过只针对当前用户生效。

show variables 显示会话系统变量

show global variables 显示全局系统变量

show session variables 显示会话系统变量

show global variables like ‘sql_select_limit’;使用通配符显示匹配的变量设置

show session variables like ‘sql_select_limit’;系统变量使用@@标识

select @@global.sql_select_limit 查看某个全局系统变量设置

select @@session.sql_select_limit 查看某个会话系统变量设置

set @@session.sql_select_limit=2 设置会话系统变量

全局系统变量需要在/etc/my.cnf配置文件中修改。


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