AndroID应用当中,很多隐私信息都是以字符串的形式存在的。这些隐私信息是明文,对于软件来说是想当不安全的,如果我们能在打包时对Dex中的字符串加密替换,并在运行时调用解密,这样就能够避免字符串明文存在于Dex中。虽然,无法完全避免被破解,但是加大了逆向提取信息的难度,安全性无疑提高了很多。
1.2 字符串加密方法简介目前市面上主要存在两种字符串加密方式:
(1)在开发阶段开发者使用加密后的字符串然后手动调用解密,这种方法工程量太大了,缺点很明显。
(2)编译后修改字节码,然后再动态植入加密后的字符串,最后让其自动调用进行解密,这里重点分析的是第二种。
1.3.1 环境配置和运行效果
工具:
(1)AS版本3.5.0(2)StringFog配置方法:https://github.com/MegatronKing/StringFog(3)反编译工具 jeb3
代码(MainActivity.java):
package com.example.testdex;import androIDx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;import androID.os.Bundle;import androID.Widget.TextVIEw;public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity { @OverrIDe protected voID onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate (savedInstanceState); setContentVIEw (R.layout.activity_main); String str ="Stringfog"; //这是加密字符串 }}
jeb3反编译的效果(MainActivity.java):
package com.example.testdex;import androID.os.Bundle;import androIDx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity { public MainActivity() { super(); } protected voID onCreate(Bundle arg2) { super.onCreate(arg2); this.setContentVIEw(0x7F09001C); StringFog.decrypt("GxEeBQFHMQAV"); //显然"StringFog"被加密了 }}
1.3.2 StringFog加密原理分析
首先看加密的方法:StringFog采用的是base64+xor(异或)算法
import java.util.Base64;public class StringFog { private static byte[] xor(byte[] data, String key) { //异或算法 int len = data.length; int lenKey = key.length(); int i = 0; int j = 0; while (i < len) { if (j >= lenKey) { j = 0; } data[i] = (byte) (data[i] ^ key.charat(j)); i++; j++; } return data; } public static String encode(String data, String key) { return new String(Base64.getEncoder().encode(xor(data.getBytes(), key))); //调用base64加密包 } public static String decode(String data, String key) { return new String(xor(Base64.getDecoder().decode(data), key)); //调用base64解密包 }
按照安卓程序加密的字符串测试:
public static voID main(String[] args) { String test = encode("Stringfog","Hello World"); System.out.println(test); }
输出结果为:
显然跟jeb3里面看到的一样。
ps:Base64 packge 下载地址:http://commons.apache.org/proper/commons-codec/download_codec.cgi 下载后导入commons-codec-1.14.jar包
1.3.2 StringFog加密原理分析
StringFog实际上是 *** 作了class文件,编译class文件的字节码文件,发现如果都是字符串常量的话,指令都为LDC****************************************************************************[root@iZbp1dubkpj5g938jakcouZ ~]# javac Hello.java[root@iZbp1dubkpj5g938jakcouZ ~]# javap -c HelloCompiled from "Hello.java"public class Hello { public Hello(); Code: 0: aload_0 1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V 4: return public static voID main(java.lang.String[]); Code: 0: ldc #2 // String This is a String! 2: astore_1 3: return}
那么我们可以借助asm库拦截方法中的每条LDC指令,然后插入该指令即可
2.资源加密总结:字符串加密方法能够较为有效的阻止他人通过字符串搜素定位代码,但是不能防止Hook,总而言之,这只是一个比较普通的混淆方法
java代码将png图片加密:
package cn.zzh;import java.io.fileinputStream;import java.io.fileOutputStream;import java.io.IOException;import java.io.inputStream;import java.io.OutputStream;public class pngEncrypt { public static voID main(String[] args){ //调用加密方法 KMD.encrypt("f://1.png"); } //加密后,会在原图片的路径下生成加密后的图片 public static voID encrypt(String filePath){ byte[] tempbytes = new byte[5000]; try { inputStream in = new fileinputStream(filePath); OutputStream out = new fileOutputStream(filePath.subSequence(0, filePath.lastIndexOf("."))+"2.png"); while (in.read(tempbytes) != -1) { byte a = tempbytes[0]; tempbytes[0] = tempbytes[1]; //将第一个字符和第二个字符交换 tempbytes[1] = a; out.write(tempbytes);//写文件 } } catch (IOException e) { e.printstacktrace(); } }}
使用winhex查看发现:
变成了:然后我们只需要在AS中将编写解密代码即可:
下面是一个简单的测试demo:
(1)建立asserts文件,将加密的12.png文件放进去(2)代码编写:package com.example.testdex;import androIDx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;import androID.content.Context;import androID.content.res.AssetManager;import androID.graphics.Bitmap;import androID.graphics.BitmapFactory;import androID.os.Bundle;import androID.util.Log;import androID.Widget.TextVIEw;import androID.Widget.Toast;import java.io.IOException;import java.io.inputStream;public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity { @OverrIDe protected voID onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate (savedInstanceState); setContentVIEw (R.layout.activity_main); Bitmap bitmap= getimageFromAssets(this,"12.png");//图片资源加密 if(bitmap != null) { //imageVIEw.setimage(ImageSource.bitmap(bitmap)); Toast.makeText (this, "图片解密成功", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show (); } else { // Log.i(TAG,"图片为空"); Toast.makeText (this, "图片解密失败", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show (); } } public Bitmap getimageFromAssets(Context context, String filename) { Bitmap image = null; AssetManager am = context.getResources().getAssets(); try { inputStream is = am.open(filename); byte[] buffer = new byte[1500000];//记得要足够大 is.read(buffer); for(int i=0; i<buffer.length; i+= 5000){//和加密相同 byte temp = buffer[i]; buffer[i] = buffer[i+1]; buffer[i+1] = temp; } image = BitmapFactory.decodeByteArray(buffer, 0, buffer.length); if (is!=null){ is.close(); } } catch (IOException e) { e.printstacktrace(); } return image; }}
测试结果:
@H_502_131@
此时,我们打开apk查看assert文件时依然无法看到有用的文件
3.对抗反编译3.1类名混淆ps:同时我们还可以进行资源路径混淆,详情见:https://github.com/shwenzhang/AndResGuard/blob/master/README.zh-cn.md
现在的反编译工具都太先进了,很多纯粹的对抗反编译技术都不在适应了,
但是我们可以将类名进行混淆:
gradle版本在3.4以下时我们使用proguard-rules.pro进行混淆,达到3.4以上时我们使用R8穿插一些proguard规则进行混淆
下面重点研究的是3.4以上版本的情况:
官方文档:https://developer.androID.com/studio/build/shrink-code?hl=zh-cn
通用教程:https://www.jianshu.com/p/65027e18c2fe
混淆规则(如下):
############################################### 对于一些基本指令的添加############################################### 代码混淆压缩比,在0~7之间,默认为5,一般不做修改-optimizationpasses 5# 混合时不使用大小写混合,混合后的类名为小写-dontusemixedcaseclassnames# 指定不去忽略非公共库的类-dontskipnonpubliclibraryclasses# 这句话能够使我们的项目混淆后产生映射文件# 包含有类名->混淆后类名的映射关系-verbose# 指定不去忽略非公共库的类成员-dontskipnonpubliclibraryclassmembers# 不做预校验,preverify是proguard的四个步骤之一,AndroID不需要preverify,去掉这一步能够加快混淆速度。-dontpreverify# 保留Annotation不混淆-keepattributes *Annotation*,InnerClasses# 避免混淆泛型-keepattributes Signature# 抛出异常时保留代码行号-keepattributes Sourcefile,lineNumbertable# 指定混淆是采用的算法,后面的参数是一个过滤器# 这个过滤器是谷歌推荐的算法,一般不做更改-optimizations !code/simplification/cast,!fIEld/*,!class/merging/*############################################### AndroID开发中一些需要保留的公共部分############################################### 保留我们使用的四大组件,自定义的Application等等这些类不被混淆# 因为这些子类都有可能被外部调用-keep public class * extends androID.app.Activity-keep public class * extends androID.app.Appliction-keep public class * extends androID.app.Service-keep public class * extends androID.content.broadcastReceiver-keep public class * extends androID.content.ContentProvIDer-keep public class * extends androID.app.backup.BackupAgentHelper-keep public class * extends androID.preference.Preference-keep public class * extends androID.vIEw.VIEw-keep public class com.androID.vending.licensing.IlicensingService# 保留support下的所有类及其内部类-keep class androID.support.** {*;}# 保留继承的-keep public class * extends androID.support.v4.**-keep public class * extends androID.support.v7.**-keep public class * extends androID.support.annotation.**# 保留R下面的资源-keep class **.R$* {*;}# 保留本地native方法不被混淆-keepclasseswithmembernames class * { native <methods>;}# 保留在Activity中的方法参数是vIEw的方法,# 这样以来我们在layout中写的onClick就不会被影响-keepclassmembers class * extends androID.app.Activity{ public voID *(androID.vIEw.VIEw);}# 保留枚举类不被混淆-keepclassmembers enum * { public static **[] values(); public static ** valueOf(java.lang.String);}# 保留我们自定义控件(继承自VIEw)不被混淆-keep public class * extends androID.vIEw.VIEw{ *** get*(); voID set*(***); public <init>(androID.content.Context); public <init>(androID.content.Context, androID.util.AttributeSet); public <init>(androID.content.Context, androID.util.AttributeSet, int);}# 保留Parcelable序列化类不被混淆-keep class * implements androID.os.Parcelable { public static final androID.os.Parcelable$Creator *;}# 保留Serializable序列化的类不被混淆-keepclassmembers class * implements java.io.Serializable { static final long serialVersionUID; private static final java.io.ObjectStreamFIEld[] serialPersistentFIElds; !static !transIEnt <fIElds>; !private <fIElds>; !private <methods>; private voID writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream); private voID readobject(java.io.ObjectinputStream); java.lang.Object writeReplace(); java.lang.Object readResolve();}# 对于带有回调函数的onXXEvent、**On*Listener的,不能被混淆-keepclassmembers class * { voID *(**On*Event); voID *(**On*Listener);}# webVIEw处理,项目中没有使用到webVIEw忽略即可-keepclassmembers class fqcn.of.JavaScript.interface.for.webvIEw { public *;}-keepclassmembers class * extends androID.webkit.webVIEwClIEnt { public voID *(androID.webkit.WebVIEw, java.lang.String, androID.graphics.Bitmap); public boolean *(androID.webkit.WebVIEw, java.lang.String);}-keepclassmembers class * extends androID.webkit.webVIEwClIEnt { public voID *(androID.webkit.webVIEw, jav.lang.String);}
3.2 so层混淆这个之前已经写过了:
文档:函数混淆(JNI_Onload).note
链接:http://note.youdao.com/noteshare?ID=f6add1ff6a6c4b78aac4a9e27fe390ed&sub=04FF4E2B1F504587A06C69F39C4DF22C
3.3.1 在MainActivity.java中进行签名验证
package com.example.signatureverify;import androIDx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;import androID.content.Context;import androID.content.pm.PackageInfo;import androID.content.pm.PackageManager;import androID.content.pm.Signature;import androID.os.Bundle;import androID.Widget.Toast;import java.security.MessageDigest;import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;import java.util.Locale;public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity { @OverrIDe protected voID onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate (savedInstanceState); setContentVIEw (R.layout.activity_main); Context context =getApplicationContext (); Toast.makeText (context, "我是正版", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show (); String cert_sha1="59F8A6B86A367F0586F1A15DDDB63D75263C5D62"; // 通过调试提前获取apk的sha1签名 boolean is_org_app = false; try { is_org_app = isOrgApp(context,cert_sha1); } catch (PackageManager.nameNotFoundException e) { e.printstacktrace (); } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) { e.printstacktrace (); } if(!is_org_app){ androID.os.Process.killProcess ((androID.os.Process.myPID ())); //如果签名不一致,说明程序被修改了,直接退出 } }//比较签名 private boolean isOrgApp(Context context, String cert_sha1) throws PackageManager.nameNotFoundException, NoSuchAlgorithmException { String current_sha1=getAppSha1(context); current_sha1=current_sha1.replace (":",""); return cert_sha1.equals (current_sha1); }//生成sha1的签名 private String getAppSha1(Context context) throws PackageManager.nameNotFoundException, NoSuchAlgorithmException { PackageInfo info=context.getPackageManager ().getPackageInfo (context.getPackagename (),PackageManager.GET_SIGNATURES); byte[] cert =info.signatures[0].toByteArray (); MessageDigest md =MessageDigest.getInstance ("SHA1"); byte[] publicKey=md.digest (cert); StringBuffer hexString =new StringBuffer (); for(int i=0;i<publicKey.length;i++){ String appendString=Integer.toHexString (0xFF&publicKey[i]).toupperCase(Locale.US); if(appendString.length ()==1){ hexString.append("0"); } hexString.append(appendString);//签名的格式是11:22,所以需要加上":" hexString.append (":"); } String result=hexString.toString (); return result.substring (0,result.length ()-1); }}
完成程序后,使用AndroIDKiller进行修改时,将"我是正版"字符串修改成"我是盗版",在运行程序时,程序会直接闪退
3.3.2 在So层中进行签名验证
MainActivity:
package com.example.jnisignatureverify;import androIDx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;import androID.content.Context;import androID.content.pm.PackageInfo;import androID.content.pm.PackageManager;import androID.os.Bundle;import androID.vIEw.VIEw;import androID.Widget.button;import androID.Widget.TextVIEw;import androID.Widget.Toast;import java.security.MessageDigest;import java.util.Locale;public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity { // Used to load the 'native-lib' library on application startup. static { System.loadlibrary("native-lib"); } protected TextVIEw appSignaturesTv; protected TextVIEw jniSignaturesTv; protected button checkBtn; protected button tokenBtn; @OverrIDe protected voID onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); super.setContentVIEw(R.layout.activity_main); initVIEw(); appSignaturesTv.setText(getSha1Value(MainActivity.this)); jniSignaturesTv.setText(getSignaturesSha1(MainActivity.this)); } private VIEw.OnClickListener clickListener = new VIEw.OnClickListener(){ @OverrIDe public voID onClick(VIEw v) { boolean result = checkSha1(MainActivity.this); if(result){ Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"验证通过",Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show(); }else{ Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"验证不通过,请检查valID.cpp文件配置的sha1值",Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show(); } } }; private VIEw.OnClickListener tokenClickListener = new VIEw.OnClickListener(){ @OverrIDe public voID onClick(VIEw v) { String result = getToken(MainActivity.this,"12345"); Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),result,Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show(); } }; private voID initVIEw() { appSignaturesTv = (TextVIEw) findVIEwByID(R.ID.app_signatures_tv); jniSignaturesTv = (TextVIEw) findVIEwByID(R.ID.jni_signatures_tv); checkBtn = (button) findVIEwByID(R.ID.check_btn); tokenBtn = (button) findVIEwByID(R.ID.token_btn); checkBtn.setonClickListener(clickListener); tokenBtn.setonClickListener(tokenClickListener); } /** * A native method that is implemented by the 'native-lib' native library, * which is packaged with this application. */ public native String getSignaturesSha1(Context context); public native boolean checkSha1(Context context); public native String getToken(Context context,String userID);//获取apk当前的签名 public String getSha1Value(Context context) { try { PackageInfo info = context.getPackageManager().getPackageInfo( context.getPackagename(), PackageManager.GET_SIGNATURES); byte[] cert = info.signatures[0].toByteArray(); MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA1"); byte[] publicKey = md.digest(cert); StringBuffer hexString = new StringBuffer(); for (int i = 0; i < publicKey.length; i++) { String appendString = Integer.toHexString(0xFF & publicKey[i]) .toupperCase(Locale.US); if (appendString.length() == 1) hexString.append("0"); hexString.append(appendString); } String result = hexString.toString(); return result.substring(0, result.length()); } catch (Exception e) { e.printstacktrace(); } return null; }}
native-lib.cpp:
#include <stdio.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <jni.h>#include <androID/log.h>#include <cstring>#define TAG "jni-log"#define LOGD(...) __androID_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG,TAG,__VA_ARGS__)//签名信息const char *app_sha1="59F8A6B86A367F0586F1A15DDDB63D75263C5D62";const char hexcode[] = {'0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9','A','B','C','D','E','F'};char* getSha1(jnienv *env, jobject context_object){ //上下文对象 jclass context_class = env->GetobjectClass(context_object); //反射获取PackageManager jmethodID methodID = env->getmethodID(context_class, "getPackageManager", "()LandroID/content/pm/PackageManager;"); jobject package_manager = env->CallObjectMethod(context_object, methodID); if (package_manager == NulL) { //LOGD("package_manager is NulL!!!"); return NulL; } //反射获取包名 methodID = env->getmethodID(context_class, "getPackagename", "()Ljava/lang/String;"); Jstring package_name = (Jstring)env->CallObjectMethod(context_object, methodID); if (package_name == NulL) { //LOGD("package_name is NulL!!!"); return NulL; } env->DeleteLocalRef(context_class); //获取PackageInfo对象 jclass pack_manager_class = env->GetobjectClass(package_manager); methodID = env->getmethodID(pack_manager_class, "getPackageInfo", "(Ljava/lang/String;I)LandroID/content/pm/PackageInfo;"); env->DeleteLocalRef(pack_manager_class); jobject package_info = env->CallObjectMethod(package_manager, methodID, package_name, 0x40); if (package_info == NulL) { LOGD("getPackageInfo() is NulL!!!"); return NulL; } env->DeleteLocalRef(package_manager); //获取签名信息 jclass package_info_class = env->GetobjectClass(package_info); jfIEldID fIEldID = env->GetFIEldID(package_info_class, "signatures", "[LandroID/content/pm/Signature;"); env->DeleteLocalRef(package_info_class); jobjectArray signature_object_array = (jobjectArray)env->GetobjectFIEld(package_info, fIEldID); if (signature_object_array == NulL) { LOGD("signature is NulL!!!"); return NulL; } jobject signature_object = env->GetobjectArrayElement(signature_object_array, 0); env->DeleteLocalRef(package_info); //签名信息转换成sha1值 jclass signature_class = env->GetobjectClass(signature_object); methodID = env->getmethodID(signature_class, "toByteArray", "()[B"); env->DeleteLocalRef(signature_class); jbyteArray signature_byte = (jbyteArray) env->CallObjectMethod(signature_object, methodID); jclass byte_array_input_class=env->FindClass("java/io/ByteArrayinputStream"); methodID=env->getmethodID(byte_array_input_class,"<init>","([B)V"); jobject byte_array_input=env->NewObject(byte_array_input_class,methodID,signature_byte); jclass certificate_factory_class=env->FindClass("java/security/cert/CertificateFactory"); methodID=env->GetStaticmethodID(certificate_factory_class,"getInstance","(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/security/cert/CertificateFactory;"); Jstring x_509_Jstring=env->NewStringUTF("X.509"); jobject cert_factory=env->CallStaticObjectMethod(certificate_factory_class,methodID,x_509_Jstring); methodID=env->getmethodID(certificate_factory_class,"generateCertificate",("(Ljava/io/inputStream;)Ljava/security/cert/Certificate;")); jobject x509_cert=env->CallObjectMethod(cert_factory,methodID,byte_array_input); env->DeleteLocalRef(certificate_factory_class); jclass x509_cert_class=env->GetobjectClass(x509_cert); methodID=env->getmethodID(x509_cert_class,"getEncoded","()[B"); jbyteArray cert_byte=(jbyteArray)env->CallObjectMethod(x509_cert,methodID); env->DeleteLocalRef(x509_cert_class); jclass message_digest_class=env->FindClass("java/security/MessageDigest"); methodID=env->GetStaticmethodID(message_digest_class,"getInstance","(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/security/MessageDigest;"); Jstring sha1_Jstring=env->NewStringUTF("SHA1"); jobject sha1_digest=env->CallStaticObjectMethod(message_digest_class,methodID,sha1_Jstring); methodID=env->getmethodID(message_digest_class,"digest","([B)[B"); jbyteArray sha1_byte=(jbyteArray)env->CallObjectMethod(sha1_digest,methodID,cert_byte); env->DeleteLocalRef(message_digest_class); //转换成char Jsize array_size=env->GetArrayLength(sha1_byte); jbyte* sha1 =env->GetByteArrayElements(sha1_byte,NulL); char *hex_sha=new char[array_size*2+1]; for (int i = 0; i <array_size ; ++i) { hex_sha[2*i]=hexcode[((unsigned char)sha1[i])/16]; hex_sha[2*i+1]=hexcode[((unsigned char)sha1[i])%16]; } hex_sha[array_size*2]='<?xml version="1.0" enCoding="utf-8"?><linearLayout xmlns:androID="http://schemas.androID.com/apk/res/androID" xmlns:app="http://schemas.androID.com/apk/res-auto" xmlns:tools="http://schemas.androID.com/tools" androID:layout_margin="16dp" androID:layout_wIDth="match_parent" androID:layout_height="match_parent" androID:orIEntation="vertical" tools:context="com.example.jnisignatureverify.MainActivity"> <linearLayout androID:layout_wIDth="match_parent" androID:orIEntation="vertical" androID:layout_height="wrap_content"> <TextVIEw androID:layout_wIDth="wrap_content" androID:layout_height="wrap_content" androID:text="APP签名信息:"/> <TextVIEw androID:ID="@+ID/app_signatures_tv" androID:layout_wIDth="wrap_content" androID:layout_height="wrap_content"/> </linearLayout> <linearLayout androID:layout_margintop="16dp" androID:orIEntation="vertical" androID:layout_wIDth="match_parent" androID:layout_height="wrap_content"> <TextVIEw androID:layout_wIDth="wrap_content" androID:layout_height="wrap_content" androID:text="jni配置的签名信息:"/> <TextVIEw androID:ID="@+ID/jni_signatures_tv" androID:layout_wIDth="wrap_content" androID:layout_height="wrap_content"/> </linearLayout> <button androID:ID="@+ID/check_btn" androID:layout_margintop="16dp" androID:text="验证签名是否正确" androID:layout_wIDth="wrap_content" androID:layout_height="wrap_content"/> <button androID:ID="@+ID/token_btn" androID:layout_margintop="16dp" androID:text="获取token" androID:layout_wIDth="wrap_content" androID:layout_height="wrap_content"/></linearLayout>
'; LOGD("hex_sha %s ",hex_sha); return hex_sha;}jboolean checkValIDity(jnienv *env,char *sha1){ //比较签名 if (strcmp(sha1,app_sha1)==0) { LOGD("验证成功"); return true; } LOGD("验证失败"); return false;}extern "C"JNIEXPORT Jstring JNICALLJava_com_example_jnisignatureverify_MainActivity_getSignaturesSha1(jnienv *env, jobject thiz, jobject context) { // Todo: implement getSignaturesSha1() return env->NewStringUTF(app_sha1);}extern "C"JNIEXPORT jboolean JNICALLJava_com_example_jnisignatureverify_MainActivity_checkSha1(jnienv *env, jobject thiz, jobject contextObject) { // Todo: implement checkSha1() char *sha1 = getSha1(env,contextObject); jboolean result = checkValIDity(env,sha1); return result;}extern "C"JNIEXPORT Jstring JNICALLJava_com_example_jnisignatureverify_MainActivity_getToken(jnienv *env, jobject thiz, jobject contextObject, Jstring user_ID) { // Todo: implement getToken() char *sha1 = getSha1(env,contextObject); jboolean result = checkValIDity(env,sha1); if(result){ return env->NewStringUTF("获取Token成功"); }else{ return env->NewStringUTF("获取失败,请检查native-lib.cpp文件配置的sha1值"); }}
activity_main.xml:
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