目录
1 LVM是什么 1.1 概念解释 1.2 为什么用LVM 1.2.1 不使用LVM时的扩容思路 1.2.2 使用LVM时的扩容思路 1.3 名词解释 2 普通的挂载磁盘方法 2.1 创建分区的主要 *** 作 2.2 格式化新分区 2.3 挂载新分区 2.4 设置开机自动挂载 3 LVM方式挂载磁盘 - 推荐 3.1 查看磁盘容量信息 3.2 查看磁盘扇区信息 3.3 创建分区 3.4 创建物理卷 3.5 扩展卷组 3.6 扩展逻辑卷 3.7 查看磁盘卷组信息 3.8 调整文件系统的大小 3.9 附录 - 创建卷组 1 LVM是什么@H_502_65@ 1.1 概念解释LVM(Logical Volume Manager),逻辑卷管理,是一种将一至多个硬盘的分区在逻辑上进行组合,当成一个大硬盘来使用.
当硬盘空间不足时,可以动态地添加其它硬盘的分区到已有的卷组中 —— 磁盘空间的动态管理.
1.2 为什么用LVMLVM通常用于装备大量磁盘的系统,比如服务器中的磁盘阵列.
但LVM同样适用于仅有一、两块硬盘的小系统.
1.2.1 不使用LVM时的扩容思路传统的文件系统是基于分区的,一个文件系统对应一个分区,这种方式比较直观,但不易改变:
1.2.2 使用LVM时的扩容思路(1) 不同的分区相互独立,单独的文件不能跨分区存储,容易出现硬盘的利用率不均衡;
(2) 当一个文件系统/分区装满时,是不能对其进行扩容的,只能采用重新分区/建立文件系统,重新分区会丢失数据,就要:
① 做数据的迁移和备份;
② 或者把分区中的数据移到另一个更大的分区中;
③ 或者采用符号连接的方式使用其它分区的空间 —— 都非常麻烦;(3) 如果要把硬盘上的多个分区合并在一起使用,只能采用重新分区的方式,—— 需要做好数据的备份与恢复.
使用LVM时技术时,情况有所不同:
(1) 硬盘的多个分区由LVM统一管理为卷组,可以很轻松地加入或移走某个分区 —— 也就是扩大或减小卷组的可用容量,充分利用硬盘空间;
(2) 文件系统建立在逻辑卷上,而逻辑卷可以根据需要改变大小(在卷组容量范围内)以满足要求;
(3) 文件系统建立在LVM上,可以跨分区存储访问,更加方便;
强烈建议对拥有多个磁盘的系统,使用LVM管理磁盘.
1.3 名词解释2 普通的挂载磁盘方法@H_502_65@ 2.1 创建分区的主要 *** 作PV(Physical Volume): 物理卷,处于LVM最底层,可以是物理硬盘或者分区;
PP(Physical Extend): 物理区域,PV中可以用于分配的最小存储单元,可以在创建PV的时候指定,如1M,2M,4M,8M…..组成同一VG中所有PV的PE大小应该相同;
VG(Volume Group): 卷组,建立在PV之上,可以含有一个到多个PV;
LV(Logical Volume): 逻辑卷,建立在VG之上,相当于原来分区的概念,不过大小可以动态改变.
(1) 查看分区情况 - fdisk -l
[[email protected] ~]# fdisk -ldisk /dev/sda: 299.0 GB,298999349248 bytes # 磁盘/dev/sda255 heads,63 sectors/track,36351 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesdisk IDentifIEr: 0x4d69fe0e Device Boot Start End Blocks ID System/dev/sda1 * 1 26 204800 83 linux # 分为2个区,sda1Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary./dev/sda2 26 36352 291785728 8e linux LVM # sda2# 磁盘/dev/sdb没有分区disk /dev/sdb: 4000.0 GB,3999999721472 bytes255 heads,486305 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesdisk IDentifIEr: 0x00000000......
(2) 查看已有磁盘 - lsblk
[[email protected] ~]# lsblk name MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTsda 8:0 0 278.5G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 200M 0 part /boot└─sda2 8:2 0 278.3G 0 part └─VolGroup-LogVol (dm-0) 253:0 0 1.9T 0 lvm / # LVM类型的分区sdb 8:32 0 3.7T 0 disk # 还没有分区的新磁盘
(3) 对新磁盘进行分区 - fdisk /dev/sdb
[[email protected] ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb Device contains neither a valID DOS partition table,nor Sun,sgi or OSF disklabelBuilding a new DOS disklabel with disk IDentifIEr 0xf91f8c4c.Changes will remain in memory only,until you decIDe to write them.After that,of course,the prevIoUs content won't be recoverable.Warning: invalID flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)WARNING: The size of this disk is 4.0 TB (4000225165312 bytes).DOS partition table format can not be used on drives for volumeslarger than (2199023255040 bytes) for 512-byte sectors. Use parted(1) and GUID partition table format (GPT).WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to sectors (command 'u').Command (m for help): n # n 表示新建分区Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4)p # p 表示分区类型为主分区,主分区只有1-4种选择Partition number (1-4): 1 # 主分区的编号First cylinder (1-486333,default 1): # 开始扇区号,直接回车,使用默认值1Using default value 1# 结束扇区号,使用默认值 --- 这里只加载了新磁盘的一半(2T),所以还需要再次创建分区/dev/sdb2使用剩下的一半.Last cylinder,+cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-267349,default 267349): Using default value 267349Command (m for help): w # 将上述设置写入分区表并退出The partition table has been altered!Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.Syncing disks. (4) 再次查看分区情况 - fdisk -l
多出来一个/dev/sdb1的区,这个1就是之前主分区之后指定的分区编号.
[[email protected] ~]# fdisk -l disk /dev/sda: 299.0 GB,298999349248 bytes255 heads,36351 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesdisk IDentifIEr: 0x4d69fe0e Device Boot Start End Blocks ID System/dev/sda1 * 1 26 204800 83 linuxPartition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary./dev/sda2 26 36352 291785728 8e linux LVM# /dev/sdb磁盘: disk /dev/sdb: 4000.0 GB,486305 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesdisk IDentifIEr: 0x8f3043b5# 多出来的分区/dev/sdb1 Device Boot Start End Blocks ID System/dev/sdb1 1 267349 2147480811 83 linux......
(5) 查看当前分区表中的分区信息 - cat /proc/partitions
[[email protected] ~]# cat /proc/partitions major minor #blocks name 8 0 291991552 sda 8 1 204800 sda1 8 2 291785728 sda2 8 32 3906249728 sdb # 添加的新磁盘 8 33 2147480811 sdb1 # 创建的新分区 253 0 2046660608 dm-0
如果创建完之后，cat /proc/partitions 查看不到对应的分区,使用 parprobe 刷新命令即可:
[[email protected] ~]# partprobe /dev/sdc2.2 格式化新分区
(1) 格式化新分区 - mkfs -t
这里建议将新分区格式化为ext4文件类型,还有ext2,ext3等文件类型,区别请参考博客 ext2、ext3与ext4的区别 .
[[email protected] ~]# mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdb1mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)filesystem label=OS type: linuxBlock size=4096 (log=2)Fragment size=4096 (log=2)StrIDe=0 blocks,Stripe wIDth=0 blocks134217728 inodes,536870202 blocks26843510 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super userFirst data block=0Maximum filesystem blocks=429496729616384 block groups32768 blocks per group,32768 fragments per group8192 inodes per groupSuperblock backups stored on blocks: 32768,98304,163840,229376,294912,819200,884736,1605632,2654208,4096000,7962624,11239424,20480000,23887872,71663616,78675968,102400000,214990848,512000000Writing inode tables: 8874/16384
(2) 等待一小会后,将出现下述提示,说明格式化完成:
Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (32768 blocks): doneWriting superblocks and filesystem accounting information: doneThis filesystem will be automatically checked every 26 mounts or180 days,whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to overrIDe.2.3 挂载新分区
(1) 创建目录,并将 /dev/sdb1挂在到该目录下:
[[email protected] /]# mkdir data && cd /data[[email protected] data]# mount /dev/sdc1 /data1
(2) 查看挂载是否成功:
[[email protected] data]# df -lfilesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on/dev/mapper/VolGroup-LogVol 286901696 18601728 253726196 7% /tmpfs 66020980 0 66020980 0% /dev/shm/dev/sda1 495844 33476 436768 8% /boot# 挂载成功: /dev/sdb1 2113784984 202776 2006208168 1% /data2.4 设置开机自动挂载
编辑文件 /etc/fstab:
[@L_403_32@ data]# vim /etc/fstab# 文件内容如下: # /etc/fstab# Created by anaconda on Wed Sep 12 10:41:40 2018## Accessible filesystems,by reference,are maintained under '/dev/disk'# See man pages fstab(5),findfs(8),mount(8) and/or blkID(8) for more info#/dev/mapper/VolGroup-LogVol / ext4 defaults 1 1/dev/sdb1 /data ext4 defaults 1 1UUID=22b1d425-d050-43c3-a735-06d48bbb9051 /boot ext4 defaults 1 2 tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0devpts /dev/pts devpts gID=5,mode=620 0 0sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0proc /proc proc defaults 0 03 LVM方式挂载磁盘 - 推荐@H_502_65@ 3.1 查看磁盘容量信息
[[email protected] ~]# df -hfilesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on/dev/mapper/VG-LogVol 1.9T 1.8T 61G 97% / # LVM卷组-逻辑卷tmpfs 63G 0 63G 0% /dev/shm/dev/sda1 485M 40M 421M 9% /boot3.2 查看磁盘扇区信息
[[email protected] ~]# fdisk -ldisk /dev/sda: 299.0 GB,sda1Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary./dev/sda2 26 36352 291785728 8e linux LVM # LVM类型的sda2# 新添加的磁盘/dev/sdb,没有分区disk /dev/sdb: 4000.0 GB,486305 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesdisk IDentifIEr: 0x00000000# LVM格式的卷组信息: disk /dev/mapper/VolGroup-LogVol: 4294 MB,4294967296 bytes255 heads,522 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesdisk IDentifIEr: 0x000000003.3 创建分区
[[email protected] ~]# fdisk /dev/sdbDevice contains neither a valID DOS partition table,sgi or OSF disklabelBuilding a new DOS disklabel with disk IDentifIEr 0x5b3d66ba.Changes will remain in memory only,the prevIoUs content won't be recoverable.Warning: invalID flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)WARNING: The size of this disk is 4.0 TB (3999999721472 bytes).DOS partition table format can not be used on drives for volumeslarger than (2199023255040 bytes) for 512-byte sectors. Use parted(1) and GUID partition table format (GPT).WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to sectors (command 'u').Command (m for help): n # 添加分区Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4)p # 添加主分区Partition number (1-4): 1 # 1号主分区,即/dev/sdb1First cylinder (1-486305,default 1): Using default value 1Last cylinder,default 267349): 486305Value out of range.Last cylinder,default 267349): Using default value 267349Command (m for help): n # 继续添加分区Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4)pPartition number (1-4): 2 # 2号主分区,即/dev/sdc2First cylinder (267350-486305,default 267350): Using default value 267350Last cylinder,G} (267350-486305,default 486305): Using default value 486305Command (m for help): p # 打印分区信息: disk /dev/sdb: 4000.0 GB,486305 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesdisk IDentifIEr: 0x5b3d66ba Device Boot Start End Blocks ID System/dev/sdb1 1 267349 2147480811 83 linux/dev/sdb2 267350 486305 1758764070 83 linuxCommand (m for help): t # 转换类型Partition number (1-4): 1Partition number (1-4): 1 # 修改/dev/sdb1为linux LVM类型: Hex code (type L to List codes): L # 查看可用类型: 0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old lin bf Solaris 1 FAT12 39 Plan 9 82 linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 2 XENIX root 3c PartitionMagic 83 linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 3 XENIX usr 40 Venix 80286 84 OS/2 hIDden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 4 FAT16 <32M 41 PPC PReP Boot 85 linux extended c7 Syrinx 5 Extended 42 SFS 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data 6 FAT16 4d QNX4.x 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / . 7 HPFS/NTFS 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 88 linux plaintext de Dell Utility 8 AIX 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 8e linux LVM df BootIt 9 AIX bootable 50 OnTrack DM 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access a OS/2 Boot Manag 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O b W95 fat32 52 CP/M 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor c W95 fat32 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a5 FreeBSD ee GPT f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 55 EZ-Drive a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/10 OPUS 56 Golden Bow a7 NeXTSTEP f0 linux/pa-risc b11 HIDden FAT12 5c Priam Edisk a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor 12 Compaq diagnost 61 SpeedStor a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor 14 HIDden FAT16 <3 63 GNU HURD or Sys ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary 16 HIDden FAT16 64 Novell Netware af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS 17 HIDden HPFS/NTF 65 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE 18 AST SmartSleep 70 diskSecure Mult b8 BSDI swap fd linux raID auto1b HIDden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX bb Boot Wizard hID fe LANstep 1c HIDden W95 FAT3 80 old Minix be Solaris boot ff BBT 1e HIDden W95 FAT1Hex code (type L to List codes): 8e # 修改为8e,即linux LVM类型Changed system type of partition 1 to 8e (linux LVM)Command (m for help): tPartition number (1-4): 2 # 修改/dev/sdc2为linux LVM类型Hex code (type L to List codes): 8eChanged system type of partition 2 to 8e (linux LVM)Command (m for help): p # 再次查看相关信息: disk /dev/sdc: 4000.0 GB,486305 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesdisk IDentifIEr: 0x5b3d66ba Device Boot Start End Blocks ID System/dev/sdb1 1 267349 2147480811 8e linux LVM # ID已改变/dev/sdb2 267350 486305 1758764070 8e linux LVMCommand (m for help): w # 保存并退出The partition table has been altered! # 修改成功Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.Syncing disks.3.4 创建物理卷
[[email protected] ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdb1 Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created[[email protected] ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdb2 Physical volume "/dev/sdb2" successfully created3.5 扩展卷组
# 查看已有卷组,发现该卷组就是需要扩容的卷组,就不必再次创建卷组,而是直接扩展卷组即可: [[email protected] ~]# vgs VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree VolGroup 2 2 0 wz--n- 1.91t 0 # 扩展卷组: [[email protected] ~]# vgextend VolGroup /dev/sdb1 Volume group "VolGroup" successfully extended[[email protected] ~]# vgextend VolGroup /dev/sdb2 Volume group "VolGroup" successfully extended
说明: 如果出现下述无法挂载物理磁盘到卷组中的信息,说明这块物理磁盘已经挂载了,需要先卸载,然后再执行创建分区+卷组的 *** 作:
[[email protected] /]# vgextend VolGroup /dev/sdb1 No physical volume label read from /dev/sdb1 Physical volume /dev/sdb1 not found Can't open /dev/sdb1 exclusively. Mounted filesystem? Unable to add physical volume '/dev/sdb1' to volume group 'VolGroup'.3.6 扩展逻辑卷
# 扩展逻辑卷,即扩容: [[email protected] ~]# lvextend -l +100%FREE /dev/mapper/VolGroup-LogVol Extending logical volume lv_root to 5.54 TiB Logical volume lv_root successfully resized# 上述命令是将所有的空闲空间都扩容到逻辑卷中,也可指定扩容的大小: lvextend -l +100G /dev/mapper/VolGroup-LogVol3.7 查看磁盘卷组信息
[[email protected] ~]# lsblk name MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTsda 8:0 0 278.5G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 500M 0 part /boot└─sda2 8:2 0 278G 0 part ├─VolGroup-LogVol (dm-0) 253:0 0 5.6T 0 lvm /sdb 8:16 0 1.6T 0 disk └─sdb1 8:17 0 1.6T 0 part └─VolGroup-LogVol (dm-0) 253:0 0 5.6T 0 lvm /sdc 8:32 0 3.7T 0 disk ├─sdc1 8:33 0 2T 0 part │ └─VolGroup-LogVol (dm-0) 253:0 0 5.6T 0 lvm /└─sdc2 8:34 0 1.7T 0 part └─VolGroup-LogVol (dm-0) 253:0 0 5.6T 0 lvm /3.8 调整文件系统的大小
# CentOS 7重新读取磁盘大小: [[email protected] ~]# xfs_growfs /dev/mapper/VolGroup-LogVol xfs_growfs: /dev/mapper/VolGroup-LogVol is not a mounted XFS filesystem# CentOS 6.5重新读取磁盘大小: # ext4格式,resize2fs会遍历整个磁盘,速度比较慢,但是不影响读写数据,可以令其在后台运行. [[email protected] ~]# resize2fs /dev/mapper/VolGroup-LogVol resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)filesystem at /dev/mapper/VolGroup-LogVol is mounted on /; on-line resizing requiredold desc_blocks = 122,new_desc_blocks = 355Performing an on-line resize of /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root to 1487098880 (4k) blocks.# 等了差不多20分钟,出来了下面这货: The filesystem on /dev/mapper/VolGroup-LogVol is Now 1487098880 blocks long. # 赶紧看下扩容成果吧: [[email protected] ~]# df -hfilesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on/dev/mapper/VolGroup-LogVol 5.5T 1.8T 3.5T 34% / # 扩容成功tmpfs 63G 0 63G 0% /dev/shm/dev/sda1 485M 40M 421M 9% /boot3.9 附录 - 创建卷组
对应 [3.5] 节的扩展卷组,如果卷组不存在,则需要创建之. 下述VolGroup是卷组名称.
vgcreate VolGroup /dev/sdb1# 创建逻辑卷,名称为: mylv. ( *** 作系统中将产生: /dev/VolGroup/mylv目录)# 将当前卷组中的100G空间分配到逻辑卷中lvcreate -L 100G VolGroup -n mylv# 或将当前卷组中的所有空闲空间全都分配到逻辑卷中: lvcreate -l +100%FREE VolGroup -n mylv# 格式化逻辑卷组: mkfs -t ext4 /dev/VolGroup/mylv# 挂载卷组到指定目录下,如果是挂载到根目录,则无需向/etc/fstab文件中添加启动项. mount -t ext4 /dev/VolGroup/mylv /data
参考资料@H_502_65@@L_419_47@
ext2、ext3与ext4的区别
Linux 下挂载硬盘的方法
linux磁盘管理、新增磁盘、分区、挂载
版权声明@H_502_65@总结作者: ma_shoufeng(马瘦风)
出处: 博客园 马瘦风的博客
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