关于南非的介绍，要英语版的。

Geography
South Africa, on the continent's southern tip, is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean on the west and by the Indian Ocean on the south and east Its neighbors are Namibia in the northwest, Zimbabwe and Botswana in the north, and Mozambique and Swaziland in the northeast The kingdom of Lesotho forms an enclave within the southeast part of South Africa, which occupies an area nearly three times that of California
The southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas, located in the Western Cape Province about 100 mi (161 km) southeast of the Cape of Good Hope
Government
Republic
History
The San people were the first settlers; the Khoikhoi and Bantu-speaking tribes followed The Dutch East India Company landed the first European settlers on the Cape of Good Hope in 1652, launching a colony that by the end of the 18th century numbered only about 15,000 Known as Boers or Afrikaners, and speaking a Dutch dialect known as Afrikaans, the settlers as early as 1795 tried to establish an independent republic
After occupying the Cape Colony in that year, Britain took permanent possession in 1815 at the end of the Napoleonic Wars, bringing in 5,000 settlers Anglicization of government and the freeing of slaves in 1833 drove about 12,000 Afrikaners to make the “great trek” north and east into African tribal territory, where they established the republics of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State
The discovery of diamonds in 1867 and gold nine years later brought an influx of “outlanders” into the republics and spurred Cape Colony prime minister Cecil Rhodes to plot annexation Rhodes's scheme of sparking an “outlander” rebellion, to which an armed party under Leander Starr Jameson would ride to the rescue, misfired in 1895, forcing Rhodes to resign What British expansionists called the “inevitable” war with the Boers broke out on Oct 11, 1899 The defeat of the Boers in 1902 led in 1910 to the Union of South Africa, composed of four provinces, the two former republics, and the old Cape and Natal colonies Louis Botha, a Boer, became the first prime minister Organized political activity among Africans started with the establishment of the African National Congress in 1912
South Africa's Independence is Tarnished by Apartheid
Jan Christiaan Smuts brought the nation into World War II on the Allied side against Nationalist opposition, and South Africa became a charter member of the United Nations in 1945, but he refused to sign the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Apartheid—racial separation—dominated domestic politics as the Nationalists gained power and imposed greater restrictions on Bantus (black Africans), Asians, and Coloreds (in South Africa the term meant any nonwhite person) Black voters were removed from the voter rolls in 1936 Over the next half-century, the nonwhite population of South Africa was forced out of designated white areas The Group Areas Acts of 1950 and 1986 forced about 15 million Africans to move from cities to rural townships, where they lived in abject poverty under repressive laws
South Africa declared itself a republic in 1961 and severed its ties with the Commonwealth, which strongly objected to the country's racist policies The white supremacist National Party, which had first come to power in 1948, would continue its rule for the next three decades
In 1960, 70 black protesters were killed during a peaceful demonstration in Sharpesville The African National Congress (ANC), the principal antiapartheid organization, was banned that year, and in 1964 its leader, Nelson Mandela, was sentenced to life imprisonment Black protests against apartheid grew stronger and more violent In 1976, an uprising in the black township of Soweto spread to other black townships and left 600 dead Beginning in the 1960s, international opposition to apartheid intensified The UN imposed sanctions, and many countries divested their South African holdings
Apartheid's grip on South Africa began to give way when F W de Klerk replaced P W Botha as president in 1989 De Klerk removed the ban on the ANC and released its leader, Nelson Mandela, after 27 years of imprisonment The Inkatha Freedom Party, a black opposition group led by Mangosuthu Buthelezi, which was seen as collaborating with the apartheid system, frequently clashed with the ANC during this period
Apartheid is Abolished; Mandela Becomes President
In 1991, a multiracial forum led by de Klerk and Mandela, the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA), began working on a new constitution In 1993, an interim constitution was passed, which dismantled apartheid and provided for a multiracial democracy with majority rule The peaceful transition of South Africa from one of the world's most repressive societies into a democracy is one of the 20th century's most remarkable success stories Mandela and de Klerk were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993
The 1994 election, the country's first multiracial one, resulted in a massive victory for Mandela and his ANC The new government included six ministers from the National Party and three from the Inkatha Freedom Party A new national constitution was approved and adopted in May 1996
In 1997 the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, chaired by Desmond Tutu, began hearings regarding human rights violations between 1960 and 1993 The commission promised amnesty to those who confessed their crimes under the apartheid system In 1998, F W de Klerk, PW Botha, and leaders of the ANC appeared before the commission, and the nation continued to grapple with its enlightened but often painful and divisive process of national recovery
Mbeki Takes Over From Mandela
Nelson Mandela, whose term as president cemented his reputation as one of the world's most farsighted and magnanimous statesmen, retired in 1999 On June 2, 1999, Thabo Mbeki, the pragmatic deputy president and leader of the ANC, was elected president in a landslide, having already assumed many of Mandela's governing responsibilities
In his first term, Mbeki wrestled with a slumping economy and a skyrocketing crime rate South Africa, the country with the highest number of HIV-positive people in the world (65 million in 2005), has been hampered in fighting the epidemic by its president's highly controversial views Mbeki has denied the link between HIV and AIDS and claimed that the West has exaggerated the epidemic to boost drug profits The international community as well as most South African leaders, including Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu, have condemned Mbeki's stance In 2006, 60 international scientists called the government's policies “disastrous and pseudo-scientific”
As expected, on April 15, 2004, the African National Congress won South Africa's general election in a landslide, taking about 70% of the vote, and Thabo Mbeki was sworn in for a second term
In December 2007, African National Committee delegates chose Jacob Zuma as their leader, ousting Mbeki, who had been in control of the party for the last ten years With the victory, Zuma is poised to become president when Mbeki's term expires in 2009 Zuma was acquitted of rape charges in 2006 In late December, prosecutors reopened corruption charges against Zuma and ordered him to face trial for "various counts of racketeering, money laundering, corruption, and fraud" Zuma's lawyers accused Mbeki of trying to sabotage Zuma's political career A High Court judge dismissed the corruption charges against Zuma in September 2008, saying the government mishandled the prosecution The judge also criticized President Mbeki for attempting to influence the prosecution of Zuma
Motlanthe Serves as "Interim" President; Opposition to the ANC Grows
Under pressure from leaders the African National Congress (ANC), Mbeki announced he would step down just days after Zuma was cleared While party leader's cited Mbeki's alleged interference in the corruption case against Zuma, Mbeki's resignation culminated several years of bitter infighting between Zuma and Mbeki, which led to discord in the ANC On Sep 25, Parliament elected Kgalema Motlanthe, a labor leader who was imprisoned during apartheid, as president Zuma must be a member of Parliament before he can be elected president Parliamentary elections are expected in early 2009
On his first day as president, Motlanthe acted to move beyond Mbeki's resistance to using modern and effective methods, such as antirretroviral medicines, to tackle its AIDS crisis by replacing South Africa's health minister, Manto Tshabalala-Msimang, who has suggested that garlic, lemon juice, and beetroot could cure AIDS, with Barbara Hogan "The era of denialism is over," she said More than 57 million South Africans are HIV-positive, the highest number of any country in the world
In November, about 6,400 dissident members of the ANC held a convention in Johannesburg and decided to form a new party that will challenge the leadership of the ANC The delegates, many of whom supported former president Mbeki, expressed dissatisfaction with the leadership of the party, calling it corrupt, authoritarian, and "rotting" In December, the new party, the Congress of the People (COPE), selected former defense minister Mosiuoa Lekota as its president
South African's Supreme Court reinstated corruption charges against Zuma in January 2009, saying that a lower court had "overstepped" its authority in dismissing the charges

1960s英文读音：nineteen sixties ： [ˌnaɪnˈti:n][ˈsɪksti:z]

nineteen

英 [ˌnaɪnˈti:n]   美 [naɪnˈtin]

num十九;十九个;第十九

n十九岁;十九点钟

例句：

He was a kid really, not more than eighteen or nineteen

他实际上还是个孩子，最多不过十八九岁。

sixty

英 [ˈsɪksti]   美 [ˈsɪksti]

num六十

例句：

He walked two hundred and sixty miles in eight days

他在8天里走了260英里的路。

扩展资料：

英语年代的读法：

1没有"0"的读法，读成两个十位数

比如：1543，读成“fifteen forty three”

2 只有一个“0”在个位，读成两个十位数

比如：1990，读成“nineteen ninety”

3只有一个“0”在十位，读成：前面两位当成十位数来读，十位的零读作“Oh”，个位直接读

比如：1908，读成“nineteen Oh eight”

4只有一个“0”在百位，有两种读法，一种是继续读成两个十位数，另一种是读成“ thousand and ”

比如：2018可以读成：“twenty eighteen”或者“two thousand and eighteen”

5两个“0”在结尾，把前面两个数字读成十位数，后面加上hundred

比如：1900 nineteen hundred

6两个“0”在中间，读成：“ thousand and ”

比如：2009 two thousand and nine

7三个“0”结尾，读成：“ thousand”

比如：2000 two thousand

（一）音标分类—元音
音标一共有48个，包括20个元音和28个辅音。其中元音氛围单元音和双元音。辅音分为清辅音和浊辅音等。
元音
（1）单元音
[i:] [E:] [O:] [u:] [A:][i] [E] [O] [u] [V] [Q] [e]
（2）双元音
[ai] [ei] [Oi] [iE] [CE] [uE] [Eu] [au]
（二）音标分类—辅音
辅音分为清辅音和浊辅音等。
辅音
（1）清辅音
[p] [t] [k] [f] [s] [T] [S] [tS] [tr] [ts]
（2）浊辅音
[b] [d] [g] [v] [z] [D] [θ][dZ] [dr] [dz]
（3）鼻音
[m] [n] [N]
（4）半元音
[w] [j]
（5）似拼音
[h] [r] [l]
（三）谐音记忆方法—单元音
多数音标发音同汉字发音相同，可以用汉字来简单代替，这样记忆起来会轻松很多，下面先看元音部分。
单元音
[i:] 发音同汉字“一”
[E:]谐音为“额”，摸摸额头就能想到
[O:]同“哦”，哦这个音标是这样读的
[u:] 读音同呜呜大哭的“呜”
[A:]跟“啊”发音一样
[i]这个很短，相当于说“一”的时候说到一半就被打断
[E]发音同“耶”，欢呼声
[O]同“哦”，发音要短要轻
[u]un加鼻音
[V] 嘴唇发出震动
[Q] 同“Q”
[e]同阿房宫的“阿”，发音短
（四）谐音记忆方法—双元音
双元音
[ai]“哎”，和拼音发音一样
[ei] “哎咦”，带点感情
[Oi]“奥义”，忍者奥义
[iE]耶
[CE] “嘶”，嘶嘶声
[uE] 同“约”
[Eu]同“欧”
[au]嘴巴张圆“凹”
（五）辅音记忆方法
辅音的音标发音和元音的区别很大，多数辅音发音同汉语拼音发音基本相同。也有几个发音比较特殊的。
[θ]同“Z”
[ð]还是同“Z”，舌头贴牙齿更紧
（六）音标记忆口诀
记住音标也不是没有规律可循，像记二十四节气那样，音标也有记忆口诀。
单元音共十二，四二六前中后。 双元音也好背，合口集中八个整。 辅音共计二十八，八对一清又七浊， 四个连对也包括。有气无声清辅音， 有声无气浊辅音，发音特点应掌握。
（七）总结
以上就是记忆音标谐音方法和口诀，方法肯定不止一种两种。大家想要学的更多可以到比特e学堂来看看，效果会更好的。掌握科学有效的方法，学习好英语就没那么难。

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