错误一：
NOW, Booting Linux......
Uncompressing Linux...................................................................................... done, booting the kernel.
停止的情况
下面的是tools/mach-types中关于体系的参数定义
s3c2440ARCH_S3C2440S3C2440 362
mini2440MACH_MINI2440MINI24401999
解决方法：linux机器码要与bootloader一致，否则出现这个错误！
2.内核的配置
1..[*] Enable loadable module support --->
[*] Module unloading
2. System Type ---->
[*] S3C2410 DMA support [*] Support ARM920T processor
S3C2440 Machines --->
[*] SMDK2440
[*] SMDK2440 with S3C2440 CPU moduleq
其他的比如2410,2443相关的全部去掉
3.Boot options --->
将 (root=/dev/hda1 ro init=/bin/bash console=ttySAC0) Default kernel command string
改成(noinitrd root=/dev/mtdblock2 init=/linuxrc console=ttySAC0 ）
其中 mtdblock2 表示 MTD 分区的第二个分区存文件系统； Linuxrc 为启动的首个脚本。
4关掉nand ecc .因为bootload中已经有ecc校验算法
Device Drivers --->
<*>Memory Technology Device (MTD) support --->
[*] MTD partitioning support
<*>NAND Device Support --->
<*> NAND Flash support for S3C2410/S3C2440 SoC
[ ] S3C2410 NAND Hardware ECC // 这个要去掉
3.添加nand flash驱动（可参考arm/plat-s3c24xx/common-smdk.c)
在arm/mach-mini2440.c
错误二：
//注意结构和函数的顺序
中添加static struct mtd_partition mini2440_default_nand_part[] = {
[0] = {
.name= "supervivi",
.size= 0x00040000,//dev/mdkbloack0
.offset= 0,
},
[1] = {
.name= "param",
.offset = 0x00040000,
.size= 0x00020000,
},
[2] = {
.name= "Kernel",
.offset = 0x00560000,
.size=1024 * 1024 * 1024,
},
[3] = {
.name= "nand",
.offset= 0x00000000,
.size= 1024 * 1024 * 1024,
},
}
static struct s3c2410_nand_set mini2440_nand_sets[] = {
[0] = {
.name= "NAND",
.nr_chips= 1,
.nr_partitions= ARRAY_SIZE(mini2440_default_nand_part),
.partitions=mini2440_default_nand_part,
},
}
static struct s3c2410_platform_nand mini2440_nand_info = {
.tacls= 20,
.twrph0= 60,
.twrph1= 20,
.nr_sets= ARRAY_SIZE(mini2440_nand_sets),
.sets= mini2440_nand_sets,
.ignore_unset_ecc = 1,
}
错误三：
Unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at virtual address 00000018
pgd = c0004000
[00000018] *pgd=00000000
Internal error: Oops: 5 [#1]
make zIamge下载后报错
解决办法：
static void __init mini2440_machine_init(void)
{
s3c24xx_fb_set_platdata(&mini2440_fb_info)
s3c_i2c0_set_platdata(NULL)
s3c_device_nand.dev.platform_data = &mini2440_nand_info //这个函数手册上没有，但得加
platform_add_devices(mini2440_devices, ARRAY_SIZE(mini2440_devices))
//smdk_machine_init()
}
static struct platform_device *mini2440_devices[] __initdata = {
&s3c_device_usb,
&s3c_device_lcd,
&s3c_device_wdt,
&s3c_device_i2c0,
&s3c_device_iis,
&s3c_device_nand, // 把 nand flash 设备添加到开发板的设备列表结构
}
更改drivers/mtd/nand/s3c2410.c关闭ecc校验
chip->ecc.mode= NAND_ECC_SOFT
改为：chip->ecc.mode= NAND_ECC_NONE
错误四：
arch/arm/mach-s3c2440/mach-mini2440.c:84: error: array type has incomplete element type
arch/arm/mach-s3c2440/mach-mini2440.c:85: error: array index in non-array initializer
arch/arm/mach-s3c2440/mach-mini2440.c:85: error: (near initialization for 'mini2440_nand_sets')
arch/arm/mach-s3c2440/mach-mini2440.c:86: error: field name not in record or union initializer
arch/arm/mach-s3c2440/mach-mini2440.c:86: error: (near initialization for 'mini2440_nand_sets')
arch/arm/mach-s3c2440/mach-mini2440.c:87: error: field name not in record or union initializer
在macn-mini2440中添加头文件
#include <plat/common-smdk.h>
#include <linux/mtd/mtd.h>
#include <linux/mtd/nand.h>
#include <linux/mtd/nand_ecc.h>
#include <linux/mtd/partitions.h>
#include <plat/nand.h>//这个也不能少的哦
编译后下载：
affs: dev is 32505858 name is "mtdblock2"
yaffs: passed flags ""
yaffs: Attempting MTD mount on 31.2, "mtdblock2"
yaffs: auto selecting yaffs2
yaffs_read_super: isCheckpointed 0
VFS: Mounted root (yaffs filesystem) on device 31:2.
Freeing init memory: 128K
错误五：
Kernel panic - not syncing: Attempted to kill init
解决办法： 这个时候懵了,哪里错呢~ 没办法,只能对照着友善的配置一个个大模块对着来改
当改到Kernel Features的时候错误消失了,原来需要选上
Use the ARM EABI to compile the kernel
Allow old ABI binaries to run with thie Kernel
为什么呢?~ Google了一下,原来友善的根文件系统在编译的时候也启用了EABI特性,内核和文件系统需要对上
文件系统用了EABI 内核也要用EABI 内核不用EABI 也只能读取不用EABI的文件系统
本移植主要参考友善之臂移植手册完成，做个笔记以备不时之需Linux-2.6.32 内核LCD驱动移植
使用环境：fedora9
交叉编译工具链：arm-linux-gcc-4.4.3
内核源码来源：https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/
内核存放目录：/opt/mymini2440/linux-2.6.32
一、LCD背光驱动移植
在、opt/mymini2440/linux-2.6.32/drivers/video/目录下添加背光驱动程序mini2440_backlight.c，内容如下：
//以下头文件可能并不是每一个都必须的，但多余的并不会影响驱动程序的内容
#include <linux/errno.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/input.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/serio.h>
#include <linux/delay.h>
#include <linux/clk.h>
#include <linux/miscdevice.h>
#include <linux/gpio.h>
#include <asm/io.h>
#include <asm/irq.h>
#include <asm/uaccess.h>
#include <mach/regs-clock.h>
#include <plat/regs-timer.h>
#include <mach/regs-gpio.h>
#include <linux/cdev.h>
#undef DEBUG
//#define DEBUG
#ifdef DEBUG
#define DPRINTK(x...) {printk(__FUNCTION__"(%d): ",__LINE__)printk(##x)}
#else
#define DPRINTK(x...) (void)(0)
#endif
//定义背光驱动的名称为backligh，将会出现在/dev/backlight
#define DEVICE_NAME "backlight"
//定义背光变量bl_state，以记录背光的开关状态
static unsigned int bl_state
//设置背光开关的函数，主要是翻转背光变量bl_state
static inline void set_bl(int state)
{
bl_state = !!state//翻转bl_state 变量
s3c2410_gpio_setpin(S3C2410_GPG(4), bl_state)//把结果写入背光所用的寄存器GPG4
}
//获取背光状态
static inline unsigned int get_bl(void)
{
return bl_state
}
//从应用程序读取参数，并传递到内核中
static ssize_t dev_write(struct file *file, const char *buffer, size_t count, loff_t * ppos)
{
unsigned char ch
int ret
if (count == 0) {
return count
}
//使用copy_from_user 函数从用户层/应用层读取参数
ret = copy_from_user(&ch, buffer, sizeof ch) ? -EFAULT : 0
if (ret) {
return ret
}
ch &= 0x01//判断奇数还是偶数
set_bl(ch)//设置背光状态
return count
}
//把内核参数传递给用户层/应用层的读函数
static ssize_t dev_read(struct file *filp, char *buffer, size_t count, loff_t *ppos)
{
int ret
unsigned char str[] = {'0', '1' }
if (count == 0) {
return 0
}
//使用copy_to_user 函数把内核参数传递到用户层/应用层
ret = copy_to_user(buffer, str + get_bl(), sizeof(unsigned char) ) ? -EFAULT : 0
if (ret) {
return ret
}
return sizeof(unsigned char)
}
//设备 *** 作集
static struct file_operations dev_fops = {
owner: THIS_MODULE,
read:dev_read,
write: dev_write,
}
static struct miscdevice misc = {
.minor = MISC_DYNAMIC_MINOR,
.name = DEVICE_NAME,
.fops = &dev_fops,
}
//设备初始化，内核启动时就有效
static int __init dev_init(void)
{
int ret
ret = misc_register(&misc)
printk (DEVICE_NAME"\tinitialized\n")
//初始化背光所用的端口GPG4 为输出
s3c2410_gpio_cfgpin(S3C2410_GPG(4), S3C2410_GPIO_OUTPUT)
//启动内核时打开背光
set_bl(1)
return ret
}
static void __exit dev_exit(void)
{
misc_deregister(&misc)
}
module_init(dev_init)//注册背光驱动模块
module_exit(dev_exit)//卸载背光驱动模块
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL")
MODULE_AUTHOR("FriendlyARM Inc.")
在/opt/mymini2440/linux-2.6.32/drivers/video/目录项的菜单文件Kconfig中添加LCD背光驱动配置菜单如下：
config FB_S3C2410_DEBUG
bool "S3C2410 lcd debug messages"
depends on FB_S3C2410
help
Turn on debugging messages. Note that you can set/unset at run time
through sysfs
config BACKLIGHT_MINI2440
tristate "Backlight support for mini2440 from FriendlyARM"
depends on MACH_MINI2440 &&FB_S3C2410
help
backlight driver for MINI2440 from FriendlyARM
config FB_SM501
tristate "Silicon Motion SM501 framebuffer support"
在/opt/mymini2440/linux-2.6.32/drivers/video/Makefile中添加背光驱动目标文件
# the test framebuffer is last
obj-$(CONFIG_FB_VIRTUAL) += vfb.o
#video output switch sysfs driver
obj-$(CONFIG_VIDEO_OUTPUT_CONTROL) += output.o
obj-$(CONFIG_BACKLIGHT_MINI2440) += mini2440_backlight.o
配置内核：
Device Drivers --->Graphics support ---> <*>Support for frame buffer devices
---><*> Backlight support for mini2440 from FriendlyARM
背光驱动移植完毕！
二、LCD驱动移植
在内核中添加各种LCD 类型的支持（我是X35的屏，也是我只需关注的部分，不过还是都添加了，X35有红色标出）
删除mach-mini2440.c原有代码（本人115行-158行）
162
163 //LCD2VGA(分辨率为1024x768)模块的配置和参数设置
164 #elif defined(CONFIG_FB_S3C2410_VGA1024768)
165 #define LCD_WIDTH 1024
166 #define LCD_HEIGHT 768
167 #define LCD_PIXCLOCK 80000
168 #define LCD_RIGHT_MARGIN 15
169 #define LCD_LEFT_MARGIN 199
170 #define LCD_HSYNC_LEN 15
171 #define LCD_UPPER_MARGIN 1
172 #define LCD_LOWER_MARGIN 1
173 #define LCD_VSYNC_LEN 1
174 #define LCD_CON5 (S3C2410_LCDCON5_FRM565 | S3C2410_LCDCON5_HWSWP)
175
176 #elif defined(CONFIG_FB_S3C2410_X240320)
177 #define LCD_WIDTH 240
178 #define LCD_HEIGHT 320
179 #define LCD_PIXCLOCK 170000
180 #define LCD_RIGHT_MARGIN 25
181 #define LCD_LEFT_MARGIN 0
182 #define LCD_HSYNC_LEN 4
183 #define LCD_UPPER_MARGIN 0
184 #define LCD_LOWER_MARGIN 4
185 #define LCD_VSYNC_LEN 9
186 #define LCD_CON5 (S3C2410_LCDCON5_FRM565 | S3C2410_LCDCON5_INVVDEN | S3C2410_LCDCON5_INVVFRAME | S3C2410_LCDCON5_INVVLINE | S3C2410_LCDCON5_INVVCLK | S3C2410_LCDCON5_HWSWP )
187 #endif
188
189 #if defined (LCD_WIDTH)
190
191 static struct s3c2410fb_display mini2440_lcd_cfg __initdata = {
192 #if !defined (LCD_CON5)
193 .lcdcon5 = S3C2410_LCDCON5_FRM565 |
194 S3C2410_LCDCON5_INVVLINE |
195 S3C2410_LCDCON5_INVVFRAME |
196 S3C2410_LCDCON5_PWREN |
197 S3C2410_LCDCON5_HWSWP,
198 #else
199 .lcdcon5 = LCD_CON5,
200 #endif
201 .type = S3C2410_LCDCON1_TFT,
202 .width = LCD_WIDTH,
203 .height = LCD_HEIGHT,
204 .pixclock = LCD_PIXCLOCK,
205 .xres = LCD_WIDTH,
206 .yres = LCD_HEIGHT,
207 .bpp= 16,
208 .left_margin= LCD_LEFT_MARGIN + 1,
209 .right_margin = LCD_RIGHT_MARGIN + 1,
210 .hsync_len = LCD_HSYNC_LEN + 1,
211 .upper_margin = LCD_UPPER_MARGIN + 1,
212 .lower_margin = LCD_LOWER_MARGIN + 1,
213 .vsync_len = LCD_VSYNC_LEN + 1,
214 }
215
216 static struct s3c2410fb_mach_info mini2440_fb_info __initdata = {
217 .displays = &mini2440_lcd_cfg,
218 .num_displays = 1,
219 .default_display = 0,
220 .gpccon = 0xaa955699,
221 .gpccon_mask= 0xffc003cc,
222 .gpcup = 0x0000ffff,
223 .gpcup_mask = 0xffffffff,
224 .gpdcon = 0xaa95aaa1,
225 .gpdcon_mask= 0xffc0fff0,
226 .gpdup = 0x0000faff,
227 .gpdup_mask = 0xffffffff,
228 .lpcsel = 0xf82,
229 }
230
231 #endif
232
然后打开drivers/video/Kconfig，在大概1935 行加入以下配置信息：
1923 config FB_S3C2410_DEBUG
1924 bool "S3C2410 lcd debug messages"
1925 depends on FB_S3C2410
1926 help
1927 Turn on debugging messages. Note that you can set/unset at run time
1928 through sysfs
1929
1930 choice
1931 prompt "LCD select"
1932 depends on FB_S3C2410
1933 help
1934 S3C24x0 LCD size select
1935
1936 config FB_S3C2410_T240320
1937 boolean "3.5 inch 240X320 Toppoly LCD"
1938 depends on FB_S3C2410
1939 help
1940 3.5 inch 240X320 Toppoly LCD
1941
1942 config FB_S3C2410_N240320
1943 boolean "3.5 inch 240X320 NEC LCD"
1944 depends on FB_S3C2410
1945 help
1946 3.5 inch 240x320 NEC LCD
1947
1948 config FB_S3C2410_TFT640480
1949 boolean "8 inch 640X480 L80 LCD"
1950 depends on FB_S3C2410
1951 help
1952 8 inch 640X480 LCD
1953
1954 config FB_S3C2410_TFT800480
1955 boolean "7 inch 800x480 TFT LCD"
1956 depends on FB_S3C2410
1957 help
1958 7 inch 800x480 TFT LCD
1959
1960 config FB_S3C2410_VGA1024768
1961 boolean "VGA 1024x768"
1962 depends on FB_S3C2410
1963 help
1964 VGA 1024x768
1965
1966 config FB_S3C2410_X240320
1967 boolean "3.5 inch 240X320 LCD(ACX502BMU)"
1968 depends on FB_S3C2410
1969 help
1970 3.5 inch 240X320 LCD(ACX502BMU)
1971
1972 endchoice
1973
1974 config BACKLIGHT_MINI2440
配置内核
Device Drivers ---> Graphics support ---> <*>Support for frame buffer devices ---> LCD select (3.5 inch 240X320 LCD(ACX502BMU)) ---> (X) 3.5 inch 240X320 LCD(ACX502BMU)
LCD驱动移植完成！！！
三、开机logo和开机信息显示
Device Drivers ---> Graphics support ---> <*>Support for frame buffer devices --->[*] Bootup logo ---> [*] Standard 16-color Linux logo （本人的24位死活不能显示，先改成16位吧）
在文件系统rootfs/etc/inittab下作如下修改（为了在LCD上显示打印信息）：
1 ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
2 tty1::askfirst:-/bin/sh//添加
3 s3c2410_serial0::askfirst:-/bin/sh
4 ::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/reboot
5 ::shutdown:/bin/umount -a -r
6
四，编译测试
#make zImage
#cd arch/arm/boot/
#mkimage -n 'mini2440_linux' -A arm -O linux -T kernel -C none -a 0x31000000 -e 0x31000040 -d zImage uImage
#chmod a+x uImage
#cp uImage /tftp/boot
设置U-BOOT参数如下：
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