用 Python 实现比特币的 ECDSA 公钥加密系统。

用 Python 实现比特币的 ECDSA 公钥加密系统。,第1张

用 Python 实现比特币的 ECDSA 公钥加密系统。

(ECDSA3).pygithub网站

import math
import secrets

椭圆曲线公式和定义一个点

# Parameters for the curve function y^2 = x^3 + Ax + B
# In this case, secp256k1 is of the equation: y^2 = x^3 + 7
A = 0
B = 7
# base point of the algorithm
base_X = 55066263022277343669578718895168534326250603453777594175500187360389116729240
base_Y = 32670510020758816978083085130507043184471273380659243275938904335757337482424

base_POINT = (base_X, base_Y)

曲线素数,和基点在曲线上的阶(阶指的是基点在重复加法下产生的点的数量)

# The proven prime
P = 115792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007908834671663
# The order of the base point on the curve (number of points the base point generates under repeated addition)
N = 115792089237316195423570985008687907852837564279074904382605163141518161494337

欧几里得算法,来解决jx + ky = 1中的x和y

    j (int): Any integer where j <= k.
    k (int): Any integer.
    (gcd, x, y): gcd is the greatest common divisor, x and y as the solution to jx + ky = 1
def extended_euclidean_algorithm(j, k):
    if j == k:
        return (j, 1, 0)
    else:
        i = 0
        j_array = [j]
        k_array = [k]
        q_array = []
        r_array = []

        prev_r_is_zero = False

        while not (prev_r_is_zero):
            q_array.append(k_array[i]//j_array[i])
            r_array.append(k_array[i]%j_array[i])
            k_array.append(j_array[i])
            j_array.append(r_array[i])
            i += 1
            if r_array[i-1] == 0:
                prev_r_is_zero = True

        i -= 1
        gcd = j_array[i]

        # "extended" part of the algorithm, when the algorithm iterates backwards
        x_array = [1]
        y_array = [0]

        i -= 1
        total_steps = i

        while i >= 0:
            y_array.append(x_array[total_steps-i])
            x_array.append(y_array[total_steps-i] - q_array[i]*x_array[total_steps-i])
            i -= 1

        return (gcd, x_array[-1], y_array[-1])

print(extended_euclidean_algorithm(28, 161))
print(extended_euclidean_algorithm(14, 24))

此处输出的为最大公约数,x,y。满足jx+ky=1.
286+161(-1)=1

给出j,n,使用扩展的欧几里得算法来寻找j mod n的逆

def mod_inverse(j, n):
    (gcd, x, y) = extended_euclidean_algorithm(j, n)

    if gcd == 1:
        return x%n
    else:
        return -1

print(mod_inverse(14, 25))
print(mod_inverse(345, 1234))
print(mod_inverse(3, 37))
print(mod_inverse(20, 5))

求的模逆的值

如果想要更好的了解,必须了解椭圆曲线的基本原理。
参考椭圆曲线公钥加密理论
在椭圆曲线上添加两个不同的点,使用两点的斜率,去寻找与图形相交的第三点,然后翻转第三点并找到与x轴对称的点,即为p+q的和。

def elliptic_add(p, q):
    if p == 0 and q == 0: return 0
    elif p == 0: return q
    elif q == 0: return p
    else:
        # Swap p and q if px > qx.
        if p[0] > q[0]:
            temp = p
            p = q
            q = temp
        r = []

        slope = (q[1] - p[1])*mod_inverse(q[0] - p[0], P) % P

        r.append((slope**2 - p[0] - q[0]) % P)
        r.append((slope*(p[0] - r[0]) - p[1]) % P)

        return (r[0], r[1])

print(elliptic_add(0,0))
print(elliptic_add((1,60),0))
print(elliptic_add(0,(15,7)))
print(elliptic_add((1,60),(15,7)))

p+q的和

#将椭圆曲线上的一个点添加到自身。自加p+p

def elliptic_double(p):
    r = []

    slope = (3*p[0]**2 + A)*mod_inverse(2*p[1], P) % P

    r.append((slope**2 - 2*p[0])%P)
    r.append((slope*(p[0] - r[0]) - p[1])%P)

    return (r[0], r[1])

print(elliptic_double((1,5)))
print(elliptic_double(base_POINT))

#在椭圆曲线上用一个给定的点p进行标量乘法。在这个实现中,将包括 是一个Python的双加法的实现。

def elliptic_multiply(s, p):
    n = p
    r = 0 # 0 representing a point at infinity

    s_binary = bin(s)[2:] # convert s to binary and remove the "0b" in the beginning
    s_length = len(s_binary)

    for i in reversed(range(s_length)):
        if s_binary[i] == '1':
            r = elliptic_add(r, n)
        n = elliptic_double(n)

    return r
#前两个输出判断是否相等
# Assert that 2P = P + P
print(elliptic_multiply(2, base_POINT) == elliptic_double(base_POINT))
# Assert that 4P = 3P + 1P
print(elliptic_multiply(4, base_POINT) == elliptic_add(elliptic_multiply(3, base_POINT), elliptic_multiply(1, base_POINT)))

print(elliptic_add(elliptic_multiply(1, base_POINT), elliptic_multiply(6, base_POINT)))
print(elliptic_multiply(7, base_POINT))
print(elliptic_double(elliptic_multiply(5, base_POINT)))

#以上是定义椭圆曲线的计算方法

接下来产生公私钥

import secrets
#返回的为随机的256位整数值(16进制的32个字节)
def generate_private_key():
    return int(secrets.token_hex(32), 16)

#返回一个由公钥生成的私钥,其公钥是安全的,因为他的计算方法为通过将生成器的点 "乘以 "一个巨大的整数(私钥)在一个巨大的领域。产生的点 (将被压缩并作为公钥返回)将经过许多椭圆加法的处理 以至于不可能猜到乘数(也就是私钥)。
def generate_public_key(private_key):
   return elliptic_multiply(private_key, base_POINT)

#返回一个压缩的公钥:取公钥的x值并加上 y值的奇偶校验位开始。
#判断密钥y的奇偶性
    if key[1] % 2 == 0:
        parity = '02'
    else:
        parity = '03'
        
    return parity + hex(key[0])[2:]#hex() 用于将十进制数字转换成十六进制;key[0]为密钥的x值,前两位为校验数字,后面取从第3位开始。
    #Python中的十六进制值包含一个 "0x "前缀。[2:]去掉了这个前缀
  

def generate_key_pair(print_flag=True):
    private_key = generate_private_key()
    public_key = generate_public_key(private_key)  
#进行了十六进制转换。
    if (print_flag):
        print("Private Key: " + str(private_key))
        print("Private Key (hex): " + str(hex(private_key))[2:])
        print("Public Key: " + str(public_key[0]) + str(public_key[1]))
        print("Public Key (hex): " + "04" + hex(public_key[0])[2:] + hex(public_key[1])[2:]) # Bitcoin adds a "04" prefix to indicate that this is an uncompressed public key.
        print("Public Key (hex and compressed): " + compress_public_key(public_key))

    return (private_key, generate_public_key(private_key))
(sample_private_key, sample_public_key) = generate_key_pair(True)

扩展:A[ : 2]:表示索引 0至1行;A[ :, 2]:表示所有行的第3列。

接下来,比特币用SHA-256对其信息内容进行双重加密

from hashlib import sha256

def double_hash(message):
    """伪代码
    Args:
        message (str): A message to be hashed
    Return:
        A SHA-256 double-hashed message in decimal format, 256 bits long.
    """
    hashed_message = sha256(message.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
    hashed_message = sha256(hashed_message.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()#双重哈希对消息进行加密
    return int(hashed_message, 16)

print(double_hash("I hate COVID"))

消息求哈希得到的结果:

扩展:
hash.digest()
返回摘要,作为二进制数据字符串值

hash.hexdigest()
返回摘要,作为十六进制数据字符串值

注意:要清楚对消息签名和对消息验证的整个流程
接下来,对消息进行签名
其中,
private_key (int): 发送者的私钥。
message (str): 一个包含交易信息的消息。
一个以元组形式存在的签名(rx, s),其中rx是一个随机点的x坐标,s是签名本身。

def sign(private_key, message):#私钥对消息签名
    hashed_message = double_hash(message)#消息为上个函数计算的双重哈希的消息

    # A secure random number for the signature
    k = secrets.randbelow(P)#产生一个0到P的随机数,其中randbelow()为secrets包的内置函数
    random_point = elliptic_multiply(k, base_POINT)#随机数*基点

    # only the x-value is needed, as the y can always be generated using the curve equation y^2 = x^3 + 7
    rx = random_point[0] % N#随机的点有x,y的坐标,但是只取x:random_point[0],模为N

    signature_proof = mod_inverse(k, N) * (hashed_message + rx*private_key) % N#用私钥进行签名

    return (rx, signature_proof)#以元组形式存在的签名

message = "Alice sends to Bob 12 Bitcoins"
signature = sign(sample_private_key, message)

print("Message: " + message)
print("Signature: ", end="")
print(signature)

接下来,验证签名。验证签名是否和交易时的私钥一致。通过恢复签名函数中使用的随机点完成,查看得到的签名rx是否一致

def verify(public_key, message, signature):
    (rx, s) = signature#为签名的形式

    hashed_message = double_hash(message)#双重签名得到的哈希消息

    inverse_s = mod_inverse(s, N)#对s求逆

    # Solve for the random point
    a = elliptic_multiply(hashed_message * inverse_s % N, base_POINT)#elliptic_multiply()为乘法
    b = elliptic_multiply(rx * inverse_s % N, public_key)#公钥验证
    recovered_random_point = elliptic_add(a, b)

    # Check that the recovered random point matches the actual random point
    return recovered_random_point[0] == rx#相等则表示验证通过

print(verify(sample_public_key, message, signature))

说输出消息,消息的签名,消息验证的结果

接下来,3个测试
#接下来用于测试被篡改信息的签名和验证功能。
#被篡改的信息测试。确保消息的内容是它们所要表达的。

def tampered_message_tests():
#3条消息
    message_pairs = [
        ["Chau sends Professor Nguyen 2 Bitcoins", "Chau sends Professor Nguyen 500 Bitcoins"],
        ["Hernan sends Chau 3 Bitcoins", "Hernan sends Chau 50 Bitcoins"],
        ["Owen sends Felix 50 Bitcoins", "Owen sends Felix 600 Bitcoins"]
    ]

#打印每条消息
    for i in range(len(message_pairs)):
        print('----------------------- Tampered Message Case ' + str(i+1) + '----------------------')

        print()
#产生公私钥
#成对的列表。第一个元素是原始信息。第二个是被篡改的信息。
        (priv_key, pub_key) = generate_key_pair(True)
        (message, tampered_message) = message_pairs[i]

        print()

        print("Original Message: " + message)
        print("Tampered Message: " + tampered_message)

        print()
#私钥签名
        signature = sign(priv_key, message)
        print("Signature: ", end="")
        print(signature)

        print()
#公钥验证原始签名、篡改的签名
        print("Original Message Verification: ", end="")
        print(verify(pub_key, message, signature))
        print("Tampered Message Verification: ", end="")
        print(verify(pub_key, tampered_message, signature))

        print()


tampered_message_tests()



接下来,测试当错误的公钥被用来 "解锁 "信息时会发生什么。

def wrong_public_key_test():
    print('----------------------- Wrong Public Key Case ----------------------')

    print()
#正确的公私钥和错误的公私钥
    (priv_key, pub_key) = generate_key_pair(False)
    (wrong_priv_key, wrong_pub_key) = generate_key_pair(False)
#原始公钥和错误公钥04开头,取公钥的x值的索引为2和之后的元素+y值的索引为2和之后的元素
    print("Original Public Key: " + "04" + (hex(pub_key[0])[2:] + hex(pub_key[1])[2:]))
    print("Wrong Public Key: " + "04" + (hex(wrong_pub_key[0])[2:] + hex(wrong_pub_key[1])[2:]))

    message = "Satoshi sends 500 Bitcoins to Chau"
    print("Message: " + message)
    
#用正确的私钥签名
    signature = sign(priv_key, message)
    print("Signature: ", end="")
    print(signature)

    print()
#输出正确的的公钥签名的消息的验证结果
    print("With Correct Public Key: ", end="")
    print(verify(pub_key, message, signature))
#输出错误的公钥签名的消息的验证结果
    print("With Wrong Public Key: ", end="")
    print(verify(wrong_pub_key, message, signature))

wrong_public_key_test()

接下来,测试如果一个拥有不同私钥的人试图签署同一消息会发生什么。

def wrong_private_key_test():
   print('----------------------- Wrong Private Key Case ----------------------')

    print()

    (priv_key, pub_key) = generate_key_pair(False)
    (wrong_priv_key, wrong_pub_key) = generate_key_pair(False)

    message = "LeBron sends 5 Bitcoins to Dwight"
#与错误公钥不同的是,这里有错误的签名
    signature = sign(priv_key, message)
    wrong_signature = sign(wrong_priv_key, message) # Different signer!

    print("Original User's Signature: ", end="")
    print(signature)

    print("Another User's Signature: ", end="")
    print(wrong_signature)

    print()

    print("Original Signature Verification: ", end="")
    print(verify(pub_key, message, signature))

    print("Wrong Signature Verification: ", end="")
    print(verify(pub_key, message, wrong_signature))

wrong_private_key_test()

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