MySQL处理空值时需要注意的两个问题

MySQL数据库是一个基于结构化数据的开源数据库 SQL语句是MySQL数据库中核心语言 不过在MySQL数据库中执行SQL语句 需要小心两个陷阱

陷阱一 空值不一定为空

空值是一个比较特殊的字段 在MySQL数据库中 在不同的情形下 空值往往代表不同的含义 这是MySQL数据库的一种特性 如在普通的字段中(字符型的数据) 空值就是表示空值 但是如果将一个空值的数据插入到TimesTamp类型的字段中 空值就不一定为空 此时为出现什么情况呢(如下图)?

我先创建了一个表 在这个表中有两个字段 User_id(其数据类型是int) Date(其数据类型是TimesTamp) 现在往这个表中插入一条记录 其中往Date字段中插入的是一个NULL空值 可是当我们查询时 其结果显示的却是插入记录的当前时间 这是怎么一回事呢?其实这就是在MySQL数据库中执行SQL语句时经常会遇到的一个陷阱 空值不一定为空 在 *** 作时 明明插入的是一个空值的数据 但是最后查询得到的却不是一个空值

在MySQL数据库中 NULL对于一些特殊类型的列来说 其代表了一种特殊的含义 而不仅仅是一个空值 对于这些特殊类型的列 各位读者主要是要记住两个 一个就是笔者上面举的TimesTamp数据类型 如果往这个数据类型的列中插入Null值 则其代表的就是系统的当前时间 另外一个是具有auto_increment属性的列 如果往这属性的列中插入Null值的话 则系统会插入一个正整数序列 而如果在其他数据类型中 如字符型数据的列中插入Null的数据 则其插入的就是一个空值

陷阱二 空值不一定等于空字符

在MySQL中 空值(Null)与空字符( )相同吗?答案是否定的 请大家先来看下图的演示

在同一个数据库表中 同时插入一个Null值的数据和一个 空字符的数据 然后利用Select语句进行查询 最后显示的结果如上图所示 显然其显示的结果是不相同的 从这个结果中就可以看出 空值不等于空字符 这就是在MySQL中执行SQL语句遇到的第二个陷阱 在实际工作中 空值数据与空字符往往表示不同的含义 数据库管理员可以根据实际的需要来进行选择 如对于电话号码等字段 可以默认设置为空值(表示根本不知道对方的电话号码)或者设置为空字符(表示后来取消了这个号码)等等 由于他们在数据库中会有不同的表现形式 所以数据库管理员需要区别对待 笔者更加喜欢使用空值 而不是空字符 这主要是因为针对空值这个数据类型有几个比较特殊的运算字符 如果某个字段是空字符 数据库中是利用字段名称来代替 相反 如果插入的是空值 则直接显示的是NULL 这跟其他数据库的显示方式也是不同的

一是IS NULL 和IS NOT NULL关键字 如果要判断某个字段是否含用空值的数据 需要使用特殊的关键字 其中前者表示这个字段为空 后者表示这个字段为非空 在Select语句的查询条件中这两个关键字非常的有用 如需要查询所有电话号码为空的用户(需要他们补充电话号码信息) 就可以在查询条件中加入is not null关键字

lishixinzhi/Article/program/MySQL/201311/29455

mysql单库负载过高的处理方式如下：

先限制Innodb的并发处理.如果innodb_thread_concurrency=0可以先改成16或是64看机器压力，如果非常大，先改成16让机器的压力下来，然后慢慢增达，适应自已的业务。如：set global innodb_thread_concurrency=16。

对于连接数已经超过600或是更多的情况,可以考虑适当的限制一下连接数，让前端报一下错，也别让DB挂了，DB在了，总是可以用来加载一下数据，当数据加载到了nosql里了，慢慢的DB压力也会降下来的。

限制单用户连接数在500以下。如：set global max_user_connections=500。

解决思路

1、确定高负载的类型htop，dstat命令看负载高是CPU还是IO。

2、监控具体的sql语句，是insert update 还是delete导致高负载。

3、检查mysql日志。

4、检查硬件问题。

mysql耗内存吗?很多人都说MySQL占用了很大的虚拟内存，那么这个问题应该怎么解决呢?下面是我收集整理的一些方法，现在分享给大家!

解决mysql耗内存的具体方法一：

在分析的过程中发现最耗内存的是MySQL，其中近1GB的内存被它吞了，而且不在任务管理器体现出来。这个数据库软件是EMS要用到了，所以必须要运行。这个软件在安装的时候会根据机器的实际内存自动进行配置，PC机物理内存越多，它默认占有的内存就越多，难怪3GB的内存被它给吞了近1GB。

优化方法：

1. 退出EMS client&server

2. 在CMD里运行：net stop mysql

3. 找到MySQL\MySQL Server的安装目录，里面有个my.ini文件，参考附件的配置对参数query_cache_size tmp_table_size myisam_sort_buffer_size key_buffer_size innodb_buffer_pool_size进行修改，注意不要改动innodb_log_file_size，修改前备份my.ini

4. 在CMD里运行：net start mysql，如果提示成功，则说明修改的参数没有什么问题，如果失败，重新调整一下上面的参数

5. 找到EMS 安装目录runGUI.bat runServer.bat脚本，找到-Xmx700m，改为-Xmx256m，注意修改前备份这两个文件，感谢Liping Sun提供帮助

6. 重新运行EMS

前后对比，对于3GB的PC，发现可以节省近1GB的内存。对于2GB的PC，也可以节省600-800MB。优化后发现EMS启动稍微慢一些，但是其它的软件运行速度提高了很多，不在经常出现卡机现象了。如果在运行过程中发现EMS特别慢的话，自己也可以适当放大上面提到的一些参数。

my.ini

# MySQL Server Instance Configuration File

# ----------------------------------------------------------------------

# Generated by the MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard

#

#

# Installation Instructions

# ----------------------------------------------------------------------

#

# On Linux you can copy this file to /etc/my.cnf to set global options,

# mysql-data-dir/my.cnf to set server-specific options

# (@localstatedir@ for this installation) or to

# ~/.my.cnf to set user-specific options.

#

# On Windows you should keep this file in the installation directory

# of your server (e.g. C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y). To

# make sure the server reads the config file use the startup option

# "--defaults-file".

#

# To run run the server from the command line, execute this in a

# command line shell, e.g.

# mysqld --defaults-file="C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y\my.ini"

#

# To install the server as a Windows service manually, execute this in a

# command line shell, e.g.

# mysqld --install MySQLXY --defaults-file="C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y\my.ini"

#

# And then execute this in a command line shell to start the server, e.g.

# net start MySQLXY

#

#

# Guildlines for editing this file

# ----------------------------------------------------------------------

#

# In this file, you can use all long options that the program supports.

# If you want to know the options a program supports, start the program

# with the "--help" option.

#

# More detailed information about the individual options can also be

# found in the manual.

#

#

# CLIENT SECTION

# ----------------------------------------------------------------------

#

# The following options will be read by MySQL client applications.

# Note that only client applications shipped by MySQL are guaranteed

# to read this section. If you want your own MySQL client program to

# honor these values, you need to specify it as an option during the

# MySQL client library initialization.

#

[client]

port=3306

[mysql]

default-character-set=utf8

# SERVER SECTION

# ----------------------------------------------------------------------

#

# The following options will be read by the MySQL Server. Make sure that

# you have installed the server correctly (see above) so it reads this

# file.

#

[mysqld]

# The TCP/IP Port the MySQL Server will listen on

port=3306

#Path to installation directory. All paths are usually resolved relative to this.

basedir="D:/Program Files/MySQL/MySQL Server 5.1/"

#Path to the database root

datadir="C:/Documents and Settings/All Users/Application Data/MySQL/MySQL Server 5.1/Data/"

# The default character set that will be used when a new schema or table is

# created and no character set is defined

character-set-server=utf8

# The default storage engine that will be used when create new tables when

default-storage-engine=INNODB

# Set the SQL mode to strict

sql-mode="STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION"

# The maximum amount of concurrent sessions the MySQL server will

# allow. One of these connections will be reserved for a user with

# SUPER privileges to allow the administrator to login even if the

# connection limit has been reached.

max_connections=1510

# Query cache is used to cache SELECT results and later return them

# without actual executing the same query once again. Having the query

# cache enabled may result in significant speed improvements, if your

# have a lot of identical queries and rarely changing tables. See the

# "Qcache_lowmem_prunes" status variable to check if the current value

# is high enough for your load.

# Note: In case your tables change very often or if your queries are

# textually different every time, the query cache may result in a

# slowdown instead of a performance improvement.

query_cache_size=16M

# The number of open tables for all threads. Increasing this value

# increases the number of file descriptors that mysqld requires.

# Therefore you have to make sure to set the amount of open files

# allowed to at least 4096 in the variable "open-files-limit" in

# section [mysqld_safe]

table_cache=3020

# Maximum size for internal (in-memory) temporary tables. If a table

# grows larger than this value, it is automatically converted to disk

# based table This limitation is for a single table. There can be many

# of them.

tmp_table_size=4M

# How many threads we should keep in a cache for reuse. When a client

# disconnects, the client's threads are put in the cache if there aren't

# more than thread_cache_size threads from before. This greatly reduces

# the amount of thread creations needed if you have a lot of new

# connections. (Normally this doesn't give a notable performance

# improvement if you have a good thread implementation.)

thread_cache_size=64

#*** MyISAM Specific options

# The maximum size of the temporary file MySQL is allowed to use while

# recreating the index (during REPAIR, ALTER TABLE or LOAD DATA INFILE.

# If the file-size would be bigger than this, the index will be created

# through the key cache (which is slower).

myisam_max_sort_file_size=100G

# If the temporary file used for fast index creation would be bigger

# than using the key cache by the amount specified here, then prefer the

# key cache method. This is mainly used to force long character keys in

# large tables to use the slower key cache method to create the index.

myisam_sort_buffer_size=4M

# Size of the Key Buffer, used to cache index blocks for MyISAM tables.

# Do not set it larger than 30% of your available memory, as some memory

# is also required by the OS to cache rows. Even if you're not using

# MyISAM tables, you should still set it to 8-64M as it will also be

# used for internal temporary disk tables.

key_buffer_size=16M

# Size of the buffer used for doing full table scans of MyISAM tables.

# Allocated per thread, if a full scan is needed.

read_buffer_size=64K

read_rnd_buffer_size=256K

# This buffer is allocated when MySQL needs to rebuild the index in

# REPAIR, OPTIMZE, ALTER table statements as well as in LOAD DATA INFILE

# into an empty table. It is allocated per thread so be careful with

# large settings.

sort_buffer_size=256K

#*** INNODB Specific options ***

# Use this option if you have a MySQL server with InnoDB support enabled

# but you do not plan to use it. This will save memory and disk space

# and speed up some things.

#skip-innodb

# Additional memory pool that is used by InnoDB to store metadata

# information. If InnoDB requires more memory for this purpose it will

# start to allocate it from the OS. As this is fast enough on most

# recent operating systems, you normally do not need to change this

# value. SHOW INNODB STATUS will display the current amount used.

innodb_additional_mem_pool_size=9M

# If set to 1, InnoDB will flush (fsync) the transaction logs to the

# disk at each commit, which offers full ACID behavior. If you are

# willing to compromise this safety, and you are running small

# transactions, you may set this to 0 or 2 to reduce disk I/O to the

# logs. Value 0 means that the log is only written to the log file and

# the log file flushed to disk approximately once per second. Value 2

# means the log is written to the log file at each commit, but the log

# file is only flushed to disk approximately once per second.

innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=1

# The size of the buffer InnoDB uses for buffering log data. As soon as

# it is full, InnoDB will have to flush it to disk. As it is flushed

# once per second anyway, it does not make sense to have it very large

# (even with long transactions).

innodb_log_buffer_size=5M

# InnoDB, unlike MyISAM, uses a buffer pool to cache both indexes and

# row data. The bigger you set this the less disk I/O is needed to

# access data in tables. On a dedicated database server you may set this

# parameter up to 80% of the machine physical memory size. Do not set it

# too large, though, because competition of the physical memory may

# cause paging in the operating system. Note that on 32bit systems you

# might be limited to 2-3.5G of user level memory per process, so do not

# set it too high.

innodb_buffer_pool_size=32M

# Size of each log file in a log group. You should set the combined size

# of log files to about 25%-100% of your buffer pool size to avoid

# unneeded buffer pool flush activity on log file overwrite. However,

# note that a larger logfile size will increase the time needed for the

# recovery process.

innodb_log_file_size=88M

# Number of threads allowed inside the InnoDB kernel. The optimal value

# depends highly on the application, hardware as well as the OS

# scheduler properties. A too high value may lead to thread thrashing.

innodb_thread_concurrency=8

　 　解决mysql耗内存的具体方法二：

更改后如下：

innodb_buffer_pool_size=576M ->256M InnoDB引擎缓冲区占了大头，首要就是拿它开刀

query_cache_size=100M ->16M 查询缓存

tmp_table_size=102M ->64M 临时表大小

key_buffer_size=256m ->32M

重启mysql服务后，虚拟内存降到200以下.

另外mysql安装目录下有几个文件：my-huge.ini 、my-large.ini、my-medium.ini...这几个是根据内存大小作的建议配置，新手在设置的时候也可以参考一下。

2G内存的MYSQL数据库服务器 my.ini优化 (my.ini)

2G内存,针对站少,优质型的设置,试验特：

table_cache=1024 物理内存越大,设置就越大.默认为2402,调到512-1024最佳

innodb_additional_mem_pool_size=8M 默认为2M

innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=0 等到innodb_log_buffer_size列队满后再统一储存,默认为1

innodb_log_buffer_size=4M 默认为1M

innodb_thread_concurrency=8 你的服务器CPU有几个就设置为几,默认为8

key_buffer_size=256M 默认为218 调到128最佳

tmp_table_size=64M 默认为16M 调到64-256最挂

read_buffer_size=4M 默认为64K

read_rnd_buffer_size=16M 默认为256K

sort_buffer_size=32M 默认为256K

max_connections=1024 默认为1210

试验一：

table_cache=512或1024

innodb_additional_mem_pool_size=2M

innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=0

innodb_log_buffer_size=1M

innodb_thread_concurrency=8 你的服务器CPU有几个就设置为几,默认为8

key_buffer_size=128M

tmp_table_size=128M

read_buffer_size=64K或128K

read_rnd_buffer_size=256K

sort_buffer_size=512K

max_connections=1024

试验二：

table_cache=512或1024

innodb_additional_mem_pool_size=8M

innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=0

innodb_log_buffer_size=4M

innodb_thread_concurrency=8

key_buffer_size=128M

tmp_table_size=128M

read_buffer_size=4M

read_rnd_buffer_size=16M

sort_buffer_size=32M

max_connections=1024

一般：

table_cache=512

innodb_additional_mem_pool_size=8M

innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=0

innodb_log_buffer_size=4M

innodb_thread_concurrency=8

key_buffer_size=128M

tmp_table_size=128M

read_buffer_size=4M

read_rnd_buffer_size=16M

sort_buffer_size=32M

max_connections=1024

经过测试.没有特殊情况,最好还是用默认的.

2G内存,针对站多,抗压型的设置,最佳：

table_cache=1024 物理内存越大,设置就越大.默认为2402,调到512-1024最佳

innodb_additional_mem_pool_size=4M 默认为2M

innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=1

(设置为0就是等到innodb_log_buffer_size列队满后再统一储存,默认为1)

innodb_log_buffer_size=2M 默认为1M

innodb_thread_concurrency=8 你的服务器CPU有几个就设置为几,建议用默认一般为8

key_buffer_size=256M 默认为218 调到128最佳

tmp_table_size=64M 默认为16M 调到64-256最挂

read_buffer_size=4M 默认为64K

read_rnd_buffer_size=16M 默认为256K

sort_buffer_size=32M 默认为256K

max_connections=1024 默认为1210

thread_cache_size=120 默认为60

query_cache_size=64M

优化mysql数据库性能的十个参数

(1)、max_connections：

允许的同时客户的数量。增加该值增加 mysqld 要求的文件描述符的数量。这个数字应该增加，否则，你将经常看到 too many connections 错误。 默认数值是100，我把它改为1024 。

(2)、record_buffer：

每个进行一个顺序扫描的线程为其扫描的每张表分配这个大小的一个缓冲区。如果你做很多顺序扫描，你可能想要增加该值。默认数值是131072(128k)，我把它改为16773120 (16m)

(3)、key_buffer_size：

索引块是缓冲的并且被所有的线程共享。key_buffer_size是用于索引块的缓冲区大小，增加它可得到更好处理的索引(对所有读和多重写)，到你能负担得起那样多。如果你使它太大，系统将开始换页并且真的变慢了。默认数值是8388600(8m)，我的mysql主机有2gb内存，所以我把它改为 402649088(400mb)。

4)、back_log：

要求 mysql 能有的连接数量。当主要mysql线程在一个很短时间内得到非常多的连接请求，这就起作用，然后主线程花些时间(尽管很短)检查连接并且启动一个新线程。

back_log 值指出在mysql暂时停止回答新请求之前的短时间内多少个请求可以被存在堆栈中。只有如果期望在一个短时间内有很多连接，你需要增加它，换句话说，这值对到来的tcp/ip连接的侦听队列的大小。你的 *** 作系统在这个队列大小上有它自己的限制。试图设定back_log高于你的 *** 作系统的限制将是无效的。

当你观察你的主机进程列表，发现大量 264084 | unauthenticated user | xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx | null | connect | null | login | null 的待连接进程时，就要加大 back_log 的值了。默认数值是50，我把它改为500。

(5)、interactive_timeout：

服务器在关闭它前在一个交互连接上等待行动的秒数。一个交互的客户被定义为对 mysql_real_connect()使用 client_interactive 选项的客户。 默认数值是28800，我把它改为7200。

(6)、sort_buffer：

每个需要进行排序的线程分配该大小的一个缓冲区。增加这值加速order by或group by *** 作。默认数值是2097144(2m)，我把它改为 16777208 (16m)。

(7)、table_cache：

为所有线程打开表的数量。增加该值能增加mysqld要求的文件描述符的数量。mysql对每个唯一打开的表需要2个文件描述符。默认数值是64，我把它改为512。

(8)、thread_cache_size：

可以复用的保存在中的线程的数量。如果有，新的线程从缓存中取得，当断开连接的时候如果有空间，客户的线置在缓存中。如果有很多新的线程，为了提高性能可以这个变量值。通过比较 connections 和 threads_created 状态的变量，可以看到这个变量的作用。我把它设置为 80。

(9)mysql的搜索功能

用mysql进行搜索，目的是能不分大小写，又能用中文进行搜索

只需起动mysqld时指定 --default-character-set=gb2312

(10)、wait_timeout：

服务器在关闭它之前在一个连接上等待行动的秒数。 默认数值是28800，我把它改为7200。

注：参数的调整可以通过修改 /etc/my.cnf 文件并重启 mysql 实现。这是一个比较谨慎的工作，上面的结果也仅仅是我的一些看法，你可以根据你自己主机的硬件情况(特别是内存大小)进一步修改。

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