####################################
1、 源端文件准备
源端：
flush tables t for export
复制
t.ibd, t.cfg到目标端。
###############################
flush tables tt7 for export
cp tt7* ../ops
2、 目标端<存在同样的表则>丢弃原来的数据文件
目标端：
alter table tt7 discard tablespace
3、 目标端加载新的数据文件 t.ibd
alter table tt7 import tablespace
4、源端释放锁
源端：
unlock tables
过程中主要异常处理：
#####################################################
SELECT * FROM ops2.tt7
SELECT * FROM ops.tt7
import tablespace报错：
mysql>alter table tt7 import tablespace
ERROR 1812 (HY000): Tablespace is missing for table ops.tt7.
确认再相应的目录存在两个文件
确认属主和权限
#####################################################
过程
[root@qaserver120 ops]# ll
total 80
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 36 Dec 2 21:42 000
-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 114688 Dec 2 21:17 tt2.ibd
[root@qaserver120 ops]#
[root@qaserver120 ops]#
[root@qaserver120 ops]#
[root@qaserver120 ops]# cp 000
[root@qaserver120 ops]# ll
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 36 Dec 2 21:42 000
-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 114688 Dec 2 21:17 tt2.ibd
-rw-r----- 1 root root 627 Dec 2 21:45 tt7.cfg
-rw-r----- 1 root root 114688 Dec 2 21:45 tt7.ibd
[root@qaserver120 ops]# chown mysql.mysql tt7*
[root@qaserver120 ops]#
[root@qaserver120 ops]# ll
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 36 Dec 2 21:42 000
-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 114688 Dec 2 21:17 tt2.ibd
-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 627 Dec 2 21:45 tt7.cfg
-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 114688 Dec 2 21:46 tt7.ibd
[root@qaserver120 ops]#
#####################################################
mysql>show tables
+---------------+
| Tables_in_ops |
+---------------+
| tt2 |
| tt7 |
+---------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>select * from tt7
ERROR 1814 (HY000): Tablespace has been discarded for table 'tt7'
mysql>alter table tt7 import tablespace
ERROR 1812 (HY000): Tablespace is missing for table ops.tt7.
mysql>
mysql>alter table tt7 import tablespace
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec)
mysql>
mysql>select * from tt7
+--------------+------+
| x | y |
+--------------+------+
| BBBBBB | NULL |
| AAAAAA | NULL |
| BBBBBB | NULL |
| 555555555555 | NULL |
| AAAAAA | NULL |
| BBBBBB | NULL |
| 555555555555 | NULL |
+--------------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
###############################################
################################################
mysql>mysql>show tables
+----------------+
| Tables_in_ops2 |
+----------------+
| tt2 |
| tt3 |
| tt7 |
+----------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
mysql>use ops
Database changed
mysql>show tables
+---------------+
| Tables_in_ops |
+---------------+
| tt2 |
+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
mysql>use ops2
Database changed
mysql>select * from tt7
+--------+------+
| x | y |
+--------+------+
| BBBBBB | NULL |
+--------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
mysql>
mysql>insert into tt7 select * from tt3
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql>insert into tt7 select * from tt3
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql>select * from tt7
+--------------+------+
| x | y |
+--------------+------+
| BBBBBB | NULL |
| AAAAAA | NULL |
| BBBBBB | NULL |
| 555555555555 | NULL |
| AAAAAA | NULL |
| BBBBBB | NULL |
| 555555555555 | NULL |
+--------------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
mysql>commit
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql>
mysql>exit
Bye
[root@qaserver120 pkg]# cd /data/mysql/ops2
[root@qaserver120 ops2]# ll
total 240
-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 114688 Dec 2 21:17 tt2.ibd
-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 114688 Dec 2 21:17 tt3.ibd
-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 114688 Dec 2 21:36 tt7.ibd
[root@qaserver120 ops2]#
[root@qaserver120 ops2]#
[root@qaserver120 ops2]#
[root@qaserver120 ops2]# mysql -u'root' -p'fgxkB9Zq40^MFQUi$PJ' -A
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 56
Server version: 8.0.18 MySQL Community Server - GPL
Copyright (c) 2000, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql>use ops2
Database changed
mysql>
mysql>flush tables tt7 for export
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql>show tables
+----------------+
| Tables_in_ops2 |
+----------------+
| tt2 |
| tt3 |
| tt7 |
+----------------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql>exit
Bye
[root@qaserver120 ops2]# ll
total 240
-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 114688 Dec 2 21:17 tt2.ibd
-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 114688 Dec 2 21:17 tt3.ibd
-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 114688 Dec 2 21:36 tt7.ibd
[root@qaserver120 ops2]# ll
total 240
-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 114688 Dec 2 21:17 tt2.ibd
-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 114688 Dec 2 21:17 tt3.ibd
-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 114688 Dec 2 21:36 tt7.ibd
[root@qaserver120 ops2]# pwd
/data/mysql/ops2
[root@qaserver120 ops2]# cd cd /data/mysql
-bash: cd: cd: No such file or directory
[root@qaserver120 ops2]# cd /data/mysql/ops2
[root@qaserver120 ops2]# ll
total 240
-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 114688 Dec 2 21:17 tt2.ibd
-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 114688 Dec 2 21:17 tt3.ibd
-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 114688 Dec 2 21:36 tt7.ibd
[root@qaserver120 ops2]# ll -al
total 244
drwxr-x--- 2 mysql mysql 51 Dec 2 21:38 .
drwxr-xr-x 12 mysql mysql 4096 Dec 2 21:17 ..
-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 114688 Dec 2 21:17 tt2.ibd
-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 114688 Dec 2 21:17 tt3.ibd
-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 114688 Dec 2 21:36 tt7.ibd
[root@qaserver120 ops2]# pwd
/data/mysql/ops2
[root@qaserver120 ops2]# mysql -u'root' -p'fgxkB9Zq40^MFQUi$PJ' -A
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 57
Server version: 8.0.18 MySQL Community Server - GPL
Copyright (c) 2000, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql>use ops2
Database changed
mysql>show tables
+----------------+
| Tables_in_ops2 |
+----------------+
| tt2 |
| tt3 |
| tt7 |
+----------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>select * from tt7
+--------------+------+
| x | y |
+--------------+------+
| BBBBBB | NULL |
| AAAAAA | NULL |
| BBBBBB | NULL |
| 555555555555 | NULL |
| AAAAAA | NULL |
| BBBBBB | NULL |
| 555555555555 | NULL |
+--------------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>flush tables tt7 for export
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql>use ops
Database changed
mysql>ll
->
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntaxcheck the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'll' at line 1
mysql>show tables
+---------------+
| Tables_in_ops |
+---------------+
| tt2 |
+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
mysql>
mysql>alter table tt7 import tablespace
ERROR 1100 (HY000): Table 'tt7' was not locked with LOCK TABLES
mysql>
mysql>
mysql>use ops2
Database changed
mysql>show tables
+----------------+
| Tables_in_ops2 |
+----------------+
| tt2 |
| tt3 |
| tt7 |
+----------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>select * from tt7
+--------------+------+
| x | y |
+--------------+------+
| BBBBBB | NULL |
| AAAAAA | NULL |
| BBBBBB | NULL |
| 555555555555 | NULL |
| AAAAAA | NULL |
| BBBBBB | NULL |
| 555555555555 | NULL |
+--------------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>unlock tables
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql>show create table tt7
+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table | Create Table |
+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| tt7 | CREATE TABLE `tt7` (
`x` varchar(200) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_as_cs DEFAULT NULL,
`y` int(11) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_as_cs |
+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>use ops
Database changed
mysql>show tables
+---------------+
| Tables_in_ops |
+---------------+
| tt2 |
+---------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> CREATE TABLE `tt7` (
-> `x` varchar(200) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_as_cs DEFAULT NULL,
-> `y` int(11) DEFAULT NULL
->) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_as_cs
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.02 sec)
mysql>
mysql>
mysql>show tables
+---------------+
| Tables_in_ops |
+---------------+
| tt2 |
| tt7 |
+---------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>select * from tt7
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
mysql>alter table tt7 discard tablesapce
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntaxcheck the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'tablesapce' at line 1
mysql>alter table tt7 discard tablespace
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
mysql>
mysql>
mysql>show tables
+---------------+
| Tables_in_ops |
+---------------+
| tt2 |
| tt7 |
+---------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>select * from tt7
ERROR 1814 (HY000): Tablespace has been discarded for table 'tt7'
mysql>
mysql>
mysql>
mysql>show tables
+---------------+
| Tables_in_ops |
+---------------+
| tt2 |
| tt7 |
+---------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>select * from tt7
ERROR 1814 (HY000): Tablespace has been discarded for table 'tt7'
mysql>
mysql>
mysql>alter table tt7 import tablespace
ERROR 1812 (HY000): Tablespace is missing for table `ops`.`tt7`.
mysql>
mysql>
mysql>
mysql>alter table tt7 import tablespace
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec)
mysql>
mysql>
mysql>select * from tt7
+--------------+------+
| x | y |
+--------------+------+
| BBBBBB | NULL |
| AAAAAA | NULL |
| BBBBBB | NULL |
| 555555555555 | NULL |
| AAAAAA | NULL |
| BBBBBB | NULL |
| 555555555555 | NULL |
+--------------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>SELECT * FROM ops2.tt7
+--------------+------+
| x | y |
+--------------+------+
| BBBBBB | NULL |
| AAAAAA | NULL |
| BBBBBB | NULL |
| 555555555555 | NULL |
| AAAAAA | NULL |
| BBBBBB | NULL |
| 555555555555 | NULL |
+--------------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>SELECT * FROM ops.tt7
+--------------+------+
| x | y |
+--------------+------+
| BBBBBB | NULL |
| AAAAAA | NULL |
| BBBBBB | NULL |
| 555555555555 | NULL |
| AAAAAA | NULL |
| BBBBBB | NULL |
| 555555555555 | NULL |
+--------------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
mysql>
mysql>
mysql>unlock tables
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql>unlock tables
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql>use ops
Database changed
mysql>show tables
+---------------+
| Tables_in_ops |
+---------------+
| tt2 |
| tt7 |
+---------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
mysql>
mysql>
mysql>use ops2
Database changed
mysql>
mysql>
mysql>show tables
+----------------+
| Tables_in_ops2 |
+----------------+
| tt2 |
| tt3 |
| tt7 |
+----------------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql>
mysql>select * from tt7
+--------------+------+
| x | y |
+--------------+------+
| BBBBBB | NULL |
| AAAAAA | NULL |
| BBBBBB | NULL |
| 555555555555 | NULL |
| AAAAAA | NULL |
| BBBBBB | NULL |
| 555555555555 | NULL |
+--------------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
mysql>use ops
Database changed
mysql>
mysql>
mysql>select * from tt7
+--------------+------+
| x | y |
+--------------+------+
| BBBBBB | NULL |
| AAAAAA | NULL |
| BBBBBB | NULL |
| 555555555555 | NULL |
| AAAAAA | NULL |
| BBBBBB | NULL |
| 555555555555 | NULL |
+--------------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
1、找到my.ini文件，里面有一行datadir=...的，就是数据库文件目录，关掉mysql服务，将这个目录整个拷贝过去在那边再配my.ini让目录吻合就行了。
2、把数据库上的资料备份出来，到另外一个数据库还原，有工具PHPMYADMIN；
也可以命令行导出，利用“mysqldump -u 用户名 -p databasename >exportfilename”导出数据库到文件，导入：
进入MySQL Command Line Client，输入密码，进入到“mysql>”，输入命令"show databases；"，回车，看看有些什么数据库；建立你要还原的数据库，输入"create database voice；"，回车；切换到刚建立的数据库，输入"use voice；"，回车；
导入数据，输入"source voice.sql；
"回车，开始导入，再次出现"mysql>"并且没有提示错误即还原成功。
MySQL
MySQL是一个关系型数据库，由瑞典 MySQL AB 公司开发，目前属于 Oracle 旗下公司。MySQL 最流行的关系型数据库管理系统，在 WEB 应用方面 MySQL 是最好的 RDBMS (Relational Database Management System，关系数据库管理系统) 应用软件之一。
caching_sha2_password认证插件提供更多的密码加密方式，并且在加密方面具有更好的表现，目前MySQL 8.0选用caching_sha2_password作为默认的认证插件，MySQL 5.7的认证插件是MySQL_native_password。如果客户端版本过低，会造成无法识别MySQL 8.0的加密认证方式，最终导致连接问题。
MySQL存储引擎现在负责提供自己的分区处理程序，而MySQL服务器不再提供通用分区支持，InnoDB和NDB是唯一提供MySQL 8.0支持的本地分区处理程序的存储引擎。 如果分区表用的是别的存储引擎，存储引擎必须进行修改。要么将其转换为InnoDB或NDB，要么删除其分区。通过MySQLdump从5.7获取的备份文件，在导入到8.0环境前，需要确保创建分区表语句中指定的存储引擎必须支持分区，否则会报错。
MySQL 8.0的默认字符集utf8mb4，可能会导致之前数据的字符集跟新建对象的字符集不一致，为了避免新旧对象字符集不一致的情况，可以在配置文件将字符集和校验规则设置为旧版本的字符集和校验规则。
MySQL 8.0启动使用的lower_case_table_names值必须跟初始化时使用的一致。使用不同的设置重新启动服务器会引入与标识符的排序和比较方式不一致的问题。
< lower_case_table_names >
https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/server-systemvariables.html#sysvar_lower_case_table_names
要避免MySQL 8.0上的启动失败，MySQL配置文件中的sql_mode系统变量不能包含NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER。
从MySQL 5.7.24和MySQL 8.0.13开始，MySQLdump从存储程序定义中删除了NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER。必须手动修改使用早期版本的MySQLdump创建的转储文件，以删除NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER。
在MySQL 8.0.11中，删除了这些不推荐使用的兼容性SQL Mode：DB2，MAXDB，MSSQL，MySQL323，MySQL40，ORACLE，POSTGRESQL，NO_FIELD_OPTIONS，NO_KEY_OPTIONS，NO_TABLE_OPTIONS。从5.7到8.0的复制场景中，如果语句使用到废弃的SQL Mode会导致复制异常。
在执行到MySQL 8.0.3或更高版本的in-place升级时，BACKUP_ADMIN权限自动授予具有RELOAD权限的用户。
本文对MySQL 5.7到MySQL 8.0的升级过程中出现部分易出现问题进行整理：升级对MySQL版本的要求、升级都做了哪些内容、数据库升级做了哪些步骤以及注意事项，希望对大家版本升级有帮助。
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