(Day 2)每日一文:《经济学人·商论》中英双语

(Day 2)每日一文:《经济学人·商论》中英双语,第1张

 THIS WAS supposed to be the quarter that Kraft Heinz showed America's huge, struggling food companies a new model for success. A merger in 2015 had joined two of the world's most iconic food makers. Backed by 3G Capital, a private-equity firm, the new group slashed costs at a pace that made rivals shudder and investors swoon. After a failed bid in 2017 for Unilever, an Anglo-Dutch giant, Kraft Heinz set out to prove it could not just cut fat but boost sales on its own. Bernardo Hees, the company's boss, pointed cheerfully to new products, including Heinz Mayochup and something called Just Crack an Egg. The company was on the path to "sustainable, profitable growth", he declared in November. Unfortunately, it wasn't.

 On February 21st Kraft Heinz announced a staggering $15bn impairment, a dividend cut of more than 3o% and an inquiry into its procurement by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Earnings calls are often sleepy affairs. This one was a nightmare. Some of 3G's long-time critics are now clucking with satisfaction. Others fear 3G is tarnishing American treasures such as Kraft Macaroni and Cheese and Warren Buffett, who partnered with 3G to combine Heinz and Kraft and last year lost nearly $3bn on the deal. Yet dramatic as Kraft Heinz's decline may seem, 3G's impact and the food industry's problems extend far beyond it.

 While its founders are Brazilian, 3G's buyout business is based in Manhattan.(Its most famous founder, Jorge Paulo Lemann, lives in Switzerland.) Unlike many big private-equity firms, 3G's main investors are not pension funds but family offices and individuals, including its partners. It does not have a wide portfolio, but backs just two companies: Kraft Heinz and Restaurant Brands International (RBI). Blackstone, a private-equity firm based a few blocks away, has nearly 2,5oo staff.3G's New York office has fewer than two dozen. Yet 3G's leaders have rocked the consumer industry like few investors in history.

 All buyout firms are thirsty for deals, but 3G is uniquely parched. Before starting 3G, the firm's founders went on a beer-buying spree that culminated in 2o16 with Anheuser-Busch InBev's purchase of SAB Miller for more than $100bn. AB InBev, in which 3G's partners have a large stake, now brews more than one in four of the world's beers. Kraft Heinz counts Kraft cheese, Heinz Ketchup, Jell-0, Philadelphia Cream Cheese and Oscar Mayer among its holdings. RBI includes Burger King, Popeyes, a fried-chicken restaurant, and Tim Hortons, a popular Canadian chain.

The way 3G runs companies is as notable as its appetite for buying them. In a practice called zero-based budgeting, managers must justify their expenses anew each year. The idea is to expand margins continuously. Overseeing this are managers chosen for their talent and work ethic, rather than mere experience. Daniel Schwartz, a 3G partner, became the chief executive of Burger King at 32. Mr Hees, a 3G partner who spent more than a decade working for a Latin American railroad, became Kraft Heinz's boss at 45. David Knopf, its chief financial officer, assumed his position in 2017 at 29.

 To 3G's detractors, this all seems a bit mad. The company's strategy can be caricatured as follows: buy a big business, cut costs, repeat. This is not entirely fair. RBI has invested in marketing Burger King, winning prizes for its ads. AB InBev is working to boost its sales, for instance by pushing  higher-priced beers and deploying best practices across its vast geography.

 But buying big companies and slashing costs remain 3G's speciality. The risks of that strategy have become clear. RBI struggled to integrate franchisees at Tim Hortons. AB InBev last year said it would slash its dividend by half.

 Nowhere has 3G's approach played out more tumultuously than at Kraft Heinz. America's food industry seemed the perfect target, with flabby companies and powerful brands. Rare is the American who has not slurped Kool-Aid or downed an Oscar Mayer hot dog smothered in Heinz Ketchup.3G reckoned the brands were strong enough to withstand large cuts. As it turns out, they were not.

 This was not the same for AB InBev, which despite abysmal results in America, has little beer competition from in-store brands, is rarely sold online and faces ample growth abroad. Kraft Heinz's business, by comparison, is concentrated in America, where the food industry is being turned on its head. Its brands may be familiar, but that does not make them popular. Small firms are offering healthier options, taking advantage of cheap digital marketing and nimble contract manufacturers. The smallest 20,000 packaged goods players account for about half the industry's growth, according to Nielsen, a research firm.

 Meanwhile, the rise of e-commerce and European discount grocers has put pressure on food retailers, which are in turn squeezing food companies. Stores led by Walmart are using extensive data to launch their own, increasingly sophisticated, low-cost private label goods, all the while pushing companies to lower their prices.

 Things started well for Kraft Heinz. Its operating profit margin surged from 15% in 2014 to 24% in 2017. The first big setback came that year when Paul Polman, then Unilever's boss, rebuffed the company's $143bn courtship.(Unilever, wisely, has devoted growing attention not to food but to beauty and household products.) Without his megadeal, Mr Hees turned to the basic work of lifting sales by pouring more money into advertising, product innovation and Kraft Heinz's sales force, but that ate into profits.

 Equally striking is the company's new $15bn impairment, a recognition that the value of giant brands has shrivelled. Mr Buffett says that he misjudged the worth of Kraft's stable of products. "The management team entered into this merger with the assumption they could cut the spending needed to maintain brands, let alone help them grow," says Robert Moskow of Credit Suisse, a bank. "The world changed on them-retailers changed and consumers changed."

Flawed though 3G's approach may seem, few food companies offer a successful alternative. Companies have tried to evolve by buying smaller firms, often at lofty prices and with mixed results. For instance Campbell Soup bought Bolthouse Farms, a maker of fruity drinks, in 2o12, but is now trying to sell it. Last year it bought Snyder's-Lance, a pretzel and popcorn company, to boost its snacks business. Its debt level has risen accordingly. Indeed, shopping sprees at Campbell, ConAgra and General Mills have made those companies more levered than Kraft Heinz, according to Sanford C Bernstein, a research firm.

 Kraft Heinz now wants to shrink to grow: it plans divestments over the next 18 months to improve its balance sheet so it can make other, big deals. But the SEC's subpoena suggests that some internal processes might be unravelling as managers struggle to meet bold goals. The notion that big deals will save American food firms looks increasingly dubious. In 2014, before Heinz bought Kraft, the combined gross operating profits of the companies were about $6.5bn. Now, due in part to some problems beyond its control, Kraft Heinz expects its 2019 profits to be about the same.

卡夫亨氏《Kraft Heinz)本应在这个季度向美国规模巨大但陷入困境的食品公司展示一种通往成功的新模式。2015年,两家全球最具标志性的食品制造商合二为一。在私募股权公司G资本的支持下,新集团以令竞争对手战栗、令投资者狂喜的速度削减成本。2017年收购英荷巨头联合利华失败后,卡夫亨氏开始想办法证明自己不但会减肥,还能凭自身提高销焦额。公司老板贝尔纳多·希斯(Bernardo Hees)兴高采烈地搬出新产品作例证,包括亨氏的蛋黄番茄酱(Mayochup)和一种叫“打个蛋”(just Crack an Egg)的食品。去年11月他查布公司正走在遇往可持续、有盈利的增长“的道路上。遗憾的是,并没有。

上月21日,卡夫亨氏披露了150亿美元的巨额减记、削减超过30%的股息,以及美国证券交易委员会(SEC)调查其采购部门的事宜。财报电话会议通常让人昏昏欲题,这一次却是一场露梦。一些长期批评3G资本的人现在难掩得意之情。另一些人则担心,3G资本正在玷污像卡夫亨氏通心粉和巴菲特这样的美国瑰宝。之前正是巴非特与3G资本联手促成了亨氏和卡夫的合井,去年他因这笔交易亏损近30亿美元。不过,尽管卡夫亨氏的业绩下滑看起来很惊人,3G资本的影响和食品行业的问题却远不止于此。

3G资本的几位创始人都是巴西人,但收购业务的总部设在曼哈顿。(公司最知名的创始人豪尔赫·保罗·雷曼[Jorge Paulo Lemann]住在瑞士。)与许多大型私募股权公司不同,3G资本的主要投资者不是养老基金,而是家族办公空和个人,包括它的合伙人。它的投资组合并不广泛,只支持两家公司:卡夫亨氏和国际餐饮品牌公司(Restaurant Brands International,RBJ)。私募股权公司需石(Blackstone)的总卸离3G资本只有几个街区,有近2500名员工,而3G资本纽约办事处的员工还不到24人。不过,3G贸本的领导者却震憾了整个消费行业,极少有投资者曾做到这一点。

所有的投资收购公司都渴望达成交易,但3G资本在这方面的热望独一无二。在成立3G资本之前,该公司的创始人掀起了一场啤酒业收购狂湖,在2016年百威英博(Anheuser-Busch InBev)以逾1000亿美元收购SAB米勒(SAB Miller)时达到顶峰。如今,由G资本的合伙人大量持股的百威英博酿造了超过全球四分之一的啤酒。卡夫亨氏的产品包括卡夫奶酪、亨氏番茄、Jell-O果冻、菲力奶油奶酪和Oscar Mayer肉制品。RBI旗下有汉堡王、炸鸡店Popeyes和颇受欢迎的加拿大连锁店Tim Hortons。

3G资本运营所持有公司的方式和收购它们的劲头一样引人注目。它采用一种“零基预算法”的做法,经理们每年都要重新证明他们的支出是合理的。此举是为了持续扩大利润率。而监督这一 *** 作的管理层是因他们的才能和职业道德而不仅仅是经验被选定的。3G资本的合伙人之一丹尼尔·施瓦茨(Daniel Schwartz)出任汉堡王的首席执行官时才32岁。另一位合伙人希斯在一家拉美铁路公司工作了十多年,45岁时成为卡夫亨氏的老板。首席财务官戴维·克诺夫(David Knopf)2017年上任时才29岁。

对于3G资本的抨击者来说,这一切似乎有点疯狂。夸张一点说,该公司的战略就是:收购一家大企业,削减成本,然后再重复。但这么说并不完全公平。RBI在汉堡王的营销上投资,赢得了广告大奖。百威英博正努力提振销售,比如推销价格更高的啤酒,并在公司广阔的版图上应用最佳实践。

但收购大公司和削减成本仍是3G资本的专长。这种策略的风险已经变得很明显。整合Tim Hortons的加盟商让RBI不堪重负。百威英博去年表示将把股息削减一半。

3G资本的这套做法用在卡夫亨氏上时表现得最为混乱。美国的食品产业看起来是个完美的目标,因为该行业里企业臃肿但品牌强大。很少有美国人没喝过速溶饮料Kool-Aid,或是没吃过涂满亨氏番茄酱的Oscar Mayer热狗。3G资本认为这些品牌足够强大,能承受大幅成本削减。事实证明它们并不能。

百威英博的情况就不一样了。尽管在美国的业绩糟糕透顶,但百威英博几乎没有遇到过来自商店自有品牌啤酒的竞争,很少在网上销售,而且海外增长强劲。相比之下,卡夫亨氏的业务集中在美国,而美国的食品行业正在发生翻天覆地的变化。它的各个品牌可能为人熟知,但这并不能让它们大卖。小公司正利用便宜的数字营销和灵活的承包生产商带来的优势,提供给消费者更健康的选择。根据研究公司尼尔森的数据,规模最小的两万家包装食品公司占了整个行业增长的一半左右。

与此同时,电子商务和欧洲折扣杂货商的崛起给食品零售商带来了压力,它们继而又向食品公司施压。以沃尔玛为首的商店正在利用大量数据推出越来越精致且价格低廉的自有品牌商品,并始终在促使食品公司降价。

卡夫亨氏的开局不错。营业利润率从2014年的15%飙升至2017年的24%。2017年,卡夫亨氏遭遇了第一次重大挫折,时任联合利华老板的保罗.波尔曼(Paul Polman)拒绝了该公司1430亿美元的求购。(联合利华明智地将注意力越来越多地放在美容和家用品而非食品上。)巨额收购计划落空,希斯转而专注于提高销售额这项基础工作,将更多资金投在广告、产品创新和卡夫亨氏的销售队伍上,但这侵蚀了利润。

同样惹人注目的是该公司150亿美元的新一轮减记,这等于承认公司各大品牌价值缩水。巴菲特表示他错误地判断了卡夫众多产品的价值。“管理团队设想的是,合并之后他们可以削减品牌维护所必需的开支,更不用说帮助品牌成长了,”瑞信银行的罗伯特·莫斯可(Robert Moskow)说道,“世界在他们那里发生了变化——零售商变了,消费者也变了。”

3G资本的方法似乎存在缺陷,但极少有食品公司能拿出一个成功的替代方案。各大公司尝试通过收购规模较小的公司来自我进化,这些收购交易的价格往往很高,而收效不一。例如,金宝汤(Campbell Soup)于2012年收购了果汁饮料生产商Bolthouse Farms,但现在又想把它卖掉。去年它收购了一家椒盐脆饼和爆米花公司Snyder's-Lance,以扩大零食业务。它的债务水平也相应上升。研究公司盛博称,实际上,金宝汤、康尼格拉(ConAgra)和通用磨坊(General Mills)的疯狂收购使得这些公司的杠杆率比卡夫亨氏还高。

卡夫亨氏现在希望通过收缩规模来实现增长:它计划在未来18个月剥离资产以改善资产负债表,以便能实现其他大规模交易。但美国证交会的传票显示,由于管理层难以达到大胆的目标,一些内部流程可能正在瓦解。大型交易能拯救美国食品公司的想法看起来越来越不可靠了。2014年在亨氏收购卡夫之前,两家公司的总营业利润约为65亿美元。现在,一定程度上由于公司自身无法控制的一些问题,卡夫亨氏预计2019年的利润将与合并前大致相同。

上海 - 4月23日,亚太地区领先的数字营销领袖在Campaign Asia-Pacific第二届Digital360China峰会上汇聚一堂,探讨最新数字趋势以及其他发人深省的热点问题,其中之一便是中国数字产业的脆弱性。

峰会为期一天,上午议程中的第一个环节直奔主题:中国数字产业的脆弱性已然成为营销行业面临的核心挑战之一。

“我们与Facebook、谷歌等大品牌都开展了广泛的全球合作,但在中国,面对形形色色的数字平台,我们不得不选择分别合作,”WPP首席战略官兼首席数字官Scott Spirit说。

联合利华中国区媒介总监David Porter和Spirit看法一致。“中国市场的数字工具虽然与众不同,但实际运用却与其他市场十分相仿,”他说。“中国的数字生态系统十分脆弱,我们在合作伙伴的选择上需要格外谨慎。”

在这一点上,德意志银行亚洲证券研究部董事总经理Alan Hellawell也有共识,他对中国瞬息万变的数字产业格局心存顾虑。“我们每天都盘问这样的问题:我们是不是身处泡沫的包围圈中?一旦音乐停下来,会发生什么预想不到的动荡?”

峰会上,有关行业趋势的热议聚焦于电子商务以及O2O(线上到线下,指线上营销线上购买带动线下经营和线下消费)营销模式的快步推进。

可口可乐中国创意、整合营销及设计高级总监Stephen Drummond表示,在接下来的一年中,可口可乐将在继续发掘O2O商机的同时,“重点”发展电商营销。

“我们面临的一个根本挑战是,如何把小小的数字创意转变为影响力大大的品牌传播活动,”Drummond说。“中国市场对新兴技术的接纳程度异常强大,随之而来的就是对品牌主的考验了。”

Porter认为,“在中国市场小打小闹并不难,难的是实现规模化发展”。

库费拉CEO刘爽(Allen Liu)谏言,品牌主及营销商在制定数字营销方案时应向前看。

“随着新兴电商模式的不断涌现,当前的生态系统会被未来所淘汰,”刘爽说。“随着O2O商业模式的崛起,中国数字生态圈的演进不可避免。”

家乐氏中国区数字总监赵子峡(Rasheed Zhao)预言,数字生态系统在中国将呈现加速演进的态势。“可以肯定的是,未来某个时间点,许多看似荒诞不稽的创想(比如百度的“神灯搜索”,可将搜索结果以全息投影的影像呈现在手机屏幕上方,而用户可以直接与全息影像的搜索结果进行互动)或将成为现实。”

百度特地选在4月1日愚人节那天发布了一段新品宣传视频:展示了四种常见场景下,使用手机百度“神灯搜索”的全新搜索体验。如此新功能离奇得让人怀疑它的真实性,被人权当作愚人节笑话。

不过,好耶集团CEO姚晓洁(Wilson Yao)指出,这些创新同时也“折射出我们想要通过B.A.T.(中国互联网三巨头百度、阿里巴巴和腾讯)实现的目标。”

没有技术作为驱动引擎,这些新颖的创想只能停留在“新鲜”的概念层面,而对推进整个营销行业的发展无济于事。

但是,如果没有源自B.A.T.的大数据作为支撑,营销公司恐怕会脆弱不堪,突破传播上海董事总经理徐衡(Vivien Xu)指出。对营销公司而言,其真正的目标应是卓有成效地利用数据来提升转化率,不管这些数据来自何方。

比方说,中国汽车行业是最先关注CRM(客户关系管理)数据的,徐衡表示。“就我们的汽车客户而言,任何一个貌似再平常不过的广告战役,背后都有我们在代码映射和数据分析上倾注的巨大心力,因为只有如此才能获取准确洞察和结论,为客户的营销战略提供正确指南和方向。”

即便如此,技术并未从根本上变革市场营销的游戏规则,智威汤逊亚太区CEO唐锐涛(Tom Doctoroff)表示。在当前的数字格局下,消费者对品牌的忠诚度薄如蝉翼;但同时他也认为,那些植根于消费动机研究的所谓传统式的品牌定位并没有被市场所淘汰。他在主题演讲中说道,模拟和数字不仅能和平共存,更能相辅相成。

“只有精心策划的品牌创意才能实现自上而下信息传播清晰化与自下而上受众互动(技术驱动)动态化之间的长期和谐,”唐锐涛说。

如果数据分析和衡量标准都无法评测互动性,再怎么谈互动性都是枉然。现如今,品牌主投放于移动平台的营销预算越来越大,问题是,在中国数字市场的大环境下,效果分析及评估的难度众人皆知,品牌主何以保证能够获取最大化的ROI?针对这一问题,精硕科技首席运营官陈传洽(Calvin Chan)分享了一个解决方案:SDK(软件开发工具包)。“这是移动广告监测标准的一大创新。有了该工具,我们能够跟踪线下广告的实效性,还能对移动平台的付费媒体进行评估,”他说。

亿滋中国媒体与数字营销总监Anthony Ho十分看好数目庞大的移动用户:世界上有50亿人用智能手机,却只有40亿人用牙刷。

“不要小看这个数字,它所承载的关键信息是:移动时代已经到来并在这里驻足,”他强调说。对亿滋旗下的奥利奥而言,内容是品牌传播的载体,手机则是与消费者互动的工具;不过,移动营销尚在尝试阶段,奥利奥还在摸索如何把握移动预算的平衡。“内容为王的营销策略意味着品牌要能推送大量短小精悍的信息,”Ho解释说。“根本上说,你可以采取的方式是翻倍制作预算。”

大型传媒公司能够在研究中国创业者温床、敏锐应变行业趋势和管理成本上做得十分出色。“在媒体采购行业,我们面临客户削减服务费用和员工人力成本不断攀升的双重压力,”浩腾媒体中国区CEO汪慧玲(Arlene Ang)说。“不求创新只能出局。我们的创新举措是,面向初创型企业成立专项基金,架构其与我们客户之间的合作桥梁。”

其实,初创型企业面临的问题与大型企业没有太大不同,赞那度创意总监兼首席营销官Dirk Eschenbacher补充说。

“英特尔是一家硬件工程服务公司,创新是其品牌精髓不可分割的一部分。为驱动创新,我们努力创建“允许失败”(Freedom-to-fail)的企业文化,”英特尔中国数字营销与媒体总监David Sun说。“我们意在为媒体行业的发展助一臂之力,待到人人都离不开数字应用的时候,英特尔能够从数字媒体这块大蛋糕上分一杯羹。”

AIG中国社会化媒体与数字营销总监王治钧(Lawrence Wang)提议说,在数字应用全民普及尚未实现之前,大家不妨先来谈谈“小数据”。“AIG拥有大量数据,但与互联网企业相比,数据利用率要低得多。其实,我们在数据利用上相当保守,不怎么积极。” 对此,ABI公司市场营销副总裁Huang Wei的建议是,加大在人力资源上的投入,提升数字分析实力。

在程序化购买研讨会环节中,谷歌中国大客户销售团队首席数字官陈建豪(Tony Chen)认为,程序化购买不应仅被视作为品牌主提供直接、高效广告投放的一项专门技术。

“它还有更大的优势——能够通过精准的受众洞察、吸引力十足的广告创意、广博的跨屏触达面以及对广告效果的实时监测,满足广告主以品牌传播为中心的投放需求,”他说道。

广告技术带来的裨益有一箩筐,但如果无视品牌精髓,任什么技术都达不到品牌传播的效果,百事和康师傅饮品中国首席营销官李自强(Richard Lee)用一贯戏谑的口吻说道。“技术在变,媒体接触点也要随之而变。或许有一天百事产品的接触点能够大过新浪网。”

在峰会最后一个环节中,李自强诙谐地说,待到百事饮品上的二维码能够拉动新浪访客流量的那一天,百事公司就能向新浪出售广告位了。参加该环节讨论的嘉宾包括新浪移动事业部主管魏江雷(Arthur Wei)。


欢迎分享,转载请注明来源:内存溢出

原文地址: http://outofmemory.cn/zz/7266274.html

(0)
打赏 微信扫一扫 微信扫一扫 支付宝扫一扫 支付宝扫一扫
上一篇 2023-04-03
下一篇 2023-04-03

发表评论

登录后才能评论

评论列表(0条)

保存