——————————
http://www.cognitiveprocesses.com/16types.html
The 16 Type Patterns
16种人格类型
Adapted from Linda V. Berens and Dario Nardi,
Understanding Yourself and Others: An Introduction to the Personality Type Code
(Telos Publications, 2004) *Used with permission.
THERE ARE 16 PERSONALITY TYPES. EACH "TYPE" REPRESENTS A UNIQUE PREDICTABLE PATTERN OF HOW THE EIGHT PROCESSES ARE USED IN EVERYDAY LIFE.
存在16种人格类型。每种“类型”都可预见出的在日常生活中对应的八种功能的运用方式。
The Roles of the Processes
不同功能的作用
In each of the sixteen types, each of the eight processes plays a different “role” in the personality. The type code lets you know what role each process plays for each type. This is called “type dynamics.” It is also referred to as the “hierarchy of functions”: Dominant, Auxiliary, Tertiary, and Inferior. The roles are explained below to help you better understand the patterns. In most of what we do we rely on two of the processes—a preferred way of accessing information and a preferred way of organizing and evaluating that information. As we look more closely we can see that one process takes a leading role and the other takes a supporting role.*
所有的功能均在不同的人格类型中扮演着各自的角色。类型代码的作用就是让你知道在不同的类型中，各种功能分别扮演着何等角色。这就是所谓的“动力类型”。也就是我们所说的“功能等级”：主导功能，辅助功能，第三功能和劣势功能。这些内容在下面会有进一步的解释以助你加深理解。通常情况下我们主要依靠两种功能，一种用来收集信息，另一种用来组织所获取的信息。当我们对此更深入观察时，会发现一种功能占主导地位而另一种起辅助作用。
In truth, we have access to all eight cognitive processes—the other six are often in the background, playing other kinds of roles. Each has a positive and a negative way of expressing itself. Each bears a different energy cost when we use it.
事实上，我们能够使用所有这八种功能，只是另外六种常常居于幕后，起着不同的作用。每种方式都可能被积极或消极地呈现。当我们运用不同方式时，也就是在向不同的方面投入精力。
The Primary Processes
人格类型的阳面
The primary processes are those used in the first four roles. Each process tends to emerge and develop at different times in our lives. During these times we are drawn to activities that use these processes. Then, learning the content and the skills that engage these processes is often nearly effortless. We find our interest is drawn to them and our interest is pulled away from things we were drawn to before.
人格类型的阳面是我们首要运用的四种功能。不同的功能会在我们生命中的不同阶段出现与发展。在不同的阶段，我们会更活跃地应用对应的功能，并发现可以几乎毫不费力地应用它。我们会发现自己的兴趣逐渐转移，从过去吸引我们的事物上移开。
The Leading Role (Dominant) (sometimes referred to as the 1st function)
主角（主导功能）
The process that plays the leading role is the one that usually develops early in childhood. We tend to engage in this process first, trusting it to solve our problems and help us be successful. Being the most trusted and most used, it usually has an adult, mature quality to it. While we are likely to engage in it rather automatically and effortlessly, we have much more conscious control over it. The energy cost for using it is very low. Much like in the movies, the leading role has a heroic quality as using it can get us out of difficult situations. However, we can sometimes “turn up the volume” on this process and become overbearing and domineering. Then it takes on a negative dominating quality.
主导功能通常是我们在童年期即已发展出的功能。我们会倾向于首先运用它，指望它来解决我们的问题，帮助我们成功。这是我们最值得信赖和最常使用的功能，通常是相当成熟完善的。尽管多数情况下我们是在自然而然、毫不费力地运用它，我们也可以更有意识地去掌控它。运用主导功能所需投入的精力极少。正如电影中的主角所起的作用那样，主导功能的运用能够令我们摆脱困境。然而，有时我们也会过分依赖主导功能，变得过于傲慢自大。此时它主要起消极作用。
The Supporting Role (Auxiliary) (sometimes referred to as the 2nd function)
配角（辅助功能）
The supporting role is how we are helpful to others as well as supportive of ourselves. Once we have developed some facility with our leading role process, we are more likely to feel comfortable engaging in our supporting role process. In its most positive form, this can be quite like a nurturing parent. In its more negative aspect, it can be overprotective and stunting rather than helpful. When the leading role process is an extraverted one, the supporting role process is introverted. When the leading role process is an introverted one, the supporting role process is extraverted and may be quite active and visible as it provides a way of dealing with the outer world.
辅助功能帮助我们自身的作用正如我们帮助他人。一旦我们能够熟练地运用主导功能，让作为配角的辅助功能来发挥作用会让我们更感舒适。当状况良好时，恰似合适的家庭环境有利于孩子成长。若状况不佳，则可能是主角过于强大而使得配角不能很好地发展，而非起到促进作用。当主导功能外倾时，对应的辅助功能是内倾的。当主导功能内倾时，外倾的辅助功能是我们与外界打交道的方式，会是活跃而易于被觉察的。
The Relief Role (Tertiary) (sometimes referred to as the 3rd function)
替补队员（第三功能）
The relief role gives us a way to energize and recharge ourselves. It serves as a backup to the supporting role and often works in tandem with it. When we are younger, we might not engage in the process that plays this role very much unless our life circumstances require it or make it hard to use the supporting role process. Usually, in young adulthood we are attracted to activities that draw upon this process. The relief role often is how we express our creativity. It is how we are playful and childlike. In its most negative expression, this is how we become childish. Then it has an unsettling quality, and we can use this process to distract ourselves and others, getting us off target.
替补队员为我们提供了恢复自我的途径。是配角的替补，并经常与配角共同协作。在我们年轻时，若不是情非得已，配角不能很好地完成任务，可能并不会有力地运用它。通常，在成人初期我们会被替补队员的活动吸引。第三功能通常是我们发挥创造力的途径，会在我们像孩童般嬉戏时出现。在最糟的情况下，这是我们表现出幼稚行为时运用的功能。此时它稳定性不佳，会令我们自己与其他人偏离常轨。
The Aspirational Role (Inferior) (sometimes referred to as the 4th function)
龙套演员（劣势功能或第四功能）
The aspirational role usually doesn’t develop until around midlife. We often experience it first in its negative aspect of projecting our “shoulds,” fears, and negativities onto others. The qualities of these fears reflect the process that plays this role, and we are more likely to look immature when we engage in the process that plays this role. There is often a fairly high energy cost for using it—even when we acquire the skill to do so. As we learn to trust it and develop it, the aspirational role process provides a bridge to balance in our lives. Often our sense of purpose, inspiration, and ideals have the qualities of the process that plays this role.
龙套演员通常在我们中年以前并未发展。我们通常是先遇到它在跟我们捣乱，作为我们的内心的命令、恐惧及其他负面情绪出现。此类恐惧是劣势功能在发挥作用的体现，而我们常常在此时并不会成熟地去对待它。在龙套演员登场时，我们常常要投入相当多的精力——即使是在我们掌握了调配它的技能以后。一旦我们学会去信赖并发展它，龙套演员能够成为平衡我们生活的桥梁，连通我们的目标、灵感、理想。
The Shadow Processes
人格类型的阴面
The other four cognitive processes operate more on the boundaries of our awareness. It is as if they are in the shadows and only come forward under certain circumstances. We usually experience these processes in a negative way, yet when we are open to them, they can be quite positive.
剩下的四种功能，处在我们意识的边缘，常常隐身在黑暗中，不会主动出现。它们常常会带给我们负面影响，然而，若我们愿意，同样可以将它们纳入觉知中，发挥它们的积极作用。
The Opposing Role (sometimes referred to as the 5th function)
对手（第五功能）
The opposing role is often how we get stubborn and argumentative—refusing to “play” and join in whatever is going on at the time. It might be easy for us to develop skill in the process that plays this role, but we are likely to be more narrow in our application of this skill, and it will likely take more energy to use it extensively. In its positive aspect, it provides a shadow or depth to our leading role process, backing it up and enabling us to be more persistent in pursuit of our goals.
对手通常是让我们感到棘手的——无论何事发生，都拒绝“加入”我方阵营。我们或许可以通过有意让它上场来发展它，但通常可能并不会给它太多的戏份，要让它发挥自如也得投入我们更多的精力。从积极方面来讲，对手是主角的影子，它的存在是对主角的丰富，帮助我们更持久地追求目标。
The Critical Parent Role (sometimes referred to as the 6th function)
批评家（第六功能）
The critical parent role is how we find weak spots and can immobilize and demoralize others. We can also feel this way when others use the process that plays this role. It is often used sporadically and emerges more often under stressful conditions when something important is at risk. When we engage it, we can go on and on. To access its positive side of discovery, we must learn to appreciate and be open to it. Then it has an almost magical quality and can provide a profound sense of wisdom.
批评家使我们能够找出弱点，打压别人。当别人运用它来对付我们时，我们就知道它是咋起作用的了。这一位常常在我们遭遇重大危机、顶着极大压力时，才登台表演。若我们愿意，可以让它继续留在台上。若要发挥它的积极作用，我们必须学会欣赏它，留一席之地给它。如此，它会拥有神奇的品质，带给我们深刻的智慧洞见。
The Deceiving Role (sometimes referred to as the 7th function)
骗子（第七功能）
The deceiving role fools us into thinking something is important to do or pay attention to. The process that fills this role is often not trusted or seen as worthy of attention, for when we do engage it, we may make mistakes in perception or in decision making. Then we feel double bound—trapped between two bad options. Yet this role can have a positive side as it provides comic relief. Then we can laugh at ourselves. It can be refreshing and join with the relief role as we recharge ourselves through play.
骗子会愚弄我们，让我们以为某些事情是重要的或值得关注的。它的意见通常被认为是不可信或不值得被关注的，若我们当真了，倒是会形成错觉或做出错误的决定。此时我们会发现自己陷入两难境地，左右皆非。尽管如此，它也有积极面，能以滑稽来助我们减压，教我们自嘲。如此，它可以为我们服务，在我们恢复精力时发挥作用。
The Devilish Role (sometimes referred to as the 8th function)
魔鬼（第八功能）
The devilish role can be quite negative. Using the process that plays this role, we might become destructive of ourselves or others. Actions (or inactions) taken when we engage in the process that plays this role are often regretted later. Usually, we are unaware of how to use the process that fills this role and feel like it just erupts and imposes itself rather unconsciously. Yet when we are open to the process that plays the devilish role, it becomes transformative. It gives us the impetus to create something new—to make lemonade out of lemons, rather than lament their sourness.
魔鬼通常不干好事儿。当它出现时，可能会让我们自毁毁人。受它影响作出的行动（或不作为）往往会令我们事后悔恨。通常，我们并不知道如何有意使用它，感觉它多半是在我们毫无觉察的情况下突然爆发的。话虽这么说，若我们心胸够宽广，魔鬼也可以改变阵营，倒戈投诚。这时它会成为有创造性的力量，带来新生——恰似将柠檬榨成柠檬汁，使我们不必抱怨柠檬的酸涩。
The Developed Self
自我完善
Remember, we can use all the processes and we can become skilled in that use. Skill comes through practice. As we go through life, we seem to be drawn to activities that develop our primary processes. Sometimes the environment doesn’t allow or foster that development or it can heighten it. Thus, while the personality pattern will be the same for each type, there will be considerable variation among individuals of the same type due to their varying development.
要知道，我们有能力运用所有这些功能并熟练掌握它们。熟能生巧。在生活中，我们会主要倾向于发展人格类型中的阳面。但环境可能会强化它，也可能会阻碍它的发展。因此，即使是人格类型完全相同的人，在各自不同的成长道路中，他们的功能发展也会有相当大的差别。
We are more likely to identify and claim those processes we are aware of, rather than those we are unaware of. If we are competent in using a process yet unaware of it, we will take it for granted. If we are incompetent and unaware, we are likely to project the negative aspects of this process onto others and even deny that it can have any value anywhere.
在我们有意识地情况下识别运用这些功能，比起我们无意中让它们出现，要容易得多。若我们有足够的能力去运用一个尚不熟悉的功能，我们也可以很自然地享受这个过程。若是能力不到，觉知力不够，则多半会受功能的消极面影响，反而怪罪说它其实在任何地方都毫无价值。
The Pattern
模型
The pattern of the processes can be represented by a stick figure. At the head is the process we lead with, commonly called the Dominant. At the right hand is the process we use in a supportive way, commonly called the Auxiliary. At the left hand is the process we use in a relief-giving way, commonly called the Tertiary. And at the feet is what we aspire to, commonly called the Inferior. Since this process is what we aspire to be doing well, it is often what “makes our feet go” even when we are unaware of wanting to go in that direction.
各种功能的使用可以拿一个模型（下面的表格）来描述。主导功能，相当于我们的头脑——我们的领导。辅助功能被比做我们的右手，帮助我们实现头脑的想法。第三功能，或替补队员是左手，起替补作用。双足则代表我们的劣势功能，那位梦想远大的龙套演员。它常常是我们努力想要做好，却不知该如何努力的方面。
Think of the shadow processes as being situated just behind the stick figure to show that they are in the background. Just like a shadow, they are always there, but we are most often not actively using them.
人格类型的阴面，是表格的后半部分。正如我们的影子，总是躲在我们身体的背后，但我们并没有积极地利用它们。
附：16人格的动态平衡
前四项为该人格类型的阳面，后四项为该人格类型的阴面。类型名称采用抽屉网。
ESTP — 创业者 Se Ti Fe Ni Si Te Fi Ne
ESFP — 表演者 Se Fi Te Ni Si Fe Ti Ne
ISTJ — 检查者 Si Te Fi Ne Se Ti Fe Ni
ISFJ — 保护者 Si Fe Ti Ne Se Fi Te Ni
ENTP — 发明家 Ne Ti Fe Si Ni Te Fi Se
ENFP — 奋斗者 Ne Fi Te Si Ni Fe Ti Se
INTJ— 策划者 Ni Te Fi Se Ne Ti Fe Si
INFJ— 劝告者 Ni Fe Ti Se Ne Fi Te Si
ESTJ — 监督者 Te Si Ne Fi Ti Se Ni Fe
ENTJ — 陆军元帅 Te Ni Se Fi Ti Ne Si Fe
ISTP — 手艺者 Ti Se Ni Fe Te Si Ne Fi
INTP — 建筑师 Ti Ne Si Fe Te Ni Se Fi
ESFJ — 供应者 Fe Si Ne Ti Fi Se Ni Te
ENFJ — 教导者 Fe Ni Se Ti Fi Ne Si Te
ISFP — 创作者 Fi Se Ni Te Fe Si Ne Ti
INFP — 化解者 Fi Ne Si Te Fe Ni Se Ti
Adapted from Linda V. Berens,
Understanding Yourself and Others: An Introduction to the Personality Type Code
(Telos Publications, 2004) *Used with permission.
Find out more about Linda V. Berens, PhD
http://www.interstrength.com
Find out more about Dario Nardi, PhD
http://www.darionardi.com
————————————————
http://www.cognitiveprocesses.com/typecode.html
The 4-Letter Type Code
人格类型四个字母的意义
Adapted from Linda V. Berens, Understanding Yourself and Others: An Introduction to the Personality Type Code (Telos Publications, 2004) *Used with permission.
It is important to remember that the four-letter type code is more than the sum of four letters. It results from how we answer questions along four dichotomies, Extraversion-Introversion, Sensing-iNtuiting, Thinking-Feeling, and Judging-Perceiving. While on the surface each of these dichotomies can be described generally, they are not separate parts or traits. In the development of the MBTI, it was assumed that reporting preferences for one over the other of each dichotomy would give us an idea of the pattern of cognitive processes of the personality and thus reveal Jung’s psychological type patterns. Use the following diagram to remind you of the kinds of processes and what the letters mean.
记住人格类型不只是四个字母的简单堆砌是很重要的。乍看起来人格类型是四个非此即彼的倾向的简单叠加，即：外倾-内倾，感觉-直觉，思考-情感，判断-感知。似乎每个维度都可以被单独描述，事实却并非如此。在MBTI理论中，这些字母帮助我们认清不同性格类型的在功能使用上的不同，是荣格的心理类型学的具体体现。通过下面的程序，你可以具体了解人格类型是如何具体指出相应的功能使用模式的。
One can “crack the code” in a mechanical fashion and for some people this is necessary for them to understand how the processes are in a hierarchy.
解读代码，破译出它们的涵义，对某些人来说，是了解情况的必要方法。
What follows is a step-by-step process for converting the MBTI code to the pattern of processes represented by that code.
下面将教你一步步地破解MBTI人格类型代码的涵义。
1。Look at the last letter of the code. It tells you which one of the two middle letters is extraverted
1。查看人格类型代码中的最后一个字母，它会告诉你中间两个字母中哪个是外倾的。
--If it is J, then that tells you that the T or F in the code is used in the external world. TJ in the code indicates extraverted Thinking is the preferred process of judgment for that type pattern.
--FJ in the code indicates extraverted Feeling is the preferred process of judgment for that type pattern.
Some people say that J “points to” the letter just next to it.
——如果是J，代表着T/F是这个类型与外界打交道的方式。TJ表示外倾思考是这个类型主要应用的判断方式。FJ表示外倾感觉是这个类型主要应用的判断方式。有些人习惯说J是指向紧挨着它的那个字母。
If it is P, then that tells you that the S or N in the code is used in the external world.
--S_P in the code indicates extraverted Sensing is the preferred process of perception for that type pattern.
--N_P in the code indicates extraverted iNtuiting is the preferred process of perception for that type pattern.
Some people say that P “points to” the previous letter.
——如果是P，代表着S/N是这个类型与外界打交道的方式。S_P表示外倾感觉是这个类型主要应用的感知方式，N_P表示外倾直觉是这个类型主要应用的感知方式。有些人习惯说P是指向第二个字母。
2。Now that you have determined which process is extraverted, know that the remaining middle letter in the code is introverted.
2。现在你已经确定了哪个功能是外倾的，中间两个字母中剩下的那个就是内倾的喽。
3。Now look at the first letter in the code.
3。接着来看人格类型代码中的第一个字母。
--If it is an E, then the extraverted process identified in step one is the leading role process (dominant).
--If it is an I, then the introverted process identified in step two is the leading role process (dominant).
——如果是E，表示外倾的那个功能是这个类型的主导功能。如果是I，表示内倾的那个功能是这个类型的主导功能。
4。The other middle letter is the supporting role process (auxiliary).
4。剩下的那个字母则指出了这个类型的辅助功能。
5。The dichotomous opposite of the supporting role process will be the relief role process (tertiary).
5。第三功能是辅助功能的对立面。
6。The dichotomous opposite of the leading role process will be the aspirational role process (inferior).
6。劣势功能是主导功能的对立面。
7。To get the shadow processes, just take the hierarchical sequence of the primary processes and reverse the attitude (extraverted or introverted) of the process.
7。要确定人格类型的阴面，将人格类型阳面中的各功能按顺序排列，并将它们的作用倾向（外倾或内倾）颠倒即可。
（最后那张表，等我想明白了怎么排版再补上……又：现在看来“补上”是遥遥无期的了）
Adapted from Linda V. Berens, Understanding Yourself and Others: An Introduction to the Personality Type Code (Telos Publications, 2004) *Used with permission.
点赞
转发
收藏
点
英语周报2015-2016学年高二外研第8期参考答案及解析Book 5 Module 4 参考答案及部分解析
[参考答案]
1-5 BABAC 6-10CAACB
11-15 ACBCB 16-20ACBBA
21-25 CCBBA26-30BCDDB
31-35 BCADB36-40EGCFA
41-45 CBADB46-50ACBAC
51-55 DBDCD56-60BDADC
61. known 62.that / which
63. when 64.usually
65. starts 66.strangers
67. of 68.going
69. exciting 70. it
短文改错：
71. ... in my way to school ... in → on
72. Seen them working ... Seen → Seeing
73. ... made my mind to ... made后加up
74. ... how we could do. how → what
75. Final we all agreed ...Final → Finally
76. ... we prepare some bread ...
prepare → prepared
77. ... we handed the cleaner ...
cleaner → cleaners
78. ... looked a little surprising ...
surprising→ surprised
79. ... then we took the bread ... we → they
80. ... but we all felt warm ...去掉but
One possible version:
Halloween is an autumn holiday in America whichcomes on October 31. It is a holiday mainly for children.
On this day, children cut faces in thepumpkins and put a burning candle inside. At night, they put on strange masksand frightening costumes and carry bags from house to house to ask for candy.Every time they come to a new house, they say, “Trick or treat!” The grown-upsput some candy in their bags.
Not only children, but most grown-ups alsolove Halloween because they can dress themselves as important persons orghosts. They gather together and hold parties and enjoy themselves.
部分解析
阅读理解：
第一节：
A篇(现代技术)
本文是应用文。文章主要介绍了适合狗主人用的四款手机应用程序。
21. C。细节理解题。由Pet First Aid介绍内容中的The application shows ownershow to treat illnesses with helpful videos, pictures and articles可知，Pet First Aid这一应用程序有很多有用的视频、图片和文章来教宠物主人如何治疗宠物的病。
22. C。细节理解题。由Dog Park Finder介绍内容中的Dog Park Finder helps youlocate dog-friendly parks and training locations in your area可知，Dog Park Finder这款应用程序能帮用户找到允许带狗的公园和狗训练地。
23. B。细节理解题。由Paw Card Pet Tracker介绍内容中的Paw Card helps you keep arecord of your loved one's important information可知，Paw Card Pet Tracker这一应用程序可以记录宠物的重要信息。
B篇(个人情况)
本文是记叙文。文章主要讲述了一位波特兰社区学院残疾学生办公室盲人秘书的故事。
24. B。细节理解题。由第一段中的I'm sure that myexperience with higher education ... I know my college education has helped meover the years可知，LeannaDeeds认为她在大学里的教育对她的帮助极大。
25. A。细节理解题。由第三段中的I achieved a great dealin my career today through perseverance and hard work可知，Leanna Deeds通过坚持不懈和刻苦努力获得了职业上的成就。
26. B。推理判断题。由第五段中的描述及倒数第二段中的As the yearspassed, I decided that continuing to work for PCC would be easier ... known forwhat I can do可以推断，LeannaDeeds目前在PCC工作得游刃有余。
27. C。主旨大意题。由文中的描述以及最后一段中的Always do yourbest ... When you get a job, stick to it可知，作者通过本文主要告诉读者要刻苦努力、全力以赴并坚持到底。
C篇(节假日活动)
本文是说明文。万圣节前夜的活动使孩子和老人等弱者的生命安全遭到威胁。为此，英国警方采取行动来规范人们的行为。
28. D。细节理解题。由第一段中的twice as many childrenare killed while out and about on Halloween compared to any other day of theyear可知，万圣节前夜，儿童的生命安全受到了威胁。
29. D。推理判断题。根据英国警方采取的措施可知，警方在设法规范人们的行为，以保证大家都可以过一个安乐祥和的节日。
30. B。推理判断题。由第四段中的They want people tosend them to the old or anyone who may be frightened by ghosts knocking ontheir doors及第五段中的Childrenshould not call on houses where the posters are put up可知，这项措施是为了保护弱者，让人们不要去打扰他们，从而使他们免受不必要的伤害。
31. B。细节理解题。由第六段中的Parents may want toconsider having a Halloween party at home, instead可知，相比较在外面吓唬人，警方更倾向于让人们在家办个聚会。
D篇(历史)
本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了爆米花的历史及原理。
32. C。句意理解题。此处运用了比喻的写作手法。根据下文中的Kernelsare breaking apart uncontrollably, hitting against the cover of the pot with aloud noise可知，此处描述的是爆米花在爆裂时发出的声音。
33. A。段落大意题。由第二段中的first raised andharvested和By the time... Native Americans were enjoying popcorn等关键信息可知，第二段主要介绍了爆米花的历史。
34. D。推理判断题。作者举这个例子正是为了解释说明上一句的内容By thetime Europeans arrived in North America, many Native Americans were enjoyingpopcorn。由此可知，爆米花在很久以前就深受土著美国人的喜欢。
35. B。细节理解题。由最后一段中的The starch contains asmall amount of water ... the pressure from the steam within causes the kernelto pop可知，淀粉中含有水，当玉米粒被加热到200摄氏度左右时，来自内部蒸汽的压力就会使玉米粒爆裂。
第二节：
话题：人际关系
本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了如何给人留下好印象。
36. E。由下文中列举的四项可知，E项内容“如下是帮你留下美好的第一印象的几条建议”符合此处语境。
37. G。由该空前的This means don't be late和该空后的Being late shows that you don'thave respect for other people's time可知，设空处指“迟到会毁了你在面试官眼中的第一印象”。
38. C。由该空后的Too tight, you're domineering可知，设空处是说，如果你的握手无力的话，会显得柔弱和不自信。
39. F。由该空前的Carry yourself with confidence... give you an air of confidence可知，这样做可以在面试时留下一个好印象。
40. A。由该空后的Who founded it? What is theirgoal?可知，设空处也是对该公司信息的提问，故A项符合此处语境。
语言知识运用：
第一节：
话题：个人情感
本文是记叙文。作者与公交车上结识的一位老人的交流让作者认识到，与他人交流会让我们学到更多。
41. C。由下文中的I spotted a place to sit可知，“我”上车后在“寻找（looked for）”座位。
42. B。“最后（At last）”，“我”找到一个靠后的座位。
43. A。由下文中的Taking the seat next to theman可知，“我”想要坐的“座位（seat）”旁边坐着一位老人。
44. D。由下文中的asking if I'd read any otherbooks可知，“我”开始读“我”带着的“书（book）”。
45. B。46. A。“坐（sitting）”在“我”旁边的老人问“我”是否读过像“我”“现在（presently）”拿着的其他的书。
47. C。由上下文的描述可知，当“我”告诉他读过时，他变得很“感兴趣（interested）”。
48. B。由下文中的Carl and I ... a lot ofdifferent things可知，“我”和Carl相互“分享了（shared）”一些故事。
49. A。由下文中的The more we talked可知，Carl和“我”“谈论（talked about）”了很多不同的事情。
50. C。51. D。52. B。我们谈得越多，“我”越“惊奇地（amazed）”发现，尽管有年龄“差异（difference）”，我们之间竟有那么多“共同（in common）”之处。
53. D。由上文中的got on a bus以及该空后的at his stop可知，Carl到站“下车（got off）”了。
54. C。由文中的描述可知，“我”和Carl之间的“联系（connection）”总萦绕在“我”的脑海。
55. D。Carl让“我”开始思考“如果（if）”我们打破我们之间的障碍，我们能从彼此身上学到多少东西啊。
56. B。57. D。在那一天之前，“我”“从未（never）”想过“我”会和比“我”“大（older）”那么多的人有任何共同点。
58. A。59. D。但是Carl“教会（taught）”“我”无论如何，我们都应该加倍“努力（effort）”去了解我们的邻居和每天见到的人。
60. C。由上文中的try and get to know可知，如果我们都花时间去“了解（understand）”彼此，世界将变得更美好。
第二节：
61. known。考查动词-ed形式作后置定语的用法。know与festival之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，故填known。
62. that / which。考查关系词。设空处引导限制性定语从句，且在从句中作主语，故填that/ which。
63. when。考查关系词。设空处引导限制性定语从句，且在从句中作时间状语，故填when。
64. usually。考查副词。设空处修饰动词comes，故填副词usually。
65. starts。考查一般现在时。此处描述客观事实，应用一般现在时，故填starts。
66. strangers。考查名词。由friends可知，此处应填strangers。
67. of。考查介词。make fun of取笑。
68. going。考查动词-ing形式作状语的用法。Groups与go之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，故填going作伴随状语。
69. exciting。考查形容词作定语的用法。由day可知，应填exciting（令人兴奋的）。
70. it。考查代词。设空处指代上句中的festival，故填it。
[选做题参考答案及解析]
[参考答案]
I. 阅读理解：1-5 CDADB
II. 完形填空：1-5 CABCD 6-10 ACADC
11-15 BABDC 16-20 BADBD
解析
I. 阅读理解：
话题：现代技术
本文是说明文。文章主要讲述了斯坦福大学的研究人员研制出一种新的高科技材料。这种材料能够冷却建筑物，并将热量送到太空。
1.C。细节理解题。由第一段中的a new material that canmove heat out of buildings and into space可知，这种新型的材料能把热量从建筑物上发送到太空中。
2.D。细节理解题。由第三段中的taking heat out ofbuildings and reflecting the light from the sun和第四段中的what it does is ... so it doesn't get heated up by the sun可知，这种板把热辐射到外太空，并且反射太阳光，所以不会变热。
3.A。词义猜测题。由The panels are cool to thetouch可推知，这种材料可以把室内温度降低，故diminish意为“降低”。
4.D。段落大意题。由最后一段中的They say it may bepossible to develop a cooling spray ... could be developed in the next three tofive years可知，最后一段主要讲述了冷却技术未来发展的方向。
5.B。标题归纳题。本文是一篇科技新闻报道。斯坦福大学的研究人员研制出一种新的高科技材料。这种材料能够将建筑物上的热量送到太空。B项准确地概括了文章大意。
II. 完形填空：
话题：社会
本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了三种参与慈善事业、让生活更有意义的方法。
1.C。由上文中的have meaning in their lives可知，此处指过“有意义的（meaningful）”生活。
2.A。由上文中的donate unneeded things, givemoney和下文中的VolunteerYour Time可知，此处指“奉献（volunteer）”你的时间。
3.B。由下文中的Getting involved with ...和simple ways to get involved可知，“参与（get involved）”慈善事业有很多方法。
4.C。由上文中的worthy causes可知，此处指参与到一个你信仰的“事业（cause）”中。
5.D。参与到一个你信仰的事业中，不论你给予多少，都是传播快乐的一个“好（great）”方法。
6.A。当你置身其中，你还可以为自己“创造（create）”更多的快乐。
7.C。根据常识以及下文中的run resale shops可知，很多慈善机构“募集（collect）”捐赠品。
8.A。由上文中的There are many charities可知，你可以把不需要的东西捐给“慈善机构（charity）”。
9.D。由unneeded可知，其他人也许能发现你不需要的东西的“用处（use）”。
10. C。由下文中的their sale可知，再次销售获得的“钱（money）”可以推动一项你信仰的事业。
11. B。你会从中获得“满意（satisfaction）”。
12. A。由上文中的unneeded things可知，别人也能从你不再“需要（need）”的东西中获益。
13. B。由下文中的it's just a little bit可知，捐钱给你真正信仰的事业，“哪怕（even if）”只是一点点钱。
14. D。15. C。由下文中的every little bit does help可知，“尽管（While）”你可能觉得你的30美元只是很少的一点钱，不会“产生（produce）”任何重大的变化，但是一点一滴都有帮助。
16. B。由上文的just a little bit和just a very small amount可知，“很小的（Small）”捐赠也可以帮助拯救生命，拯救地球。
17. A。捐助可以带来一种“帮助（helping）”创造更美好世界的真正自豪感。
18. D。由上下文的描述可知，你可以在慈善机构或政治事业中“有所作为（makea difference）”。
19. B。由上文中的Volunteer Your Time可知，此处指贡献你的“时间（time）”。
20. D。由下文中的allows you the opportunity to...可知，这给你提供了一个遇见与你有共同热情的人的“机会（chance）”。
欢迎分享，转载请注明来源：内存溢出
微信扫一扫
支付宝扫一扫
评论列表（0条）