MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCOMPUTER
Microprocessor is a processor whose elements have been miniaturized into one or a few integrated circuitsIt is a semiconductor central processing unit(CPU)and one of the principal components of the microcomputerThe elements of the microprocessor are frequently contained on a single chip or within the same package，but are sometimes distributed over several separate chips[1] In a microcomputer with a fixed instruction set，the microprocessor consists of the arithmetic-logic unit and the control logic unitIn a microcomputer with a micro programmed instruction set，it contains an additional control-memory unit[2]
Pentium And Power PC Evolution
In this section，we provide a brief overview of two computer families：the Intel Pentium and the IBM Power PCThe Pentium represents the results of decades of design effort on complex instruction set computers(CISCs)It incorporates the sophisticated design principles once found only on mainframes and supercomputers and serves as an excellent example of CISC designThe Power PC is a direct descendant of the first RISC system，the IBM 801，and is one of the most powerful and best-designed RISC-based systems on the market[3]
1)The Pentium
One method of increasing the complexity of an integrated circuit is simply to scale the chip down[4] For example，if every line etched into the silicon die could be shrunk in half，the same circuit could be built in one -fourth the areaThe evolution of dynamic memory chips(DRAMs)follows this rule exactlyThe original IBM PC used 16 KB DRAMsThese were soon replaced with 64 Kchips，then 256 KB chips，and now 16 MB，and even 64 MB chips…
The“trick”，of course，is being able to improve processing skills sufficiently to allow this scaling to continueIn 1969，the minimum feature size(the smallest detail that can be etched into a chip)was 10 microns(10×10-6 meter)By 1997，this had shrunk to 025 micron—40 times smaller!
The Pentium uses a superscalar architectureThis means that the chip’s capabilities go beyond those achieved simply by scaling down its sizeIn particular，the Pentium is the first microprocessor in the Intel family to support two instruction pipelines，each with its own arithmetic-logic unit，address generation circuitry，and data cache interfaceThe result is a processor that can actually execute two different instructions simultaneously
In 1965，Gordon Moore，one of the founders of Intel，was graphing chip complexity vs time He noticed that the number of integrated components doubled every two yearsMoore then boldly predicted that this doubling would continue indefinitelyRemarkab1y，his prediction—now referred to as Moore’s law—has held up for more than 30 years[5]
2)The Pentium MMX
In 1996，Intel began delivering versions of the Pentium with multimedia extensions (MMXs)These processors have three architectural enhancements over non-MMX processors(now renamed Pentium Classic)
For general applications，benchmark tests show a 10一20 percent improvement over the Pentium Classic，increasing to nearly 70 percent when multimedia-specific plications are considered[6] Chips with(internal)click speeds as high as 233 MHz are available
Applications of MMX processors include decompression of audio and video filesIndeed，software video players may become a realitySome vendors are replacing conventional modems and sound cards with MMX-driven software equivalents
3)The Pentium Pro
Perhaps the most striking feature of the Pentium Pro is the package itselfAs shown in Fig 2-1 the Pro consists of two separate silicon diesThe largest is the processor;fabricated with 035 micron design rules，it incorporates 55 million transistorsThe smaller die beside it is a 256 KB level-two cacheOddly enough，the cache has three times as many transistor，as the processor(165 millions)，but because of its uniformity，less silicon area is required[7] Versions of the Pentium Pro with a 512KB，and a 1 MB cache are also available
The Pentium Pro retains all of the architectural features of the Pentium that preceded itThat is，internally，all registers are 32 bits，while the external data bus is 64 bits wideFour additional address lines have been added，allowing 64 GB of physical memory to be accessedFrom a software point of view，the Pentium Pro remains 100% compatible with the previous generation of 80x86 processorsThree new processor instructions have been added，as well as two new floating-point-unit instructions
The most touted feature of the Pentium Pro is what Intel calls dynamic executionThis new approach to processing software instructions that reduces idle processor time to an absolute minimum
4)The Pentium II
The newest member of the 80x86 family is the Pentium IIFirst made available in 1997，it is basically a Pentium Pro with MMX technology
The Pentium II is made with 025-micron technology，allowing clock speeds of 300 MHz to 450 MHzSystem bus frequencies as high as 100 MHz are suonortedThe lower clock speeds will support a 66 MHz system bus frequencyThe level-two cache，which operates at half the speed of the processor，stores 512 KB and has its own 64-bit dedicated busThe level-one cache has been increased from 16 KB in the Pentium Pro to 32 KB in the Pentium II
5)Power PC
In 1975，the 801 minicomputer project at IBM pioneered many of the architecture concepts used in RISC systemsT801，together with the Berkeley RISC I processor，launched the RISC movementThe 801，however，was simply a prototype intended to demonstrate design concepts The success of the 801 project led IBM to develop a commercial RISC workstation product，the RT PCThe RT PC，introduced in 1986，adapted the architectural concepts of the 801 to an actual productThe RT PC was not a commercial success，and it had many rivals with comparable or better performanceIn 1990，IBM produced a third system，which built on the lessons of the 801 and the RT PC[8] The IBM RISC System /6000 was a RISC-like superscalar machine marketed as a high-performance workstation;shortly after its introduction，IBM began to refer to this as the Power architecture
For its next step，IBM entered into an alliance with Motorola，developer of the 68000 series of microprocessors，and Apple，which used the Motorola chip in its Macintosh computersThe result is a series of machines that implement the Power PC architecture Changes were made to add key missing features and to enable more efficient implementation by eliminating some instructions and relaxing the specification to eliminate some troublesome special case[9] The resulting Power PC architecture is a superscalar RISC system
So far，four member of the Power PC family have been introduced
查抄点就是篇作文了问题一：我们学习电脑。以便跟上时代。请问英语怎么说 We learn the puter In order to keep up with The Times
问题二：请帮忙翻译成英文：我们已经进入电子信息时代，电脑早已进入千家万户，现代大学生宿舍几乎每人有一台电脑 We have entered the era of electronic information, the puter has already entered the household, the modern college students' dormitory almost everyone has a puter puter learning about our great help, but if the use of properly, will have a negative impact on us, so different people's views on the puter So in the end it is still able to promote our learning will affect our learning it I think it depends on the use of college students own it
问题三：计算机在20世纪50年代初开始使用英文怎么说 计算机在20世纪50年代初开始使用
puters began to use in the early 1950s
问题四：随着时代的进步，电脑变得有用。用英语怎么说啊？我现在就要，我不要网上的翻译，我要自己翻译的 as time progresses, puters are being more and more useful
问题五：怎么把我的桌面做的很有个性呢 现在有很多动态桌面，很不错，你考虑下载一个
问题六：“英语、电脑和驾照是通向21世纪的唯一通行证”用英语怎么说？ English skill, puter knowledge and driving license are the only passport to 21st centuryHistory of Computers
The first general-purpose electronic computer to operate successfully was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)．Its construction was proposed in 1942 by John Mushily and JPresser Eckert of the Moore School of Engineering, University of Pennsylvania Work started on its development in June 1943 and the computer was completed by late 1945It occupied 1500 ft2（140M2） of floor space, weighed over 30 tons, consisted of approximately 18000 vacuum tubes, 70000 resistors，10000 capacitors and 6000 switches and consumed150 kW of power It was used to generate ballistic tables and weather forecasts．In principle it was programmable but this could only be done with consider--able difficulty by rewiring parts of the machine
With the development of the ENIAC, the computer became a useful scientific and business tool The ENIAC could operate without human intervention, depending only upon stored instructions．This development marked the beginning of the modern computer era Since then, many refinements in computers speed, size, and cost have been made．Many advancements in computer technology are divided into four time periods called generations．
1 ．First Generation of Computers
The first generation of computers lasted from•1951 to 1958 They were large, costly to buy, expensive to power, and often unreliable Their internal operations were controlled through the use of vacuum tubes．These tubes were fairly large, and they generated so much heat that special air-conditioning had to be installed to handle it
It was during this period that symbolic languages were developed Symbolic languages use symbols made up of letters and numbers to stand for Os and 1 soft machine language For example, ADD may stand for addition Computer instructions written in symbolic languages were easier for people to use than machine language but symbolic language had to be translated into machine code before the computer could follow the instructions The machine codes we restored on the outer surface of magnetic drum
2 Second Generation of Computers
The second generation of computers spanned the years from 1959 to 1964It was during this time that the technology race really began．
The most notable change was that transistors replaced vacuum tubes．As a result, computers be-came much smaller，faster，and more reliable They also became more efficient Also at this time, magnetic cores replaced magnetic drums as storage media
Next, the second generation of computers were given auxiliary storage, sometimes called external or secondary storage．Data was stored outside the computer on either magnetic tapes or magnetic disks．The use of auxiliary storage ended the limitation on how much data the computer could store and reduce these of punched cards．Using magnetic tapes for input and output operations increased the speed of computer
Finally, improvements were made in the symbolic programming languages．New languages were more like English than the earlier ones, making progranuning the computer much easier
3 Third Generation of Computers
The third generation of computers lasted from1965 to 1970 During the time, technology continued to improve and computers became even smaller, while their memory capacities became larger
The third generation is marked chiefly by the development of integrated circuits，which replaced transistors．With integrated circuits，hundreds of electrum components could be included on one silicon chip less than one-eighth-inch square A number of other developments characterized this period For example, minicomputers were introduced．These machines had many of the same capabilities as large computers：but they were much smaller, had less storage space, and cost less．Another development was the use of remote terminals; in-put/output devices that are electronically linked to the main computer but located at some distance from it A popular innovation was the introduction of families of computers that could support as many as forty different external devices，such as printer and remote terminals．Each computer in the family contained a different main storage capacity A company could easily move up a machine with more storage while continuing to use the same external devices．
4 ．Fourth Generation of Computers
The period for the fourth generation of computers is given as 1971 to the present Chip circuit has become increasingly miniaturized in the fourth generation of computers．Large-scale Integration (LSI)circuit, featuring thousands of electronic components on a single silicon chip became common during the1970s．From LSI technology came the microcomputer, the small "computer on a chip" Microprocessor chips can manage the functions of the computer, perform calculations, and control other devices just as large computers can The combination of the microprocessor and other densely packed chips used for storage and input/output operations forms a microcomputer．Modern microcomputers have more power than the large computers of earlier generations．LSI has al-ready progressed into VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration), which means even more capabilities in even smaller packages．
翻译：
计算机的历史
第一台成功运行的通用电子计算机是ENIAC电子数值积分计算机）亡的结构是宾夕法尼亚大学牧尔工程学院的约翰，莫奇菜（John MaUChIN）与埃克特（J PresperEckert ）于1942年提出的。该工程于1943年6月万始研制。它占地1500平方英尺（140M2），重量超过30吨。它由约18000只真空管，70000只电阻，10000只电容及6000只开关组成，耗电150KW o被用于编制d道表及天气预报。从原理说，它是可编程的，但是。要做到这一点相当困难，因为要对机器的部件重新接线。
随着ENIAC的开发，计算机成为有用的科学和商业工具。ENIAC能够不需要人的干预而只依靠存储的指令进行 *** 作。这个发展标志着现代化计算机时代的开端。从那以后，进行了许多对计算机在速度、大小、价格等方面的改进，被分为四个阶段，称为“代”。
1第一代计算机
第一代计算机从1951年持续至1958年。’言们体积大，价格昂贵，启动费力且常常不可靠。它们的内部 *** 作是通过真空管来控叙的。这些真空管很大，并且它们聚集了如此多的热量以至于不得不靠安装专门的空调来进行处理。 正是是这个时期，符号语言得到了开发。符号语言是用字母和数字组成的符号来代表机器语言的0和1。例如，ADD代表加法，用符号语言写的计算机指令比用机器语言写的指令对人来说要好用一些。但在计算机能执行这些指令之前，符号语言必须被翻译成机器代码，机器代码被存储在磁鼓的外表面。
2第二代计算机
第二代计算机跨越了1959年，直到1964年。正是在这段时间里，技术竞争真正开始了。
最显著的变化是晶体管代替了真空管，它导致计算机的体积变得更小，更快，更可靠。同时也变得更高效了。也就是在这个时期，磁芯代替了磁鼓作为存储媒介。
其次，第二代计算机有了辅助存储器（有时一也称为外存或二级存储器）。数据被存储在计算机外部的磁带或磁盘上。辅助存储器的使用结束了计算机主存容量对程序和数据的规模的限制，减少了穿孔纸带的使用，采用磁带来进行输入与输出，提高了计算机的速度。
最后，在符号程序设计语言上也得到了改善。新的语言比以前更加接近英语，从而，为计算机设计程序变得更加容易了。
3第三代计算机
第三代计算机从1965年持续至1970年。在此期间，技术继续得到了提高，同时计算机的体积变得更小，而其存储能力却更大了。
第三代计算机的主要标志是集成电路的发展，集成电路代替了晶体管。有了集成电路，成百上千的电子元件可以被集成到一块不到l／8平方英寸的硅片上。
另一些发展也成为这个时期的特色，例如产生了小型计算机。这些机器有许多大型机相同的能力。但它体积更小，存储容量更大而且更便宜。另一个发展是使用远程终端，即是一个远离主机但通过电子线路与主机联系在一起的输入输出设备。一个很受欢迎的改进是产生了能够支持多达40多个不同外部设备（这些设备的例子是打印机和远程终端等）的计算机系列中的每一种计算机都有不同的主存容量。计算机公司能够在使用原有的外部设备的情况下，通过增加存储容量轻易地将计算机升级。
4．第四代计算机
第四代计算机所处的阶段是1971年至今。第四代计算机的芯片电路已日益缩小化。70年代，以在单个硅片上集成成千上万电子元件为特色的大规模集成电路己变得很普及了。由于大规模集成技术而产生了微处理机，即“在一块芯片上的小型计算机”。微处理机芯片能管理计算机的功能，执行运算，控制其它设备，像大型机那样。微处理机和其它的用于存储和输入输出 *** 作的紧密结合在一起的部件组合而产生了微机。现代的微机比早期的微机具有更强的能力。大规模集成电路己发展成为超大规模集成电路，这意味着更小的组件具有更大的能力。
欢迎分享，转载请注明来源：内存溢出
微信扫一扫
支付宝扫一扫
评论列表（0条）