distances

distances 关于默温的诗，大家怎么看？请推荐几首翻译的比较好的？

Ｗ·Ｓ·默温，二十世纪美国著名诗人、“新超现实主义”诗歌流派的代表人物之一，生于纽约市，早年就读于普林斯顿大学，大学时代开始诗歌生涯，其处女诗集《两面神的面具》(1952)被奥顿收入耶鲁青年诗人丛书，1954年获得“肯庸评论诗歌奖”，1956-1967年担任马萨储塞大学驻校作家。

此后他去了欧洲，先后在英国、法国、葡萄牙和马约卡群岛等地从事学术研究，同时翻译了大量法语、西班牙语古典和现代诗歌。

1968年回到美国，汇入当时蓬勃发展的新超现实主义诗歌运动，并最终成为该诗派主将之一。

他的诗集有《两面神的面具》(1952)、《跳舞的熊》(1954)、《移动的靶子》(1963)、《虱》(1967)、《搬梯者》(1970)、《写给一次未完成的伴奏》(1973)、《罗盘之花》(1977)、《张开的手》(1983)、《林中的雨》(1988)、《旅行》(1993)、《雌狐》(1996)、《瞳孔》(2001)等，其中《移动的靶子》和《搬梯者》分获美国全国图书奖和普利策诗歌奖。

另有散文三卷、译作近十卷。

作为“新超现实主义”诗歌流派的代表人物，默温的诗歌作品却非常独特，貌似松散、甚至神秘，但内含一种抒情的音调。

他善于在诗里将自然和日常经验上升到一个更高的、扑朔迷离的境界中去，因此他的诗常常用闪忽的、蜻蜓点水似的语言写成，具有开放而洗炼的形式，深邃而广远的想象力，以深入到一个“更为隐蔽的世界”中去。

默温的诗作绝不是那种一读就懂的东西，读者往往需要多次阅读才能进入他所创造的那个有轻度神秘倾向的世界。

只有反复阅读，才能把握默温的诗歌所传递的深邃内涵。

W·S·默温（1927年9月30日－2019年3月15日）。

默温与庞德、斯奈德、勃莱和斯蒂文斯一起，成为又一位受中国诗歌哲学影响的重要美国诗人。

他曾翻译过一部东方诗集，叫《东方的窗口》，他淡到极致的时间感伤、超乎言语的缄默表达以及从视觉到感觉到记忆幻觉转化的自然画面感可与晚期的王维媲美。

这本诗集（《天狼星的阴影》）的高超之处，在于把垂暮之年、生死交接之处缄默而复杂的回忆情绪转化为各种纯粹的光影效果的能力。

生与死、消逝与永恒、伤痛与欢乐，在默温笔下都化为光影的运作，成为“天狼星的阴影”。

当死亡如天狼般吞噬生命、伸张他未来的主权时，默温诗歌的回答是：“我触摸到白天/我品尝到光/我记得”。

——节选自《天狼星的阴影》译后记电影《醉乡民谣》剧照漂泊的笛声曾经向我吟唱的你此刻再次响起让我倾听你悠扬的笛音你共我延存至今星辰转暗我的思绪远过星辰却沉入遗忘你可听见我你还能听见我吗你的空气是否还记得你啊清晨的气息夜歌与晨歌还陪伴着我我无法探知的一切从未失落但我此刻已经懂得不再会问你你从哪儿学会这乐曲它来自何处古老的中国曾有雄狮我倾听直到笛声停止直到灯光再次陈旧注意：默温的原诗全诗第一行第一个字母大写，其余每行首字母（包括另一节起行的首字母）并不大写。

电影《醉乡民谣》剧照The Nomad FluteYou that sang to me once sing to me nowlet me hear your long lifted notesurvive with methe star is fadingI can think farther than that but I forgetdo you hear medo you still hear medoes your airremember youo breath of morningnight song morning songI have with meall that I do not knowI have lost none of itbut I know better nowthan to ask youwhere you learned that musicwhere any of it came fromonce there where lions in ChinaI will listen until the flute stopsand the light is old again当你已经成为我心目中的一半记忆／一半距离电影《美国往事》剧照青春在所有的青春中我寻找你不知道我寻找的是什么不知道你叫什么甚至不知道我在寻找，那么怎么能说我那时见到你时认识了你一次次你出现在我脑海像从前那样裸露完整地奉献你自己，让我呼吸你，触摸你，品尝你，不比从前更了解你，只有当我开始感到失落时我才认识你，当你已经成为我心目中的一半记忆一半距离时我才学会思念你从我们所不能拥有的诞生了星辰电影《美国往事》剧照YouthThrough all of youth I was looking for youwithout knowing what I was looking foror what to call you I think I did noteven know I was looking how would Ihave known you when I saw you as I didtime after time when you appeared to meas you did naked offering yourselfentirely at that moment and you letme breath you touch you taste you knowingno more than I did and only when Ibegan to think of losing you did Irecognize you when you were alreadypart memory part distance remainingmine in the ways that I learn to miss youfrom what we cannot hold the stars are made只有人类相信／告 别有一个词电影《雾中风景》剧照别离只有人类相信告别有一个词每一种语言中都有一个属于我们最早学会的一批词它来自问候语但他们要远离举手挥别告别面孔、人和地点告别动物和白天把那个词落在身后把那个词的意义落在身后电影《雾中风景》剧照Goingonly humans believethere is a word for goodbyewe have one in every languageone of the first words we learnit is made out of greetingbut they are going awaythe raised hand wavingthe face the person the placethe animal the dayleaving the word behindand what it was meant to say／最后写的诗是我现在最先返回的诗／电影《长路将尽》剧照磨损的词语最后写的诗是我现在最先返回的诗跟随那一直召唤我的希望那希望在字里行间等待几乎昭然若现最后写的诗由词语构成那些词经过漫长路程才到达所在电影《犹在镜中》剧照Worn WordsThe late poems are the onesI turn to first nowfollowing a hope that keepsbeckoning mewaiting somewhere in the linesalmost in plain sightit is the late poemsthat are made of wordsthat have come the whole waythey have been there我信仰普通的一天此时此地，就是我电影《堤》剧照关于瞬间的信条我信仰普通的一天此时此地，就是我我看不见它的途径我从未看到它如何到达我它超出一切我所能感知的知识和真实它带走此时离我而去后不知它去向何处除今天这个地点外我一无所知只知道环绕我的未知重重仿佛今天是唯一留下的存在是属于我的一切，它甚至赋予我对于今天的信仰方式只要它在此时此地，是我电影《堤》剧照A Momentary CreedI believe in the ordinary daythat is here at this moment and is meI do not see it going its own waybut I never saw how it came to meit extends beyond whatever I maythink I know and all that is real to meit is the present that it bears awaywhere has it gone when it has gone from methere is no place I know outside todayexcept for the unknown all around methe only presence that appears to stayeverything that I call mine it lent meeven the way that I believe the dayfor as long as it is here and is me蓦然间以天然的速度飞过世界的所有时间电影《蓝》剧照仅仅如此当我想起我曾有过的忍耐在黑暗中，在我记起或明白那是夜晚以前，直到光蓦然间以天然的速度飞过世界的所有时间无视能否到达之后是第一批星的聚集在它们开花的空间，从容不迫地直入故事深处，行星缓缓冷却，雨的年纪然后海开始保存记忆第一个细胞醒来时的注视倏忽之间如何开始得这般仓促随时由闪电照亮的阅读几乎无言，这片虚无，这个天堂电影《午后的迷惘》剧照Just ThisWhen I think of the patience I have hadback in the dark before I rememberor knew it was night until the light cameall at once at the speed it was born towith all the time in the world to fly throughnot concerned about ever arrivingand then the gathering of the first starsunhurried in their flowering spacesand far into the story the planetscooling slowly and the ages of rainthen the seas starting to bear memorythe gaze of the first cell at its wakinghow did this haste begin this little timeat any time this reading by lightningscarcely a word this nothing this heaven默温诗歌用字极简，句式却绵延缠绕，一句话常常横跨多排诗行，像普鲁斯特的句子，穿越所有时间的记忆空间，在他东方式的、往往看似纯自然界的描写中，他也能像普鲁斯特那样，西方式地实现从视觉到感觉到记忆幻觉的多层意识空间的拓展。

从诗歌的标题“天狼星的阴影”，我们可以洞悉，诗歌的主题是星辰代表的时间和永恒在人类记忆意识的屏幕上投下的捉摸不定的阴影。

默温充分运用了英文的简洁抽象性，在英文中往往最简单的词，有时甚至一个小小的介词，都具有最大的抽象性和多义性，而中文是极其具象的语言，无论是象形、会意字与自然界具体物象的联系，还是古诗语法省略、意象缺乏明显逻辑链接而并置的作风。

此外，中文句法不可能像英文那样无限度地叠加从句， 所以有些太长的句子不得不截断，影响了英文诗句的连续延伸所创造的感觉主体绵绵若存、持游于记忆空间的效果，这些都是诗歌翻译不可避免的损失。

1 《在故事中静远》W.S. 默温那个男孩走着有一群鹤跟随着他并呼号着当它们自他身后的地平线飞来有时他以为他可以辨认出所有呼号中的一种嗓音但他不能听出它们呼号什么而当他回首他无法将他们中起起落落的呼号声彼此分别但是他继续尝试去记得他们呼号声中某样东西直至他跌撞蹒跚地回到他自己和面前的天日空阔之野与径上的石块静静躺着而每棵树在自己的叶中群鹤在天空消失了而在那一刻他记得他是谁只是已忘却他的名字Far Along in the StoryW.S. MerwinThe boy walked with a flock of cranesfollowing him calling as they camefrom the horizon behind himsometimes he thought he could recognizea voice in all that calling but hecould not hear what they were callingand when he looked back he could not tellone of them from another in theirrising and falling but he went ontrying to remember something intheir calls until he stumbled and cameto himself with the day before himwide open and the stones of the pathlying still and each tree in its own leavesthe cranes were gone from the sky and atthat moment he remembered who he wasonly he had forgotten his name 2 《致苏东坡的一封信》【美】W.S.默温差不多一千年以后我问着这同样的问题你曾经问过并始终找寻自己回返的那些仿佛什么都没变化除去他们回声的音调越发深沉而你知道的是岁月的来临在你面前已显得陈旧此刻的我所知道不比那时候你所疑问的更多当我坐在夜晚岑寂的山谷之上想着你在你的河上而那一纸水鸟梦中明亮的月光并且我还听见你那问题之后的沉默在今夜这些问题显得多么古老2015.1.8 苏东坡生辰 A Letter to Su Tung P'oW.S MerwinAlmost a thousand years laterI am asking the same questionsyou did the ones you kept findingyourself returning to as thoughnothing had changed except the toneof their echo growing deeperand what you knew of the comingof age before you had grown oldI do not know any more nowthan you did then about what youwere asking as I sit at nightabove the hushed valley thinkingof you on your river that onebright sheet of moonlight in the dreamof the waterbirds and I hearthe silence after your questionshow old are the questions tonight3《你离去之时》W.S.默温你离去之时风飒飒地抟向北方油漆工整日劳作但油漆在日暮时掉落显现黑色的墙壁时钟返身去敲响那同一刻在年月中无以立锥的时辰在晚间裹在灰烬的床里在一份呼吸中我醒来这正是死者胡须开始生长的时刻我想起我在坠落而我正是这因由我的词语是我永远不会成为的那件衣衫像一个独臂男孩卷起的衣袖When You Go AwayWhen you go away the wind clicks around to the northThe painters work all day but at sundown the paint fallsShowing the black wallsThe clock goes back to striking the same hourThat has no place in the yearsAnd at night wrapped in the bed of ashesIn one breath I wakeIt is the time when the beards of the dead get their growthI remember that I am fallingThat I am the reasonAnd that my words are the garment of what I shall never beLike the tucked sleeve of a one-armed boy 4 《十二月的晚上》W.S.默温寒冷的斜坡在黑暗中站立树木的南面摸起来却很干燥沉重的树枝爬进生着羽毛的月光我上前注视这些于夜间变老的白色植物最苍老的已先一步前往废墟而我听到喜鹊为明月一直弄醒水穿流过其自己的手指没有穷尽今夜又一次地我发现一个形只的祈祷，而它与人类无关。

December NightW.S. MerwinThe cold slope is standing in darknessBut the south of the trees is dry to the touchThe heavy limbs climb into the moonlight bearing feathersI came to watch theseWhite plants older at nightThe oldestCome first to the ruinsAnd I hear magpies kept awake by the moonThe water flows through itsOwn fingers without endTonight once moreI find a single prayer and it is not for men 5 《任何时间》 W.S.默温那日是在多久以前当最终我注视它伴着它已带走的时间仍然在其里面此刻在透明的光中跟随嗓音间的飞行叶片间际的开始我记起的每件事物并在它之前在我之前以光的速度呈现远处里我就是那个不断向它探出的人目睹所有时间变得更快在它那未被搅起波澜之处在混沌初开以前黑暗思索着光明Any Time W.S. MerwinHow long ago the day iswhen at last I look at itwith the time it has takento be there still in itnow in the transparent lightwith the flight in the voicesthe beginning in the leaveseverything I rememberand before it before mepresent at the speed of lightin the distance that I amwho keep reaching out to itseeing all the time fasterwhere it has never stirred frombefore there is anythingthe darkness thinking the light 6 《这是三月》W.S.默温这是三月而黑色的尘埃从书本中掉落很快我就将离开曾暂住这里的高大灵魂业已离去静置林荫道的无色线头低于旧的行情当你回望时候往事总在那里纵使它已然瞬间消失但当你展望的时候用你肮脏的指节以及你肩头那无翼的鸟儿你能写些什么涩苦依然在老矿井中泛起拳头正从鸡蛋里破出温度计抽离了死尸的嘴巴在某一特定高度数只风筝的尾巴顷刻间为脚步所覆盖我须去做的任何一切均尚未开始It Is MarchW.S. MerwinIt is March and black dust falls out of the booksSoon I will be goneThe tall spirit who lodged here hasLeft alreadyOn the avenues the colorless thread lies underOld pricesWhen you look back there is always the pastEven when it has vanishedBut when you look forwardWith your dirty knuckles and the winglessBird on your shoulderWhat can you writeThe bitterness is still rising in the old minesThe fist is coming out of the eggThe thermometers out of the mouths of the corpsesAt a certain heightThe tails of the kites for a moment areCovered with footstepsWhatever I have to do has not yet begun 7 《分离》W.S.默温你的缺席已穿过了我似线头穿越针眼。

每件我所做的事都缝缀它的色彩。

2014.3.24SeprationW.S.MerwinYour absence has gone through meLike thread through a needle.Everything I do is stitched with its color. 8 《心愿 》W.S.默温我手中的星星在坠落规格一致的一切知晓何为无用但愿我会向必然性鞠躬而非向她的雇从WishW.S.MerwinThe star in myHand is fallingAll the uniforms know what's no useMay I bow to Necessity notTo her hirelings 9 《冬日黄昏》【美】W.S.默温斜阳孤旅无朋地落入幽冷，没有为留与我们的一切感到责备。

它沉降下去信仰着空无。

当它去时我听到溪水奔流其后。

自那条漫漫长路带来它的笛声。

2015.5.18Dusk in WinterWilliam Stanley MerwinThe sun sets in the cold without friends,Without reproaches after all it has done for us.It goes down believing in nothing.When it has gone I hear the stream running after it.It has brought its flute it is a long way.10 《写与我死亡的周年纪念》【美】W.S.默温每年在不知不觉中我已度过此日这时最后的火光将向我挥动而沉默也将上路不倦的行客像一枚无光星球的光束于是我将不再发现生活中的自己像在一件陌生的服装不会对大地对一个女人的爱以及男人的无耻感到惊奇如同在三日雨水后的今天写作听见鹪鹩歌唱还有降落的终止并向着莫名的事物欠身2015.8.17选自默温1967年诗集《虱子》For The Anniversary Of My DeathW.S.MerwinEvery year without knowing it I have passed the dayWhen the last fires will wave to meAnd the silence will set outTireless travellerLike the beam of a lightless starThen I will no longerFind myself in life as in a strange garmentSurprised at the earthAnd the love of one womanAnd the shamelessness of menAs today writing after three days of rainHearing the wren sing and the falling ceaseAnd bowing not knowing to what11、《致新年》W. S. 默温在最终如许的沉静中你在山谷里出现你的第一缕阳光抵落触碰到一些高高的没有被搅扰的叶梢仿佛它们没有留意到也根本不认识你而后一只鸽子的嗓音从远处自发地叫醒早晨的嘘静所以这就是你的声音此时此地无论是否有任何人听到，这就是跟随我们年华而增添的识见， 波澜不惊我们的希望也如己所待隐秘于我们面前无法触及，却依旧可能To the New YearW. S. MerwinWith what stillness at lastyou appear in the valleyyour first sunlight reaching downto touch the tips of a fewhigh leaves that do not stiras though they had not noticedand did not know you at allthen the voice of a dove callsfrom far away in itselfto the hush of the morningso this is the sound of youhere and now whether or notanyone hears it this iswhere we have come with our ageour knowledge such as it isand our hopes such as they areinvisible before usuntouched and still possible12 《距离》W.S.默温当你想起距离你回想我们是不朽的你想起它们是从我们发端的所有的它们都从我们发端无一死去，也无一被忘记而遍及世界都有雌兽仰面靠躺想起海洋The DistancesW.S.MerwinWhen you think of the distancesyou recallthat we are immortalyou think of them setting out from usall of them setting outfrom usand none dies and none is forgottenand all over the world there are damslying on their backsthinking of the sea13 《马》（The Horse）【美】 W.S.默温在一棵死去的树中有一魄马的精魂没有马曾经在这棵树附近发现但这棵树诞生自一匹母马它翻滚长长的腿在沙沙作响的草地间它竖起它的耳朵抬起并把头向上甩去而突然间站立不动静静开始回忆当它叶片飘落2015.3.14选自诗人诗集《罗盘花》（The Compass Flower,1977）14《最初的日子》W·S·默温当我自一块大陆而来我看到它在我身后关闭像一个失落的元素在日复一日之后我才相信终要离开它这里浮现的是我记忆长长的回光在这另一个世界蒙纱于破晓时分它正被知晓的错觉里当诸多梦境戛然消隐遁入阴影仅仅留在它们地点的是那些熟悉的曾经熟悉的风景它的道路空阔向南屋顶从它们各自的轨道间依次浮现依照着一份确定得如同四季更移的次序田野翠绿黄褐相间在田野外还有随年月递进的群山红色的乳牛在坡上云朵般的羊群则游在边缘还有日暮时的房门一个古老的动词在锁中转动而那冷石的芬芳当门再一次退入黑暗的嘘静既不回答也不遗忘而一种不变的惊讶从未被驯顺或者命名未曾持于手中未被全然看见但他依然如是音讯以前的一个视像一段梦里飞行的天赋梦境清晰深厚在那里我瞥见遥不可及的那些闪亮的日子那样的熠熠中铸就现在的我The First DaysW. S. MerwinAs I come from a continentthat I saw closing behind melike a lost elementday after day beforeI believed I was leaving ithere surfacing through the longbacklight of my recollectionis this other world veiledin its illusion of being knownat the moment of daybreakwhen the dreams all at once are goneinto shadow leaving onlyin their place the familiaronce-familiar landscapewith its road open to the souththe roofs emerging on the wayfrom their own orbits accordingto an order as certainas the seasonsthe fields emerald and mustardand beyond them the precessionof hills with red cows on the slopesand then the edging clouds of sheepand the house door at eveningone old verb in the lock turningand the fragrance of cold stone as once morethe door cedes in a dark hushthat neither answers nor forgetsand an unchanged astonishmentthat has never been tamed nor namednor held in the handnor ever fully seenbut it is still the samea vision before news a giftof flight in a dreamof clear depths where I glimpsefar out of reach the lucent daysfrom which now I am made

作为新超现实主义诗歌流派的代表人物，默温的诗歌作品却非常独特，貌似松散、甚至神秘，但内含一种抒情的音调。

《移动的靶子》和《搬梯者》