运行面命令创建 django 项目项目名称叫 mysite ：
$ django-admin.py startproject mysite
创建项目目录：
mysite
├── manage.py
└── mysite
├── __init__.py
├── settings.py
├── urls.py
└── wsgi.py
1 directory, 5 files
说明：
__init__.py ：让 Python 该目录发包 (即组模块)所需文件 空文件般需要修改
manage.py ：种命令行工具允许种式与该 Django 项目进行交互 键入python manage.py help看能做 应需要编辑文件；目录纯便
settings.py ：该 Django 项目设置或配置
urls.py：Django项目URL路由设置目前空
wsgi.py：WSGI web 应用服务器配置文件更细节查看 How to deploy with WSGI
接修改 settings.py 文件例：修改 LANGUAGE_CODE、设置区 TIME_ZONE
SITE_ID = 1
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh_CN'
TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai'
USE_TZ = True
面启 [Time zone]() 特性需要安装 pytz：
$ sudo pip install pytz
2. 运行项目
运行项目前我需要创建数据库表结构我使用默认数据库：
$ python manage.py migrate
Operations to perform:
Apply all migrations: admin, contenttypes, auth, sessions
Running migrations:
Applying contenttypes.0001_initial... OK
Applying auth.0001_initial... OK
Applying admin.0001_initial... OK
Applying sessions.0001_initial... OK
启服务：
$ python manage.py runserver
看面输：
Performing system checks...
System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
January 28, 2015 - 02:08:33
Django version 1.7.1, using settings 'mysite.settings'
Starting development server at
Quit the server with CONTROL-C.
端口8000启本服务器, 并且能台电脑连接访问 既服务器已经运行起现用网页浏览器访问 应该看令赏悦目淡蓝色 Django 欢迎页面始工作
指定启端口:
$ python manage.py runserver 8080
及指定 ip：
$ python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8000
3. 创建 app
前面创建项目并且功运行现创建 app app 相于项目模块
项目目录创建 app：
$ python manage.py startapp polls
*** 作功 mysite 文件夹看已经叫 polls 文件夹目录结构：
polls
├── __init__.py
├── admin.py
├── migrations
│ └── __init__.py
├── models.py
├── tests.py
└── views.py
1 directory, 6 files
4. 创建模型
每 Django Model 都继承自 django.db.models.Model
Model 每属性 attribute 都代表 database field
通 Django Model API 执行数据库增删改查, 需要写些数据库查询语句
打 polls 文件夹 models.py 文件创建两模型：
import datetime
from django.db import models
from django.utils import timezone
class Question(models.Model):
question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published')
def was_published_recently(self):
return self.pub_date >= timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=1)
class Choice(models.Model):
question = models.ForeignKey(Question)
choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
votes = models.IntegerField(default=0)
mysite/settings.py 修改 INSTALLED_APPS 添加 polls：
INSTALLED_APPS = (
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
'polls',
)
添加新 app 我需要运行面命令告诉 Django 模型做改变需要迁移数据库：
$ python manage.py makemigrations polls
看面输志：
Migrations for 'polls':
0001_initial.py:
- Create model Choice
- Create model Question
- Add field question to choice
polls/migrations/0001_initial.py 查看迁移语句
运行面语句查看迁移 sql 语句：
$ python manage.py sqlmigrate polls 0001
输结：
BEGIN
CREATE TABLE "polls_choice" ("id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, "choice_text" varchar(200) NOT NULL, "votes" integer NOT NULL)
CREATE TABLE "polls_question" ("id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, "question_text" varchar(200) NOT NULL, "pub_date" datetime NOT NULL)
CREATE TABLE "polls_choice__new" ("id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, "choice_text" varchar(200) NOT NULL, "votes" integer NOT NULL, "question_id" integer NOT NULL REFERENCES "polls_question" ("id"))
INSERT INTO "polls_choice__new" ("choice_text", "votes", "id") SELECT "choice_text", "votes", "id" FROM "polls_choice"
DROP TABLE "polls_choice"
ALTER TABLE "polls_choice__new" RENAME TO "polls_choice"
CREATE INDEX polls_choice_7aa0f6ee ON "polls_choice" ("question_id")
COMMIT
运行面命令检查数据库否问题：
$ python manage.py check
再运行面命令创建新添加模型：
$ python manage.py migrate
Operations to perform:
Apply all migrations: admin, contenttypes, polls, auth, sessions
Running migrations:
Applying polls.0001_initial... OK
总结修改模型需要做几步骤：
修改 models.py 文件
运行 python manage.py makemigrations 创建迁移语句
运行 python manage.py migrate模型改变迁移数据库
阅读 django-admin.py documentation查看更 manage.py 用
创建模型我通 Django 提供 API 做测试运行面命令进入 python shell 交互模式：
$ python manage.py shell
面些测试：
>>>from polls.models import Question, Choice # Import the model classes we just wrote.
# No questions are in the system yet.
>>>Question.objects.all()
[]
# Create a new Question.
# Support for time zones is enabled in the default settings file, so
# Django expects a datetime with tzinfo for pub_date. Use timezone.now()
# instead of datetime.datetime.now() and it will do the right thing.
>>>from django.utils import timezone
>>>q = Question(question_text="What's new?", pub_date=timezone.now())
# Save the object into the database. You have to call save() explicitly.
>>>q.save()
# Now it has an ID. Note that this might say "1L" instead of "1", depending
# on which database you're using. That's no biggieit just means your
# database backend prefers to return integers as Python long integer
# objects.
>>>q.id
1
# Access model field values via Python attributes.
>>>q.question_text
"What's new?"
>>>q.pub_date
datetime.datetime(2012, 2, 26, 13, 0, 0, 775217, tzinfo=)
# Change values by changing the attributes, then calling save().
>>>q.question_text = "What's up?"
>>>q.save()
# objects.all() displays all the questions in the database.
>>>Question.objects.all()
[]
打印所 Question 输结 []我修改模型类使其输更易懂描述修改模型类：
from django.db import models
class Question(models.Model):
# ...
def __str__(self): # __unicode__ on Python 2
return self.question_text
class Choice(models.Model):
# ...
def __str__(self): # __unicode__ on Python 2
return self.choice_text
接继续测试：
>>>from polls.models import Question, Choice
# Make sure our __str__() addition worked.
>>>Question.objects.all()
[]
# Django provides a rich database lookup API that's entirely driven by
# keyword arguments.
>>>Question.objects.filter(id=1)
[]
>>>Question.objects.filter(question_text__startswith='What')
[]
# Get the question that was published this year.
>>>from django.utils import timezone
>>>current_year = timezone.now().year
>>>Question.objects.get(pub_date__year=current_year)
# Request an ID that doesn't exist, this will raise an exception.
>>>Question.objects.get(id=2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
DoesNotExist: Question matching query does not exist.
# Lookup by a primary key is the most common case, so Django provides a
# shortcut for primary-key exact lookups.
# The following is identical to Question.objects.get(id=1).
>>>Question.objects.get(pk=1)
# Make sure our custom method worked.
>>>q = Question.objects.get(pk=1)
# Give the Question a couple of Choices. The create call constructs a new
# Choice object, does the INSERT statement, adds the choice to the set
# of available choices and returns the new Choice object. Django creates
# a set to hold the "other side" of a ForeignKey relation
# (e.g. a question's choice) which can be accessed via the API.
>>>q = Question.objects.get(pk=1)
# Display any choices from the related object set -- none so far.
>>>q.choice_set.all()
[]
# Create three choices.
>>>q.choice_set.create(choice_text='Not much', votes=0)
>>>q.choice_set.create(choice_text='The sky', votes=0)
>>>c = q.choice_set.create(choice_text='Just hacking again', votes=0)
# Choice objects have API access to their related Question objects.
>>>c.question
# And vice versa: Question objects get access to Choice objects.
>>>q.choice_set.all()
[, , ]
>>>q.choice_set.count()
3
# The API automatically follows relationships as far as you need.
# Use double underscores to separate relationships.
# This works as many levels deep as you wantthere's no limit.
# Find all Choices for any question whose pub_date is in this year
# (reusing the 'current_year' variable we created above).
>>>Choice.objects.filter(question__pub_date__year=current_year)
[, , ]
# Let's delete one of the choices. Use delete() for that.
>>>c = q.choice_set.filter(choice_text__startswith='Just hacking')
>>>c.delete()
>>>
面部测试涉及 django orm 相关知识详细说明参考 DjangoORM
5. 管理 admin
Django优秀特性, 内置Django admin台管理界面, 便管理者进行添加删除网站内容.
新建项目系统已经我设置台管理功能见 mysite/settings.py：
INSTALLED_APPS = (
'django.contrib.admin', #默认添加台管理功能
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
'mysite',
)
同已经添加进入台管理 url, mysite/urls.py 查看：
url(r'^admin/', include(admin.site.urls)), #使用设置url进入网站台
接我需要创建管理用户登录 admin 台管理界面：
$ python manage.py createsuperuser
Username (leave blank to use 'june'): admin
Email address:
Password:
Password (again):
Superuser created successfully.
总结
看项目目录结构：
mysite
├── db.sqlite3
├── manage.py
├── mysite
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── settings.py
│ ├── urls.py
│ ├── wsgi.py
├── polls
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── admin.py
│ ├── migrations
│ │ ├── 0001_initial.py
│ │ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── models.py
│ ├── templates
│ │ └── polls
│ │ ├── detail.html
│ │ ├── index.html
│ │ └── results.html
│ ├── tests.py
│ ├── urls.py
│ ├── views.py
└── templates
└── admin
└── base_site.htm
通面介绍 django 安装、运行及何创建视 图模型清晰认识接深入习 django 自化测试、持久化、间件、 际 化等知识
1 自定义Model中使用OneToOneField的方式来扩展。 2 第二种方式就是 django 1.5 以后的方法，通过 从AbstractBaseUser, PermissionsMixin开始派生出一个自定用户Model，并且实现自定义的BaseUserManager就能够使用Django来创建用户。欢迎分享，转载请注明来源：内存溢出
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