在发光原理上的差别:LED是利用注入有源区的载流子自发辐射复合发光,而LD是受激辐射复合发光。
LED是 Light Emitting Diode(发光二极管)的缩写。广泛见于日常生活中,如家用电器的指示灯,汽车后防雾灯等。LED的最显着特点是使用寿命长,光电转换效能高。其原下上在某些半导体材料的PN结中,注入的少数载流子与多数载流子复合时会把多余的能量以光的形式释放出来,从而把电能直接转换为光能。PN结加反向电压,少数载流子难以注入,故不发光。这种利用注入式电致发光原理制作的二极管叫发光二极管,通称LED。
LD是雷射二极管的英文缩写,雷射二极管的物理架构是在发光二极管的结间安置一层具有光活性的半导体,其端面经过抛光后具有部分反射功能,因而形成一光谐振腔。在正向偏置的情况下,LED结发射出光来并与光谐振腔相互作用,从而进一步激励从结上发射出单波长的光,这种光的物理性质与材料有关。半导体雷射二极管的工作原理,理论上与气体雷射器相同。雷射二极管在电脑上的光碟磁碟机,雷射印表机中的列印头等小功率光电装置中得到了广泛的应用。
二者在原理、架构、效能上的差别。
(1)在工作原理上的差别:LED是利用注入有源区的载流子自发辐射复合发光,而LD是受激辐射复合发光。
(2)在架构上的差别:LD有光学谐振腔,使产生的光子在腔内振荡放大,LED没有谐振腔。
(3)效能上的差别 :LED没有临界值特徴,光谱密度比LD高几个数量级,LED汇出光功率小,发散角大。
Also known as laser diode laser diode (LD). Into the 1980s, it absorbed the physical development of the semiconductor up-to-date results, the use of quantum well (QW) and strained quantum well (SL-QW) structures, such as novelty, the introduction of the refractive index modulation Bragg launchers, as well as to enhance Bragg modulation transmitter The latest technology, as well as the development of the MBE, MOCVD and the CBE, such as crystal growth technology of the new technology, making new epitaxial growth technology to precisely control crystal growth to the accuracy of atomic layer thick, high-quality growth of quantum wells, as well as strained quantum well materials. As a result, production of the LD, the current threshold of a significant decline in conversion efficiency has been greatly improved the power output doubled, significantly longer service life.A low-power LD
In the field of information technology for the rapid development of low-power LD. For example, for fiber-optic communications and optical switching systems distributed feedback (DFB) and the dynamic single-mode LD, narrow linewidth tunable DFB-LD, such as CD-ROM for information processing technology in the field of visible light Wavelength (such as wavelength of 670nm, 650nm, 630nm The blue-green to red) LD, surface-emitting quantum well, as well as ultra-short laser pulses substantive, which are all treated the development of LD. The development of these devices are: narrow-linewidth single-frequency, high-speed, as well as short-wavelength tunable optical and integrated single-chip, and so on.
B high-power LD
In 1983, a single wavelength of 800nm output power LD more than 100mW, to 1989, 0.1mm-wide LD be reached 3.7W continuous output, and 1cm linear array LD has reached 76W output, the conversion efficiency of 39%. In 1992, the Americans also targets to a new level: 1cm linear array LD CW output power up to 121W, the conversion efficiency of 45%. Now, the output power of 120W, 1500W, 3kW and many other high-power LD have been published. High-efficiency, high power LD array and its rapid development for all-solid-state laser, diode laser that is pumped (LDP) of the rapid development of solid-state laser provides strong.
In recent years, in order to adapt to the EDFA and the EDFL, and other needs of the wavelength of 980nm high-power LD is that there is great development. Fiber Bragg Grating with recently selected frequency for filtering, a significant improvement in the stability of its output, pump effectively improve the efficiency.
And the characteristics of the application: semiconductor diode laser is the most important practical for a class of lasers. Its small size, long life, and a simple injection of current-pumped his way to work with the voltage and current circuit-compatible, which can be integrated with a single. And also can be as high as GHz frequency modulation direct current for high-speed modulation of laser output. As a result of these advantages, the semiconductor diode laser in the laser communications, optical storage, optical gyros, laser printing, as well as radar range, and so on, as well as access to a wide range of applications.
LD就是所谓的激光二极管,在半导体激光器中起泵浦作用的。同时它也是一种激光器可发出激光。二、激光二极管本质上是一个半导体二极管,按照PN结材料是否相同,可以把激光二极管分为同质结、单异质结(SH)、双异质结(DH)和量子阱(QW)激光二极管。量子阱激光二极管具有阈值电流低,输出功率高的优点,是目前市场应用的主流产品。同激光器相比,激光二极管具有效率高、体积小、寿命长的优点,但其输出功率小(一般小于2mW),线性差、单色性不太好,使其在有线电视系统中的应用受到很大限制,不能传输多频道,高性能模拟信号。在双向光接收机的回传模块中,上行发射一般都采用量子阱激光二极管作为光源。
半导体激光二极管的基本结构如图所示,垂直于PN结面的一对平行平面构成法布里——珀罗谐振腔,它们可以是半导体晶体的解理面,也可以是经过抛光的平面。其余两侧面则相对粗糙,用以消除主方向外其它方向的激光作用。
半导体中的光发射通常起因于载流子的复合。当半导体的PN结加有正向电压时,会削弱PN结势垒,迫使电子从N区经PN结注入P区,空穴从P区经过PN结注入N区,这些注入PN结附近的非平衡电子和空穴将会发生复合,从而发射出波长为λ的光子,其公式如下:
λ = hc/Eg (1)
式中:h—普朗克常数; c—光速; Eg—半导体的禁带宽度。
上述由于电子与空穴的自发复合而发光的现象称为自发辐射。当自发辐射所产生的光子通过半导体时,一旦经过已发射的电子—空穴对附近,就能激励二者复合,产生新光子,这种光子诱使已激发的载流子复合而发出新光子现象称为受激辐射。如果注入电流足够大,则会形成和热平衡状态相反的载流子分布,即粒子数反转。当有源层内的载流子在大量反转情况下,少量自发辐射产生的光子由于谐振腔两端面往复反射而产生感应辐射,造成选频谐振正反馈,或者说对某一频率具有增益。当增益大于吸收损耗时,就可从PN结发出具有良好谱线的相干光——激光,这就是激光二极管的简单原理。
随着技术和工艺的发展,目前实际使用的半导体激光二极管具有复杂的多层结构。
常用的激光二极管有两种:①PIN光电二极管。它在收到光功率产生光电流时,会带来量子噪声。②雪崩光电二极管。它能够提供内部放大,比PIN光电二极管的传输距离远,但量子噪声更大。为了获得良好的信噪比,光检测器件后面须连接低噪声预放大器和主放大器。
半导体激光二极管的工作原理,理论上与气体激光器相同。
激光二极管本质上是一个半导体二极管,按照PN结材料是否相同,可以把激光二极管分为同质结、单异质结(SH)、双异质结(DH)和量子阱(QW)激光二极管。量子阱激光二极管具有阈值电流低,输出功率高的优点,是目前市场应用的主流产品。同激光器相比,激光二极管具有效率高、体积小、寿命长的优点,但其输出功率小(一般小于2mW),线性差、单色性不太好,使其在有线电视系统中的应用受到很大限制,不能传输多频道,高性能模拟信号。在双向光接收机的回传模块中,上行发射一般都采用量子阱激光二极管作为光源。
半导体激光二极管的常用参数有:
(1)波长:即激光管工作波长,目前可作光电开关用的激光管波长有635nm、650nm、670nm、690nm、780nm、810nm、860nm、980nm等。
(2)阈值电流Ith :即激光管开始产生激光振荡的电流,对一般小功率激光管而言,其值约在数十毫安,具有应变多量子阱结构的激光管阈值电流可低至10mA以下。
(3)工作电流Iop :即激光管达到额定输出功率时的驱动电流,此值对于设计调试激光驱动电路较重要。
(4)垂直发散角θ⊥:激光二极管的发光带在垂直PN结方向张开的角度,一般在15˚~40˚左右。
(5)水平发散角θ‖:激光二极管的发光带在与PN结平行方向所张开的角度,一般在6˚~ 10˚左右。
(6)监控电流Im :即激光管在额定输出功率时,在PIN管上流过的电流。
激光二极管在计算机上的光盘驱动器,激光打印机中的打印头,条形码扫描仪,激光测距、激光医疗,光通讯,激光指示等小功率光电设备中得到了广泛的应用。
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