英国剑桥大学日前发布新闻公报说，该校研究人员和伯明翰大学的同行合作完成了这项研究。公报称，电子通常被认为不可分。但1981年有物理学家提出，在某些特殊条件下电子可分裂为带磁的自旋子和带电的空穴子。
剑桥大学研究人员将极细的“量子金属丝”置于一块金属平板上方，控制其间距离为约30个原子宽度，并将它们置于约零下273摄氏度的超低温环境下，然后改变外加磁场，发现金属板上的电子在通过量子隧穿效应跳跃到金属丝上时分裂成了自旋子和空穴子。
研究人员说，人们对电子性质的研究曾掀起了半导体革命，使计算机产业飞速发展，现在又出现了实际研究自旋子和空穴子性质的机会，这可能会促进下一代量子计算机的发展，带来新一轮的计算机革命。
Discovery about behavior of building block of nature could lead to computer revolution
30 July 2009
A team of physicists from the Universities of Cambridge and Birmingham have shown that electrons in narrow wires can divide into two new particles called spinons and a holons.
The electron is a fundamental building block of nature and is indivisible in isolation, yet a new experiment has shown that electrons, if crowded into narrow wires, are seen to split apart.
The electron is responsible for carrying electricity in wires and for making magnets. These two properties of magnetism and electric charge are carried by electrons which seem to have no size or shape and are impossible to break apart.
However, what is true about the properties of a single electron does not seem to be the case when electrons are brought together. Instead the like-charged electrons repel each other and need to modify the way they move to avoid getting too close to each other. In ordinary metals this does not usually make much difference to their behaviour. However, if the electrons are put in a very narrow wire the effects are exacerbated as they find it much harder to move past each other.
In 1981, physicist Duncan Haldane conjectured theoretically that under these circumstances and at the lowest temperatures the electrons would always modify the way they behaved so that their magnetism and their charge would separate into two new types of particle called spinons and holons.
The challenge was to confine electrons tightly in a 'quantum wire' and bring this wire close enough to an ordinary metal so that the electrons in that metal could 'jump' by quantum tunneling into the wire. By observing how the rate of jumping varies with an applied magnetic field the experiment reveals how the electron, on entering the quantum wire, has to fall apart into spinons and holons. The conditions to make this work comprised a comb of wires above a flat metal cloud of electrons. The Cambridge physicists, Yodchay Jompol and Chris Ford, clearly saw the distinct signatures of the two new particles as the Birmingham theorists, Tim Silk and Andy Schofield, had predicted.
Dr Chris Ford from the University of Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory says, 'We had to develop the technology to pass a current between a wire and a sheet only 30 atomic widths apart.
'The measurements have to be made at extremely low temperatures, about a tenth of a degree above absolute zero.
'Quantum wires are widely used to connect up quantum "dots", which may in the future form the basis of a new type of computer, called a quantum computer. Thus understanding their properties may be important for such quantum technologies, as well as helping to develop more complete theories of superconductivity and conduction in solids in general. This could lead to a new computer revolution.'
Professor Andy Schofield from the University of Birmingham's School of Physics and Astronomy says, 'The experiment to test this is based on an idea I had together with three colleagues almost 10 years ago. At that time the technology required to implement the experiment was still a long way off.
'What is remarkable about this new experiment is not just the clarity of the observation of the spinon and holon, which confirms some earlier studies, but that the spinon and holon are seen well beyond the region that Duncan Haldane originally conjectured.
'Our ability to control the behaviour of a single electron is responsible for the semiconductor revolution which has led to cheaper computers, iPods and more. Whether we will be able to control these new particles as successfully as we have the single electron remains to be seen. What it does reveal is that bringing electrons together can lead to new properties and even new particles.'
Notes for Editors:
1. The paper is published in Science 10.1126/science.1171769 at http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1171769
2. The experiment was performed in Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory with theoretical support from scientists at the University of Birmingham's School of Physics and Astronomy.
For more information, contact:
Dr Chris Ford, the University of Cambridge, cjbf@cam.ac.uk, tel. +44 1223 337486 or 0796 885 3350
Kate Chapple, Press Officer, University of Birmingham, tel 0121 414 2772 or 07789 921164
定语从句（也称关系从句、形容词性从句），是指一类由关系词引导的从句，下面是我精心整理的定语从句句子翻译例句，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。
定语从句句子翻译例句如下：
1.将下列含有限制性定语从句的复合句译成汉语：
1)Everything that is around us is matter. 我们周围的一切都是物质
2)He is the only one among us that knows French. 他是我们中唯一懂法语的人。
3)I know the reason why he came late. 我知道他来迟的原因。
4)Certain ideas, principles, and laws often form the foundation on which other ideas, principles and laws of a science are constructed. 一些思想、原则和法律往往会成为其他思想、原则和法律赖以形成的基础。
5)Stainless steels must contain a minimum of 10% chromium. This is the reason why they are stainless. 不锈钢至少要含有10%的铬，这就是不锈钢不生锈的原因。
6)Electrical energy that is supplied to a lamp can be turned into light energy. 供照明的电能可以转化为光能。
7)An electric field is a space where an electric force exists. 电场就是电力存在的空间。
8)The house whose roof was damaged has now been repaired. 屋顶坏了的房子现在已经修好。
9)Shanghai is the place where he was born. 上海是他出生的地方。
10)The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him. 在他手下工作的人对他怕的要死。
11)The force that causes everything to fall toward the ground is called gravity. 使所有物体落向地面的力称为重力。
12)Substances which allow electricity to flow through freely are called conductors. 电流能顺利通过的物体称为导体。
13)The car whose engine broke down was bought last month. 发动机坏掉的那辆车是上个月买的。
14)A rocket engine can work in space where there is no air. 火箭发动机能在没有空气的太空中工作。
15)We could not really feel satisfied, calm or in agreement with the situation with which we are faced at the beginning of this session of the General Assembly. 我们对本界联大开始时所面临的局势难以感到满意，也难以感到心安理得。
16)They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives. 他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的`，在过去，许多中国人曾为这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。
17)He unselfishly contributed his uncommon talents and indefatigable spirit to the struggle which today brings those aims within the reach of a majority of the human race. 他把自己非凡的才智和不倦的精力无私地献给了这种斗争，这种斗争今天以使人类中大多数人可以达到这些目标。
18)He said there was never anything happening in his family he was ashamed of. 他说他们家可从来没有出现过见不得人的事儿。
19)There is a man downstairs who wants to see you. 楼下有人要见你。
20)There are some countries in the world where there is little rain at any time.世界上有些国家终年少雨。
2.将下列含有非限制性定语从句的复合句译成汉语：
1)Silver is a conductor, which allows electric current to flow easily. 银是一种导体，它可以让电流很容易地通过。
2)Days and nights are very long on the moon, where one day is as long as two weeks on the earth. 月球上的白天和黑夜都相当长，那里的一天等于地球上的两周。
3)Metals are very strong and can be made into any required shapes, which makes it possible to be widely used in industry. 金属坚硬，又可加工成任何所需的形状，这使它能在工业上得以广泛应用。
4)Transistors, which are small in size, can make previously large and bulky radios light and small. 体积小的晶体管使先前那种大而苯的收音机变得既轻又小。（前置）
5)He liked his sister, who was warm and pleasant, but he did not like his brother, who was aloof and arrogant. 他喜欢热情愉快的妹妹，而不喜欢冷漠高傲的哥哥。（前置）
6)You can break up a beam of incoherent light with a prism, which is made of glass. 你能用玻璃制的棱镜分解一束非相干光。（前置）
7)Mr Smith, who came to see me yesterday, is a relative of my wife’s. 史密斯先生昨天来看过我，他是我妻子的亲戚。（独立句）
8)Machine tools have various uses, one of which is to make holes in metal. 机床有多种用途，其中之一是在金属上钻孔。（后置）
9)After dinner, four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night. 饭后，四个主要谈判人物再继续进行会谈，一直谈到深夜。
10)Like charges repel, but opposite ones attract, which is one of the fundamental laws of electricity. 同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸，这是电的基本法则之一
11)She has two brothers, who are both doctors. 她有两个兄弟。他们都是医生。（独立句）
12)We will put off the party until next week, when we won’t be so busy. 我们把聚会推迟到下星期。那时我们不会这样忙。（独立句）
13)Semi–conductor is a new kind of material, which has found a wide use in electronic industry. 半导体是一种新型材料，已广泛应用于电子工业。
14)There are some new terms in the article, the meanings of which may be difficult to the students. 这篇文章中有些新的术语，它们的意思可能使学生感到困难。
15)Galileo, who made the first telescope, died in 1624. 伽利略死于1642年，他制造了第一架望远镜。
16)The most important form of energy is electric energy, which is widely used in our daily life. 电能是最重要的能量形式，它广泛用于我们的日常生活中。
17)Burgess and Richard Hoagland contacted Carl Sagan, who greeted the idea enthusiastically. 伯吉斯和理查德.霍格兰同卡尔.萨根取得了联系，卡尔满腔热情地接受了这个想法。
18)He had talked to Nixon, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done. 他和尼克松谈过话。尼克松向他保证，凡是能够做到的都会竭尽全力去做。
19)Once was a violent thunderstorm, the worst I had ever seen, which obscured my objective. 有一次是暴风骤雨，是我平生见到最猛烈的。这阵暴风雨遮住了我的目标。
20)Electronic computers, which make it possible to free man from the labour of complex measurements and computations, have found wide application in engineering. 电子计算机在工程技术上已获得广泛应用，它使人可能摆脱复杂的测量和计算工作。
3.将下列含兼有状语职能的定语从句的复合句译成汉语：
1)Congress, which had met to continue its protests to the Crown, found itself raising an army and selecting George Washington as its commander in chief. 代表大会先前已集会决定继续向英皇提抗议，而现在则发展到募集军队并推选乔治.华盛顿为总司令了。
2)Atoms, which are very, very small, can be broken down into still smaller particles. 原子虽然很小很小，但仍能分解成更小的粒子。
3)We have to oil the moving parts of the machine, the friction of which may be greatly reduced. 我们必须给机器的传动部分加油，以便使摩擦大大减少。
4)Men became desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families. 人们极其迫切地要求工作，只要它能维持一家人的生活就行。
5)However, iceberg water could be extremely cheap for some countries when compared with desalination, a process which requires much more fuel and much more money. 不过，对某些国家来讲，用冰山化水与海水脱盐相比，冰山化水的费用可能极为便宜，因为脱盐过程需要更多燃料和更多的资金。
6)An automatic production line is excellent for the automotive industry where thousands of identical parts are produced. 自动生产线最适用于汽车工业，因为那里要生产成千上万个同样的零件。
7)Rubber is a light, elastic, durable and water-resistant material, which makes rubber industry very important. 橡胶是一种质轻、富有d性、经久耐用和防水的材料，因此橡胶工业十分重要。
8)John, whose wife is ill, cannot come to the party. 约翰不能来参加聚会，他妻子病了。
9)The computer, which seems to play the role of a human brain, is often called an electronic brain. 由于电子计算机似乎起着类似人脑的作用，所以常被称作电脑。
10)Behaviourists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. 行为主义者认为，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境中成长，而这些刺激物能够发展其作出适当反应的能力，那么这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。
11)Matter has certain features or properties that enable us to recognize it easily. 物质具有一定的特征或特性，因此能使我们很容易地识别出来。
12)Potential energy that is not so obvious as kinetic energy exists in many things. 虽然势能不象动能那样明显，但它存在于许多动物之中。
13)There is a minimum size for the reactor at which the chain reaction will just work . 反应堆有一个最起码的尺寸，以使链式反应正好维持下去。
14)The remainder of the atom from which one or more electrons are removed must be positively charged. 如果从原子中移走一个或多个电子，则该原子的其余部分必定带正电。
15)A gas occupies all of any container in which it is placed. 无论将气体装在什么容器里，它都会把容器充满。
16)Mechanical energy is changed into electric energy, which in turn is changed into mechanical energy. 机械能转变为电能，而电能又转变为机械能。
17)Man can not live on the moon, where there is no air and water. 人不能在月球上住，那里没有空气和水。
18)World war II was, however, more complex than World War I, which was a collision among the imperialist powers over the spoils of markets, resources and territories. 第一次世界大战是帝国主义列强之间争夺市场、资源和领土的冲突，而第二次世界大战却比第一次复杂。(表原因)
19)They tried to stamp out the revolt, which spread all the more furiously throughout the country. 他们企图扑灭反抗，结果反抗愈加猛烈，遍及全国。（译成结果状语从句）
20)My assistant, who had carefully read through the instructions before doing his experiment, could not obtain satisfactory results, because he followed them mechanically. 虽然我的助手在实验以前从头到尾地阅读过说明书，但由于他死搬硬套还是未能得到满意的结果。（译成让步状语从句）
4.将下列句子翻译成汉语：
1)In a dispute between two states with which one is friendly, try not to get involved. 当两国发生争端时，如与两国友好，第三国则力避卷入。（译成条件状语从句）
2)Miniaturization (小型化) means making things small in size, which is of great importance for the development of the electronics industry. 小型化意味着缩小东西的尺寸，这对电子工业的发展极为重要。
3)This is a machine which is assembled of its separate components. 这是一台由一些单独的部件装配起来的机器。
4)The current is in the same direction as the motion of the positive particles (is)电流方向与带正电的粒子运动的方向相同。
5)As we have seen in an earlier unit, the greater this difference in temperature is, the faster the heat will flow. 正如我们在先前一个单元中所看到的，温差越大，热传输越快。
6)Elizabeth was determined to make no effort for conversation with a woman, who was now more than usually insolent and disagreeable. 伊丽莎白不肯再和这样一个女人说话，这个女人现在异常无礼，十分令人反感。（译成并列句，重译先行词）
7)The element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substance by chemical means. 元素是一种物质，这种物质不能用一般的化学方法再分裂成更为简单的物质。(译成并列句，重译先行词)
8)Perhaps light is some sort of electric wave, whose nature we do not yet understand.也许，光是某种电波，其性质我们尚不清楚。
9)Iron, which is not so strong as steel, finds wide application. 尽管铁的强度不如钢，但它仍有广泛的用途。
10)They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives. 他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的，在过去，许多中国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。
11)It is in line with the Charter, which recognizes the value of regional efforts to solve problems and settle disputes. 它符合**精神，因为**承认由地区进行排解纠纷的作用。（译成原状语从句）
12)He did not remember his father who died when he was three years old. 他三岁丧父，所以记不起父亲。
13)What’s the time you usually go to bed? 你通常什么时候睡觉？
14)There are many people who want to see the film. 许多人要看这部电影。
15)He insisted on buying another coat, which he had no use for. 他坚持要再买一件上衣，虽然他并不用得着。
16)Her hair is the same colour as her mother’s . 她的头发和她母亲的头发一样颜色。
17)There were men in that crowd who had stood there every day for a month. 在那群人当中，有些人每天站在那里，站了一个月。
18)Those who are in favour please hold up their hands. 如果赞成，就请举手。
19)Strength, hardness and plasticity (可塑性) of metals are the properties that make them so useful for industry. 金属具有强度、硬度和可塑性，这些性能使它们在工业上得到广泛应用。
20)They know the hours when restaurants put their leftovers (吃剩的食物) in the garbage cans where they search for food. 他们知道饭店什么时候将残羹剩饭倒进垃圾桶，他们在那里寻找食物。
21)Good clocks have pendulums (钟摆) which are automatically compensated for temperature changes. 好钟的钟摆可以自动补偿温度变化造成的影响。
22)Power is equal to work divided by the time, as has been said before. 如前所述，功率等于功除以时间。
23)The day will come when man can make full use of solar energy. 人类总有一天会充分利用太阳能。
24)There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them. 这个方案富于创造性，独出心裁，很有魅力，所以他们都很喜欢。
25)The products of science are ideas which can be applied in helping to understand new experiences. 科学的结果形成概念，这些概念可用来理解新的经历。
26)A floating object displaces an amount of water whose weight equals t中英句子翻译-定语从句的翻译hat of the object. 浮体排开一定量的水，其重量相当于该浮体的重量。
27)The time when man can make use of atomic energy has come. 人类能够利用原子能的时候已经来到了。
28)Here we shall discuss only such factors as may cause distortions of the signal. 这里我们将讨论的只是可能引起信号失真的那些因素。
29)Air moves from places where the pressure is high to places where the pressure is low. 空气从压力高的地方向压力低的地方移动。
30)To make an atomic bomb we have to use uranium 235, in which all the atoms are available for fission. 制造原子d必须用铀235，因为它的所有原子都可以裂变。
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