功率半导体英文翻译

功率半导体英文翻译,第1张

In addition to improvements in chip performance, the shell packaging technology is also a great breakthrough, IR inversion in the development of field-effect transistor, also known as "FlipFET" on the basis of this year introduced the DirectFET, as shown in Figure 6. Its source and gate inversion result can be directly welded in the printed circuit board, the drain at the top of the weld metal in its shell, if necessary, by the radiator or direct contact with the equipment enclosure. DirectFET size equivalent to the traditional SO-8 plastic (plastic with an area of about 4x5 mm2) shell. In such a small device, the first structure of a double-sided cooling. It is a lead frame, no-lead solder joints of the device, it brought about a series of advantages: it's non-resistor chip package (DFPR) is only 0. 1mW, device thickness of only 0. 7mm, resistance and parasitic inductance have dropped significantly. Such characteristics make it especially suitable for the above-mentioned computer of the latest generation of CPU. In the multi-phase circuits, each with only two of 30 security DirectFET can transfer current. Increase its current rate of 400 per delicate security, the working frequency of 1-2 MHz.

Secondly, you must be focused on power semiconductor devices in the IC direction: as a result of the development of MOSFET and IGBT, and their matching to provide a trigger signal power integrated circuit PIC (Power IC) have also developed rapidly. At that time, also known as MOS gate drive MGD (MOS Gate Driver) or control integrated circuit CIC (Control IC). With the expansion of the scope of application: such as motor drives, lighting, various power supply and so on, CIC of the cultivars have been rapidly increasing. These CIC in the development process

And gradually from a simple function to trigger the special needs of a wide range of applications development. PIC is the earliest that can be used in high voltage IC, therefore, also known as high-voltage IC (HVIC). However, many applications such as communications, computers, portable power supply and so on, they do not require high voltage, but demand for the special needs of the development of application specific integrated circuit. Because of their combination and application of power semiconductor devices, we have the power to include them in a class of semiconductor devices. So now the power semiconductor devices in the family, there are many integrated circuits. Many of these power devices with integrated circuits inside, some outside while the separation of power devices. Judging from this point, the limits of power and microelectronics has become increasingly blurred. If a large number of computer applications in power modulation device voltage LDO (Low Drop Out) is one example. It does not belong to switch applications.

As a result of a large number of integrated circuits into the power semiconductor devices, which consider the power semiconductor integrated circuits and devices to do the same in the chip or device on the development of the natural line of thought. Done in the same chip, the original is the concept of power integrated circuits, but their power often relatively small. Done in the same package, easy to increase power capacity, a number of passive components is also possible to join, here often called multi-chip module (MCM).

IR last year iPOWIR developed is a typical multi-chip module. It will power devices to control the use of integrated circuits, or in combination with pulse-width modulation (PWM) integrated circuit, according to the needs of power supply design, using BGA packaging technology portfolio in the same device (as shown in Figure 7) . Multi-chip device that greatly simplifies the power supply design staff. Components reduces the number and percentage of the area, there has been a lot of performance improvement. iPOWIR development is considered DC-DC conversion of the future. But, in fact, a wide range of applications in other fields, as long as the requirements of further integration, MCM structure and will there will be more and more. Therefore, it is the power semiconductor devices important direction of development.

In the above presentation, the development of MOSFET has been referred to as 4C industry provides an important foundation. 4C industries which, at present it is the most active direction of the product. We can understand: in the communications, computer, consumer electronics and automotive development, will require many, many close contacts and IC of all types of power semiconductor devices. Each of these aspects can be used to introduce a lot of space. Not detailed here.

Add: Conclusion

To sum up, the power semiconductor devices the past few years, constantly changed a lot. So can no longer look at a fixed vision of the development of power semiconductor devices. For example, not simply thyristor power semiconductor devices and an equal sign painting, or drawing an equal sign and discrete devices. Must not power semiconductor devices and microelectronics artificially separated, it seems only semiconductor microelectronics. These will impede the development of power semiconductor devices, in the long run will hinder the development of microelectronic devices. Development strategy in order to avoid the power semiconductor devices as a simple process only to be completed on the low-tech products. And the preferential policies available only to integrated circuit industry. China has not been very good to the development of modern power semiconductor devices, the lack of modern power semiconductor devices is a comprehensive understanding of the factors I am afraid. Information technology to stimulate industrialization in the wave, it is imperative that different semiconductor devices have a balanced development.

Conclusion

To sum up, the power semiconductor devices the past few years, constantly changed a lot. So can no longer look at a fixed vision of the development of power semiconductor devices. For example, not simply thyristor power semiconductor devices and an equal sign painting, or drawing an equal sign and discrete devices. Must not power semiconductor devices and microelectronics artificially separated, it seems only semiconductor microelectronics. These will impede the development of power semiconductor devices, in the long run will hinder the development of microelectronic devices. Development strategy in order to avoid the power semiconductor devices as a simple process only to be completed on the low-tech products. And the preferential policies available only to integrated circuit industry. China has not been very good to the development of modern power semiconductor devices, the lack of modern power semiconductor devices is a comprehensive understanding of the factors I am afraid. Information technology to stimulate industrialization in the wave, it is imperative that different semiconductor devices have a balanced development.

IGBT芯片技术发展

从20世纪80年代至今,IGBT芯片经历了7代升级,从平面穿通型(PT)到沟槽型电场-截止型(FS-Trench),芯片面积、工艺线宽、通态饱和压降、关断时间、功率损耗等各项指标经历了不断的优化,断态电压也从600V提高到6500V以上。IGBT技术的整体发展趋势是大电流、高电压、低损耗、高频率、功能集成化、高可靠性。

不同代际IGBT芯片产品对比

随着技术的升级,IGBT芯片面积、工艺线宽、通态功耗、关断时间、开关功耗均不断减小,断态电压由第一代的600V升至第七代7000V。

不同代际的IGBT芯片产品应用情况也有所不同:

中国IGBT芯片企业技术布局

中国IGBT产品与国际巨头英飞凌、三菱电机等差距在10年以上,步入第5代后,预计差距将缩短为10年,第6/7代产品差距将在5年以内。从中国IGBT芯片行业代表性企业从技术格局来看,斯达半导应用第七代IGBT技术,电压覆盖范围为100-3300V华微电子布局第六代IGBT技术,电压覆盖范围为360-1350V士兰微、时代电气、宏微科技应用第五代IGBT技术新洁能主要应用第四代IGBT技术。

IGBT芯片行业科研投入水平

以宏微科技、斯达半导、士兰微、时代电气为主要代表企业分析,2018-2021年,我国IGBT芯片行业研发费用从0.1元到19亿元不等,研发费用占营业收入比重整体不超过15%。其中,时代电气在科研投入规模和占比均位于行业前列,2021年,公司研发投入为17.85亿元,占收入比重的11.81%。

IGBT芯片技术“门槛”高,不仅涉及设计、制造、封装三个高精尖技术领域,而且难度大、周期长、投入高。高铁、智能电网、新能源与高压变频器等领域所采用的IGBT模块规格在6500V以上,技术壁垒较强IGBT芯片设计制造、模块封装、失效分析、测试等IGBT产业核心技术仍掌握在发达国家企业手中。我国要想实现IGBT芯片的技术突破,企业需要持续增加研发投入,减少与国际头部厂商IGBT芯片的代际差异。

中国IGBT芯片行业技术趋势

从行业整体发展规律而言,IGBT发展趋势主要是降低损耗和降低成本。

从结构上讲,IGBT主要有三个发展方向:

1)IGBT纵向结构:非透明集电区NPT型、带缓冲层的PT型、透明集电区NPT型和FS电场截止型

2)IGBT棚极结构:平面棚机构、Trench沟槽型结构

3)硅片加工工艺:外延生长技术、区熔硅单晶。

以上数据来源于前瞻产业研究院《中国IGBT芯片行业市场前瞻与投资战略规划分析报告》

开关稳压电源

0 引言

开关稳压电源(以下简称开关电源)问世后,在很多领域逐步取代了线性稳压电源和晶闸管相控电源。早期出现的是串联型开关电源,其主电路拓扑与线性电源相仿,但功率晶体管工作于开关状态。随着脉宽调制(PWM)技术的发展,PWM开关电源问世,它的特点是用20kHz的载波进行脉冲宽度调制,电源的效率可达65%~70%,而线性电源的效率只有30%~40%。因此,用工作频率为20 kHz的PWM开关电源替代线性电源,可大幅度节约能源,从而引起了人们的广泛关注,在电源技术发展史上被誉为20kHz革命。 随着超大规模集成(ultra-large-scale-integrated-ULSI)芯片尺寸的不断减小,电源的尺寸与微处理器相比要大得多;而航天、潜艇、军用开关电源以及用电池的便携式电子设备(如手提计算机、移动电话等)更需要小型化、轻量化的电源。因此,对开关电源提出了小型轻量要求,包括磁性元件和电容的体积重量也要小。此外,还要求开关电源效率要更高,性能更好,可靠性更高等。这一切高新要求便促进了开关电源的不断发展和进步。

1 开关电源的三个重要发展阶段

40多年来,开关电源经历了三个重要发展阶段。

第一个阶段是功率半导体器件从双极型器件(BPT、SCR、GT0)发展为MOS型器件(功率MOS-FET、IGBT、IGCT等),使电力电子系统有可能实现高频化,并大幅度降低导通损耗,电路也更为简单。

第二个阶段自20世纪80年代开始,高频化和软开关技术的研究开发,使功率变换器性能更好、重量更轻、尺寸更小。高频化和软开关技术是过去20年国际电力电子界研究的热点之一。

第三个阶段从20世纪90年代中期开始,集成电力电子系统和集成电力电子模块(IPEM)技术开始发展,它是当今国际电力电子界亟待解决的新问题之一。

2 开关电源技术的亮点

2.1 功率半导体器件性能

1998年,Infineon公司推出冷MOS管,它采用“超级结”(Super-Junction)结构,故又称超结功率MOSFET。工作电压600~800V,通态电阻几乎降低了一个数量级,仍保持开关速度快的特点,是一种有发展前途的高频功率半导体器件。

IGBT刚出现时,电压、电流额定值只有600V、25A。很长一段时间内,耐压水平限于1200~1700V,经过长时间的探索研究和改进,现在IGBT的电压、电流额定值已分别达到3300V/1200A和4500V/1800A,高压IGBT单片耐压已达到6500V,一般IGBT的工作频率上限为20~40kHz,基于穿通(PT)型结构应用新技术制造的IGBT,可工作于150kHz(硬开关)和300kHz(软开关)。

IGBT的技术进展实际上是通态压降,快速开关和高耐压能力三者的折中。随着工艺和结构形式的不同,IGBT在20年的发展进程中,有以下几种类型:穿通(PT)型、非穿通(NPT)型、软穿通(SPT)型、沟漕型和电场截止(FS)型。

碳化硅(SiC)是功率半导体器件晶片的理想材料,其优点是禁带宽、工作温度高(可达600℃)、热稳定性好、通态电阻小、导热性能好、漏电流极小、PN结耐压高等,有利于制造出耐高温的高频大功率半导体器件。

可以预见,碳化硅将是21世纪最可能成功应用的新型功率半导体器件材料。

2.2 开关电源功率密度

提高开关电源的功率密度,使之小型化、轻量化,是人们不断追求的目标。这对便携式电子设备(如移动电话,数字相机等)尤为重要。使开关电源小型化的具体办法有以下几种。

一是高频化。为了实现电源高功率密度,必须提高PWM变换器的工作频率、从而减小电路中储能元件的体积重量。

二是应用压电变压器。应用压电变压器可使高频功率变换器实现轻、小、薄和高功率密度。压电变压器利用压电陶瓷材料特有的“电压-振动”变换和“振动-电压”变换的性质传送能量,其等效电路如同一个串并联谐振电路,是功率变换领域的研究热点之一。

三是采用新型电容器。为了减小电力电子设备的体积和重量,须设法改进电容器的性能,提高能量密度,并研究开发适合于电力电子及电源系统用的新型电容器,要求电容量大、等效串联电阻(ESR)小、体积小等。

2.3 高频磁性元件

电源系统中应用大量磁元件,高频磁元件的材料、结构和性能都不同于工频磁元件,有许多问题需要研究。对高频磁元件所用的磁性材料,要求其损耗小、散热性能好、磁性能优越。适用于兆赫级频率的磁性材料为人们所关注,纳米结晶软磁材料也已开发应用。

2.4 软开关技术

高频化以后,为了提高开关电源的效率,必须开发和应用软开关技术。它是过去几十年国际电源界的一个研究热点。

PWM开关电源按硬开关模式工作(开/关过程中电压下降/上升和电流上升/下降波形有交叠),因而开关损耗大。高频化虽可以缩小体积重量,但开关损耗却更大了。为此,必须研究开关电压/电流波形不交叠的技术,即所谓零电压开关(ZVS)/零电流开关(ZCS)技术,或称软开关技术,小功率软开关电源效率可提高到800%~85%。上世纪70年代谐振开关电源奠定了软开关技术的基础。随后新的软开关技术不断涌现,如准谐振(上世纪80年代中)全桥移相ZVS-PWM,恒频ZVS-PWM/ZCS-PWM(上世纪80年代末)ZVS-PWM有源嵌位;ZVT-PWM/ZCT-PWM(上世纪90年代初)全桥移相ZV-ZCS-PWM(上世纪90年代中)等。我国已将最新软开关技术应用于6kW通信电源中,效率达93%。

2.5 同步整流技术

对于低电压、大电流输出的软开关变换器,进一步提高其效率的措施是设法降低开关的通态损耗。例如同步整流(SR)技术,即以功率MOS管反接作为整流用开关二极管,代替萧特基二极管(SBD),可降低管压降,从而提高电路效率。

2.6 功率因数校正(PFC)变换器

由于AC/DC变换电路的输入端有整流器件和滤波电容,在正弦电压输入时,单相整流电源供电的电子设备,电网侧(交流输入端)功率因数仅为0.6-0.65。采用功率因数校正(PFC)变换器,网侧功率因数可提高到0.95~0.99,输入电流THD<10%。既治理了对电网的谐波污染,又提高了电源的整体效率。这一技术称为有源功率因数校正(APFC),单相APFC国内外开发较早,技术已较成熟;三相APFC的拓扑类型和控制策略虽然已经有很多种,但还有待继续研究发展。

一般高功率因数AC/DC开关电源,由两级拓扑组成,对于小功率AC/DC开关电源来说,采用两级拓扑结构总体效率低、成本高。如果对输入端功率因数要求不特别高时,将PFC变换器和后级DC/DC变换器组合成一个拓扑,构成单级高功率因数AC/DC开关电源,只用一个主开关管,可使功率因数校正到0.8以上,并使输出直流电压可调,这种拓扑结构称为单管单级PFC变换器。

2.7 全数字化控制

电源的控制已经由模拟控制,模数混合控制,进入到全数字控制阶段。全数字控制是发展趋势,已经在许多功率变换设备中得到应用。

全数字控制的优点是数字信号与混合模数信号相比可以标定更小的量,芯片价格也更低廉;对电流检测误差可以进行精确的数字校正,电压检测也更精确;可以实现快速,灵活的控制设计。

近两年来,高性能全数字控制芯片已经开发,费用也已降到比较合理的水平,欧美已有多家公司开发并制造出开关变换器的数字控制芯片及软件。

2.8 电磁兼容性

高频开关电源的电磁兼容(EMC)问题有其特殊性。功率半导体器件在开关过程中所产生的di/dt和dv/dt,将引起强大的传导电磁干扰和谐波干扰,以及强电磁场(通常是近场)辐射。不但严重污染周围电磁环境,对附近的电气设备造成电磁干扰,还可能危及附近 *** 作人员的安全。同时,电力电子电路(如开关变换器)内部的控制电路也必须能承受开关动作产生的EMI及应用现场电磁噪声的干扰。上述特殊性,再加上EMI测量上的具体困难,在电力电子的电磁兼容领域里,存在着许多交叉学科的前沿课题有待人们研究。国内外许多大学均开展了电力电子电路的电磁干扰和电磁兼容性问题的研究,并取得了不少可喜成果。

2.9 设计和测试技术

建模、仿真和CAD是一种新的设计研究工具。为了仿真电源系统,首先要建立仿真模型,包括电力电子器件、变换器电路、数字和模拟控制电路以及磁元件和磁场分布模型等,还要考虑开关管的热模型、可靠性模型和EMC模型。各种模型差别很大,建模的发展方向是数字一模拟混合建模、混合层次建模以及将各种模型组成一个统一的多层次模型等。

电源系统的CAD,包括主电路和控制电路设计、器件选择、参数最优化、磁设计、热设计、EMI设计和印制电路板设计、可靠性预估、计算机辅助综合和优化设计等。用基于仿真的专家系统进行电源系统的CAD,可使所设计的系统性能最优,减少设计制造费用,并能做可制造性分析,是21世纪仿真和CAD技术的发展方向之一。此外,电源系统的热测试、EMI测试、可靠性测试等技术的开发、研究与应用也是应大力发展的。

2.10 系统集成技术

电源设备的制造特点是非标准件多、劳动强度大、设计周期长、成本高、可靠性低等,而用户要求制造厂生产的电源产品更加实用、可靠性更高、更轻小、成本更低。这些情况使电源制造厂家承受巨大压力,迫切需要开展集成电源模块的研究开发,使电源产品的标准化、模块化、可制造性、规模生产、降低成本等目标得以实现。

实际上,在电源集成技术的发展进程中,已经经历了电力半导体器件模块化,功率与控制电路的集成化,集成无源元件(包括磁集成技术)等发展阶段。近年来的发展方向是将小功率电源系统集成在一个芯片上,可以使电源产品更为紧凑,体积更小,也减小了引线长度,从而减小了寄生参数。在此基础上,可以实现一体化,所有元器件连同控制保护集成在一个模块中。

上世纪90年代,随着大规模分布电源系统的发展,一体化的设计观念被推广到更大容量、更高电压的电源系统集成,提高了集成度,出现了集成电力电子模块(IPEM)。IPEM将功率器件与电路、控制以及检测、执行等单元集成封装,得到标准的,可制造的模块,既可用于标准设计,也可用于专用、特殊设计。优点是可快速高效为用户提供产品,显著降低成本,提高可靠性。

3 结语

以上简要回顾了开关电源发展的历程和技术亮点,相信未来开关电源的理论与技术发展将会有更辉煌的成就


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