Python中可以使用 pickle 模块将对象转化为文件保存在磁盘上,在需要的时候再读取并还原。具体用法如下:
pickle是Python库中常用的序列化工具,可以将内存对象以文本或二进制格式导出为字符串,或者写入文档。后续可以从字符或文档中还原为内存对象。新版本的Python中用c重新实现了一遍,叫cPickle,性能更高。 下面的代码演示了pickle库的常用接口用法,非常简单:
import cPickle as pickle# dumps and loads# 将内存对象dump为字符串,或者将字符串load为内存对象def test_dumps_and_loads(): t = {'name': ['v1','v2']} print t o = pickle.dumps(t) print o print 'len o: ',len(o) p = pickle.loads(o) print p # 关于HIGHEST_PROTOCol参数,pickle 支持3种protocol,0、1、2:# http://stackoverflow.com/questions/23582489/python-pickle-protocol-choice# 0:ASCII protocol,兼容旧版本的Python# 1:binary format,兼容旧版本的Python# 2:binary format,Python2.3 之后才有,更好的支持new-sytle classdef test_dumps_and_loads_HIGHEST_PROTOCol(): print 'HIGHEST_PROTOCol: ',pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCol t = {'name': ['v1','v2']} print t o = pickle.dumps(t,pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCol) print 'len o: ',len(o) p = pickle.loads(o) print p# new-style classdef test_new_sytle_class(): class TT(object): def __init__(self,arg,**kwargs): super(TT,self).__init__() self.arg = arg self.kwargs = kwargs def test(self): print self.arg print self.kwargs # ASCII protocol t = TT('test',a=1,b=2) o1 = pickle.dumps(t) print o1 print 'o1 len: ',len(o1) p = pickle.loads(o1) p.test() # HIGHEST_PROTOCol对new-style class支持更好,性能更高 o2 = pickle.dumps(t,pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCol) print 'o2 len: ',len(o2) p = pickle.loads(o2) p.test()# dump and load# 将内存对象序列化后直接dump到文件或支持文件接口的对象中# 对于dump,需要支持write接口,接受一个字符串作为输入参数,比如:StringIO# 对于load,需要支持read接口,接受int输入参数,同时支持readline接口,无输入参数,比如StringIO# 使用文件,ASCII编码def test_dump_and_load_with_file(): t = {'name': ['v1','v2']} # ASCII format with open('test.txt','w') as fp: pickle.dump(t,fp) with open('test.txt','r') as fp: p = pickle.load(fp) print p# 使用文件,二进制编码def test_dump_and_load_with_file_HIGHEST_PROTOCol(): t = {'name': ['v1','v2']} with open('test.bin','wb') as fp: pickle.dump(t,fp,pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCol) with open('test.bin','rb') as fp: p = pickle.load(fp) print p# 使用StringIO,二进制编码def test_dump_and_load_with_StringIO(): import StringIO t = {'name': ['v1','v2']} fp = StringIO.StringIO() pickle.dump(t,pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCol) fp.seek(0) p = pickle.load(fp) print p fp.close()# 使用自定义类# 这里演示用户自定义类,只要实现了write、read、readline接口,# 就可以用作dump、load的file参数def test_dump_and_load_with_user_def_class(): import StringIO class FF(object): def __init__(self): self.buf = StringIO.StringIO() def write(self,s): self.buf.write(s) print 'len: ',len(s) def read(self,n): return self.buf.read(n) def readline(self): return self.buf.readline() def seek(self,pos,mod=0): return self.buf.seek(pos,mod) def close(self): self.buf.close() fp = FF() t = {'name': ['v1','v2']} pickle.dump(t,pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCol) fp.seek(0) p = pickle.load(fp) print p fp.close()# Pickler/Unpickler# Pickler(file,protocol).dump(obj) 等价于 pickle.dump(obj,file[,protocol])# Unpickler(file).load() 等价于 pickle.load(file)# Pickler/Unpickler 封装性更好,可以很方便的替换filedef test_pickler_unpickler(): t = {'name': ['v1','v2']} f = file('test.bin','wb') pick = pickle.Pickler(f,pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCol) pick.dump(t) f.close() f = file('test.bin','rb') unpick = pickle.Unpickler(f) p = unpick.load() print p f.close()
pickle.dump(obj,protocol])
这是将对象持久化的方法,参数的含义分别为:
对象被持久化后怎么还原呢?pickle 模块也提供了相应的方法,如下:
pickle.load(file)
只有一个参数 file ,对应于上面 dump 方法中的 file 参数。这个 file 必须是一个拥有一个能接收一个整数为参数的 read() 方法以及一个不接收任何参数的 readline() 方法,并且这两个方法的返回值都应该是字符串。这可以是一个打开为读的文件对象、StringIO 对象或其他任何满足条件的对象。
下面是一个基本的用例:
# -*- Coding: utf-8 -*-import pickle# 也可以这样:# import cPickle as pickleobj = {"a": 1,"b": 2,"c": 3}# 将 obj 持久化保存到文件 tmp.txt 中pickle.dump(obj,open("tmp.txt","w"))# do something else ...# 从 tmp.txt 中读取并恢复 obj 对象obj2 = pickle.load(open("tmp.txt","r"))print obj2# -*- Coding: utf-8 -*- import pickle# 也可以这样:# import cPickle as pickle obj = {"a": 1,"c": 3} # 将 obj 持久化保存到文件 tmp.txt 中pickle.dump(obj,"w")) # do something else ... # 从 tmp.txt 中读取并恢复 obj 对象obj2 = pickle.load(open("tmp.txt","r")) print obj2
不过实际应用中,我们可能还会有一些改进,比如用 cPickle 来代替 pickle ,前者是后者的一个 C 语言实现版本,拥有更快的速度,另外,有时在 dump 时也会将第三个参数设为 True 以提高压缩比。再来看下面的例子:
# -*- Coding: utf-8 -*-import cPickle as pickleimport randomimport osimport timeLENGTH = 1024 * 10240def main(): d = {} a = [] for i in range(LENGTH): a.append(random.randint(0,255)) d["a"] = a print "dumPing..." t1 = time.time() pickle.dump(d,open("tmp1.dat","wb"),True) print "dump1: %.3fs" % (time.time() - t1) t1 = time.time() pickle.dump(d,open("tmp2.dat","w")) print "dump2: %.3fs" % (time.time() - t1) s1 = os.stat("tmp1.dat").st_size s2 = os.stat("tmp2.dat").st_size print "%d,%d,%.2f%%" % (s1,s2,100.0 * s1 / s2) print "loading..." t1 = time.time() obj1 = pickle.load(open("tmp1.dat","rb")) print "load1: %.3fs" % (time.time() - t1) t1 = time.time() obj2 = pickle.load(open("tmp2.dat","r")) print "load2: %.3fs" % (time.time() - t1)if __name__ == "__main__": main()# -*- Coding: utf-8 -*- import cPickle as pickleimport randomimport os import time LENGTH = 1024 * 10240 def main(): d = {} a = [] for i in range(LENGTH): a.append(random.randint(0,255)) d["a"] = a print "dumPing..." t1 = time.time() pickle.dump(d,True) print "dump1: %.3fs" % (time.time() - t1) t1 = time.time() pickle.dump(d,"w")) print "dump2: %.3fs" % (time.time() - t1) s1 = os.stat("tmp1.dat").st_size s2 = os.stat("tmp2.dat").st_size print "%d,100.0 * s1 / s2) print "loading..." t1 = time.time() obj1 = pickle.load(open("tmp1.dat","rb")) print "load1: %.3fs" % (time.time() - t1) t1 = time.time() obj2 = pickle.load(open("tmp2.dat","r")) print "load2: %.3fs" % (time.time() - t1) if __name__ == "__main__": main()
在我的电脑上执行结果为:
dumPing…dump1: 1.297sdump2: 4.750s20992503,68894198,30.47%loading…load1: 2.797sload2: 10.125s
可以看到,dump 时如果指定了 protocol 为 True,压缩过后的文件的大小只有原来的文件的 30% ,同时无论在 dump 时还是 load 时所耗费的时间都比原来少。因此,一般来说,可以建议把这个值设为 True 。
另外,pickle 模块还提供 dumps 和 loads 两个方法,用法与上面的 dump 和 load 方法类似,只是不需要输入 file 参数,输入及输出都是字符串对象,有些场景中使用这两个方法可能更为方便。
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