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Gin开发01

改变世界的方程式 • 2022-6-8 • 语言综合 • 阅读 23

Gin开发01,第1张

概述Gin学习 1 基础环境 首先配置好go环境，设置好GOPATH环境变量。我的为例，输入go env，输出如下： C:\Users\Xin>go envset GOARCH=386set GOBIN=C:\go\bin // 必须设置set GOEXE=.exeset GOHOSTARCH=386set GOHOSTOS=windowsset GOOS=windowsset GOP Gin学习 1 基础环境

首先配置好go环境，设置好GOPATH环境变量。我的为例，输入go env，输出如下： 

C:\Users\Xin>go envset GOARCH=386set GOBIN=C:\go\bin  // 必须设置set GOEXE=.exeset GOHOSTARCH=386set GOHOSTOS=windowsset GOOS=windowsset GOPATH=D:\go    // 必须设置set GORACE=set GOROOT=C:\go    // 必须设置set GOTOolDIR=C:\go\pkg\tool\windows_386set GCCGO=gccgoset GO386=set CC=gccset GOGCCFLAGS=-m32 -mthreads -fmessage-length=0set CXX=g++set CGO_ENABLED=1set PKG_CONfig=pkg-configset CGO_CFLAGS=-g -O2set CGO_CPPFLAGS=set CGO_CXXFLAGS=-g -O2set CGO_FFLAGS=-g -O2set CGO_LDFLAGS=-g -O2

然后，使用go下载gin库，go get github.com/gin-gonic/gin，一般使用需要的依赖： 

import "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"import "net/http"
2 Demo和学习记录 2.1 最简单的Demo

首先官方最简单的一个Demo： 

// 文件名为 t1.gopackage mainimport "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"func main() {    r := gin.Default()    r.GET("/Ping",func(c *gin.Context) {        c.JsON(200,gin.H{            "message": "pong",})    })    r.Run() // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080}
在%GOPATH%\src文件夹中创建一个自己的项目文件夹，比如 Demo1，然后新建一个go文件，如t1.go。将上述代码复制进入，保存。 新建CMD窗口，进入Demo1所在文件夹，然后输入go run t1.go将我们的代码运行起来。 在浏览器中输入http://127.0.0.1:8080/Ping，浏览器如果有回复，则说明我们代码成功！ 2.2 路由与参数获取

路由的几种方式：
- 绝对匹配。对/xxx的GET/POST/DELETE/head…请求的路由。

router.GET("/someGet",getting)    router.POST("/somePost",posting)    router.PUT("/somePut",putting)    router.DELETE("/someDelete",deleting)    router.PATCH("/somePatch",patching)    router.head("/somehead",head)    router.OPTIONS("/someOptions",options)    route.Any("/testing",startPage)
/user/:name 对二级名称关联name变量。 /user/:name/*action与上一个的区别是*部分可以有，也可以没有，即可匹配/user/:name/url。

现代化路由形式：
分组的路由： 

func main() {    router := gin.Default()    // Simple group: v1    v1 := router.Group("/v1")    {        v1.POST("/login",loginEndpoint)        v1.POST("/submit",submitEndpoint)        v1.POST("/read",readEndpoint)    }    // Simple group: v2    v2 := router.Group("/v2")    {        v2.POST("/login",loginEndpoint)        v2.POST("/submit",submitEndpoint)        v2.POST("/read",readEndpoint)    }    router.Run(":8080")}

参数获取:
GET请求的参数获取： 

func main() {    router := gin.Default()    // url matching: /welcome?firstname=Jane&lastname=Doe    router.GET("/welcome",func(c *gin.Context) {        firstname := c.Defaultquery("firstname","Guest") // 带有默认返回值的获取方式        lastname := c.query("lastname") // shortcut for c.Request.URL.query().Get("lastname"),可能为nil        c.String(http.StatusOK,"Hello %s %s",firstname,lastname)    })    router.Run(":8080")}

Multipart/UrlEncode表单： 

func main() {    router := gin.Default()    router.POST("/form_post",func(c *gin.Context) {        message := c.PostForm("message")        nick := c.DefaultPostForm("nick","anonymous")        c.JsON(200,gin.H{            "status":  "posted","message": message,"nick":    nick,})    })    router.Run(":8080")}

当两种方式都存在时，可以混合使用。

文件上传：
单个文件： 

func main() {    router := gin.Default()    router.POST("/upload",func(c *gin.Context) {        // single file        file,_ := c.Formfile("file")        log.Println(file.filename)        // Upload the file to specific dst.        // c.SaveUploadedfile(file,dst)         c.String(http.StatusOK,fmt.Sprintf("'%s' uploaded!",file.filename))    })    router.Run(":8080")}

多个文件： 

func main() {    router := gin.Default()    router.POST("/upload",func(c *gin.Context) {        // Multipart form        form,_ := c.MultipartForm()        files := form.file["upload[]"]        for _,file := range files {            log.Println(file.filename)            // Upload the file to specific dst.            // c.SaveUploadedfile(file,dst)         }        c.String(http.StatusOK,fmt.Sprintf("%d files uploaded!",len(files)))    })    router.Run(":8080")}
2.3 中间件

在上面的代码中，我们创建gin的实例使用的是r := gin.Default()里面开启了很多默认的中间件。如果你想使用一个干净的，没有任何中间件的gin实例，可以使用r := gin.New()。 

func main() {    // Creates a router without any mIDdleware by default    r := gin.New()    // Global mIDdleware    r.Use(gin.Logger())    r.Use(gin.Recovery())    // Per route mIDdleware,you can add as many as you desire.    r.GET("/benchmark",MyBenchLogger(),benchEndpoint)    // Authorization group    // authorized := r.Group("/",Authrequired())    // exactly the same as:    authorized := r.Group("/")    // per group mIDdleware! in this case we use the custom created    // Authrequired() mIDdleware just in the "authorized" group.    authorized.Use(Authrequired())    {        authorized.POST("/login",loginEndpoint)        authorized.POST("/submit",submitEndpoint)        authorized.POST("/read",readEndpoint)        // nested group        testing := authorized.Group("testing")        testing.GET("/analytics",analyticsEndpoint)    }    // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080    r.Run(":8080")}
2.4 数据绑定与验证

Gin支持绑定的数据格式为Json,XML,Url Param(foo=bar&boo=baz)。数据验证使用的是go-playground/valIDator.v8。 

// Binding from JsONtype Login struct {    User     string `form:"user" Json:"user" binding:"required"`    Password string `form:"password" Json:"password" binding:"required"`}func main() {    router := gin.Default()    // Example for binding JsON ({"user": "manu","password": "123"})    router.POST("/loginjsON",func(c *gin.Context) {        var Json Login        if c.BindJsON(&Json) == nil {            if Json.User == "manu" && Json.Password == "123" {                c.JsON(http.StatusOK,gin.H{"status": "you are logged in"})            } else {                c.JsON(http.StatusUnauthorized,gin.H{"status": "unauthorized"})            }        }    })    // Example for binding a HTML form (user=manu&password=123)    router.POST("/loginForm",func(c *gin.Context) {        var form Login        // This will infer what binder to use depending on the content-type header.        if c.Bind(&form) == nil {            if form.User == "manu" && form.Password == "123" {                c.JsON(http.StatusOK,gin.H{"status": "unauthorized"})            }        }    })    // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080    router.Run(":8080")}

如果只绑定URL的字段，可以使用如下： 

if c.Bindquery(&person) == nil {    log.Println("====== Only Bind By query String ======")    log.Println(person.name)    log.Println(person.Address)}

如果POST和URL数据都需要： 

// If `GET`,only `Form` binding engine (`query`) used.// If `POST`,first checks the `content-type` for `JsON` or `XML`,then uses `Form` (`form-data`).// See more at https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/blob/master/binding/binding.go#L48if c.Bind(&person) == nil {    log.Println(person.name)    log.Println(person.Address)}

绑定HTML中的checkBoxes: 

// HTML部分 <form action="/" method="POST">    <p>Check some colors</p>    <label for="red">Red</label>    <input type="checkBox" name="colors[]" value="red" ID="red" />    <label for="green">Green</label>    <input type="checkBox" name="colors[]" value="green" ID="green" />    <label for="blue">Blue</label>    <input type="checkBox" name="colors[]" value="blue" ID="blue" />    <input type="submit" /></form>// go语言部分 type myForm struct {    colors []string `form:"colors[]"`}...func formHandler(c *gin.Context) {    var fakeForm myForm    c.Bind(&fakeForm)    c.JsON(200,gin.H{"color": fakeForm.colors})}

Multipart/Urlencoded的绑定： 

type LoginForm struct {    User     string `form:"user" binding:"required"`    Password string `form:"password" binding:"required"`}func main() {    router := gin.Default()    router.POST("/login",func(c *gin.Context) {        // you can bind multipart form with explicit binding declaration:        // c.MustBinDWith(&form,binding.Form)        // or you can simply use autobinding with Bind method:        var form LoginForm        // in this case proper binding will be automatically selected        if c.Bind(&form) == nil {            if form.User == "user" && form.Password == "password" {                c.JsON(200,gin.H{"status": "you are logged in"})            } else {                c.JsON(401,gin.H{"status": "unauthorized"})            }        }    })    router.Run(":8080")}
2.5 数据渲染

XML/JsON/YAML类型数据： 

func main() {    r := gin.Default()    // gin.H is a shortcut for map[string]interface{}    r.GET("/someJsON",func(c *gin.Context) {        c.JsON(http.StatusOK,gin.H{"message": "hey","status": http.StatusOK})    })    r.GET("/moreJsON",func(c *gin.Context) {        // You also can use a struct        var msg struct {            name    string `Json:"user"`            Message string            Number  int        }        msg.name = "Lena"        msg.Message = "hey"        msg.Number = 123        // Note that msg.name becomes "user" in the JsON        // Will output : {"user": "Lena","Message": "hey","Number": 123}        c.JsON(http.StatusOK,msg)    })    r.GET("/someXML",func(c *gin.Context) {        c.XML(http.StatusOK,"status": http.StatusOK})    })    r.GET("/someYAML",func(c *gin.Context) {        c.YAML(http.StatusOK,"status": http.StatusOK})    })    // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080    r.Run(":8080")}

SecureJsON:(原始JsON加前缀) 

func main() {    r := gin.Default()    // You can also use your own secure Json prefix    r.SecureJsonPrefix("myTitle") // 默认是while(1);    r.GET("/someJsON",func(c *gin.Context) {        names := []string{"lena","austin","foo"}        // Will output : while(1);["lena","austin","foo"]        c.SecureJsON(http.StatusOK,names)    })    // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080    r.Run(":8080")}

静态文件渲染： 

func main() {    router := gin.Default()    router.Static("/assets","./assets")    router.StaticFS("/more_static",http.Dir("my_file_system"))    router.Staticfile("/favicon.ico","./resources/favicon.ico")    // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080    router.Run(":8080")}

HTML页面渲染： 

func main() {    router := gin.Default()    router.LoadHTMLGlob("templates/*")    //router.LoadHTMLfiles("templates/template1.HTML","templates/template2.HTML")    router.GET("/index",func(c *gin.Context) {        c.HTML(http.StatusOK,"index.tmpl",gin.H{            "Title": "Main website",})    })    router.Run(":8080")}
2.6 自定义

自定义模版渲染： 

import "HTML/template"func main() {    router := gin.Default()    HTML := template.Must(template.Parsefiles("file1","file2"))    router.SetHTMLTemplate(HTML)    router.Run(":8080")}

自定义分隔符： 

r := gin.Default()r.Delims("{[{","}]}")r.LoadHTMLGlob("/path/to/templates"))

自定义模版函数： 

func formatAsDate(t time.Time) string {    year,month,day := t.Date()    return fmt.Sprintf("%d%02d/%02d",year,day)}func main() {    router := gin.Default()    router.Delims("{[{","}]}")    router.SetFuncMap(template.FuncMap{        "formatAsDate": formatAsDate,})    router.LoadHTMLfiles("./fixtures/basic/raw.tmpl")    router.GET("/raw","raw.tmpl",map[string]interface{}{            "Now": time.Date(2017, 07, 01, 0,time.UTC),})    })    router.Run(":8080")}// taw.tmplDate: {[{.Now | formatAsDate}]}

重定向： 

r.GET("/test",func(c *gin.Context) {    c.Redirect(http.StatusMovedPermanently,"http://www.Google.com/")})
2.7 自定义中间件 
func Logger() gin.HandlerFunc {    return func(c *gin.Context) {        t := time.Now()        // Set example variable        c.Set("example","12345")        // before request        c.Next()        // after request        latency := time.Since(t)        log.Print(latency)        // access the status we are sending        status := c.Writer.Status()        log.Println(status)    }}func main() {    r := gin.New()    r.Use(Logger())    r.GET("/test",func(c *gin.Context) {        example := c.MustGet("example").(string)        // it would print: "12345"        log.Println(example)    })    // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080    r.Run(":8080")}

在定制中间件时，不要直接使用原始context，而要使用一个read-only的copy。

授权验证中间件： 

// simulate some private datavar secrets = gin.H{    "foo":    gin.H{"email": "foo@bar.com","phone": "123433"},"austin": gin.H{"email": "austin@example.com","phone": "666"},"lena":   gin.H{"email": "lena@guapa.com","phone": "523443"},}func main() {    r := gin.Default()    // Group using gin.BasicAuth() mIDdleware    // gin.Accounts is a shortcut for map[string]string    authorized := r.Group("/admin",gin.BasicAuth(gin.Accounts{        "foo":    "bar","austin": "1234","lena":   "hello2","manu":   "4321",}))    // /admin/secrets endpoint    // hit "localhost:8080/admin/secrets    authorized.GET("/secrets",func(c *gin.Context) {        // get user,it was set by the BasicAuth mIDdleware        user := c.MustGet(gin.AuthUserKey).(string)        if secret,ok := secrets[user]; ok {            c.JsON(http.StatusOK,gin.H{"user": user,"secret": secret})        } else {            c.JsON(http.StatusOK,"secret": "NO SECRET :("})        }    })    // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080    r.Run(":8080")}
2.8 定制http服务 
func main() {    router := gin.Default()    s := &http.Server{        Addr:           ":8080",Handler:        router,ReadTimeout:    10 * time.Second,WriteTimeout:   10 * time.Second,MaxheaderBytes: 1 << 20,}    s.ListenAndServe()}
2.10 支持加密httpS

最简单的方式： 

package mainimport (    "log"    "github.com/gin-gonic/autotls"    "github.com/gin-gonic/gin")func main() {    r := gin.Default()    // Ping handler    r.GET("/Ping",func(c *gin.Context) {        c.String(200,"pong")    })    log.Fatal(autotls.Run(r,"example1.com","example2.com"))}

自己管理证书的方式： 

package mainimport (    "log"    "github.com/gin-gonic/autotls"    "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"    "golang.org/x/crypto/acme/autocert")func main() {    r := gin.Default()    // Ping handler    r.GET("/Ping","pong")    })    m := autocert.Manager{        Prompt:     autocert.AcceptTOS,HostPolicy: autocert.HostWhiteList("example1.com","example2.com"),Cache:      autocert.DirCache("/var/www/.cache"),}    log.Fatal(autotls.RunWithManager(r,&m))}
2.11 优雅地关闭服务 
// +build go1.8package mainimport (    "context"    "log"    "net/http"    "os"    "os/signal"    "time"    "github.com/gin-gonic/gin")func main() {    router := gin.Default()    router.GET("/",func(c *gin.Context) {        time.Sleep(5 * time.Second)        c.String(http.StatusOK,"Welcome Gin Server")    })    srv := &http.Server{        Addr:    ":8080",Handler: router,}    go func() {        // service connections        if err := srv.ListenAndServe(); err != nil {            log.Printf("Listen: %s\n",err)        }    }()    // Wait for interrupt signal to gracefully shutdown the server with    // a timeout of 5 seconds.    quit := make(chan os.Signal)    signal.Notify(quit,os.Interrupt)    <-quit    log.Println("Shutdown Server ...")    ctx,cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)    defer cancel()    if err := srv.Shutdown(ctx); err != nil {        log.Fatal("Server Shutdown:",err)    }    log.Println("Server exist")}
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