“It’sis itit is”怎么读？

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spend,take,cost和pay的用法

这四个词都有花费的意思。cost指花钱、时间、劳力等；take主要指花时间；pay指花钱；spend指花时间、钱等。

cost常以事物做主语，而不以人作主语。初中阶段关于“花钱”，“花费时间”的词常见的有以下五个：buy，cost，pay（for），spend和take。很多学生对这几个词的词义和用法似懂非懂，用起来往往出错。其实这些词都与钱物有关，与时间有关的只有take和spend。下面具体谈一谈其用法：

1．buy，get也可表示此意，给某人买东西、饭、饮料等，主语是人。其常见结构为to

buy

sb．sth．或to

buy

sth．for

sb．

i

bought

this

book

for

15yuan．

would

you

please

buy

me

a

dictionary？

let

me

buy

／get

you

a

drink．

buy

one

for

me．

2．cost指花钱，表示价值或代价（此代价可以是时间）。主语是事或物或动词不定式短语。

其常见结构是to

cost

sb．some

money。

the

book

costs

50

fen．

the

dictionary

cost

me

6yuan．

the

work

costs

much

time

and

labour．

3．pay（for），pay表示付给人家钱、帐单等；pay

for表示买东西付款，也表示替别人付钱。主语是人。其常见结构是to

pay

sb．some

money，pay

money

for

sth．

you

must

pay

me

100yuan

a

week

for

your

meals．

i

have

paid

all

my

debts．

how

much

did

you

pay

for

that

book？

don't

worry

about

money．i'll

pay

for

you．

4．spend指花钱，花费时间。主语是人。其常见结构分别为to

spend

money

on

sth．，spend

time（in）doing

sth．。

i

spent

six

yuan

on

a

new

dictionary．

—how

do

you

spend

your

spare

time？

—i

spend

my

spare

time

writing

books．

5．take指花钱（＝cost）

it

takes/costs

me

a

lot

of

money

to

buy

a

big

house．

=

to

buy

a

big

house

takes/costs

me

a

lot

of

money

take用来说明做某事需要多少时间，有三种不同的结构：

1）主语是人

i

took

half

an

hour

to

get

home

yesterday．

she

took

the

whole

day

to

read

the

novel．

2）主语是某种活动

the

journey

took

me

half

an

hour．

reading

the

novel

took

her

the

whole

day．

3）用形式主语it

it

took

me

half

an

hour

to

get

home

yesterday．

it

takes

much

time

to

do

the

shopping．

试看“我六元钱买了一本词典”的不同译法：

a．i

bought

the

dictionary

for

six

yuan．

b．the

dictionary

cost

me

6yuan．

c．i

paid

six

yuan

for

the

dictionary．

d．i

spent

six

yuan

on

the

dictionary．

e．it

took

me

six

yuan

to

buy

the

dictionary．

再看“读这本书花了我一整天的时间”的不同译法：

a．i

spent

the

whole

day

reading

the

book．

b．i

took

the

whole

day

to

read

the

book．

c．reading

the

book

took

me

the

whole

day．

d．it

took

me

the

whole

day

to

read

the

book．

例如：

①the

composition

cost(took)me

three

hours

②how

much

did

the

radio

cost

you

这台无线电花了你多少钱？(不用take)

③the

work

cost

them

much

labour这件工作花费他们很大的劳动。

④it

took

them

over

two

years

to

build

the

bridge

修建这座桥花了他们两年多的时间。

⑤i

spend

50

dollars

on

the

camera买这架照相机，我花了50美元。

⑥he

often

spent

his

spare

time(in)helping

the

poor

他经常利用业余时间帮助穷人。

注意如要说“这件上衣我花了20美元”，可用下列几种表达方法

the

coat

cost

me

20

dollars

=i

spent

20

dollars

on

the

coat

=i

paid

20

dollars

for

the

coat

=i

bought

the

coat

for

20

dollars

=i

bought

the

coat

at

the

price

of

20

dollars

it's（或者 its）   读 /its/，/i/

像 "衣"（汉语拼音 i）但是嘴巴比较打开。

尽量不要发汉语拼音 yi 前面的 y，而是用 "呃" 开头带到 "衣" 音。

1it是物主代词"它"可以做主语和宾语。

(例如)It is a toy它是个玩具

2is是be动词的第三人称单数"是",经常用于he,she,it之后。

eg She is a girl她是个女孩

3it's是it is "它是"的缩写,用于陈述语句里。

eg(例如)It is a book它是一本书

4is't是is it"是"的缩写,用于一般疑问句。

eg(例如)Is't a book它是一本书吗

1) it作不定式的形式主语

a) it + be + 形容词 + 不定式

It is difficult to get there before dark 天黑以前赶到那里很困难。

It is better to get up early 早起会更好。

b) it + be + 名词 + 不定式

It was his duty to attend to this matter 处理这个问题是他的责任。

It is the file system's job to manage writing data between the disks and memory 在内存和磁盘上管理数据是文件系统要处理的东西。

c) it + 动词 + 宾语 + 不定式

It takes a lot of effort to recover the system 恢复系统不是一件容易的事情。

It makes me sad to hear that you have to go away 听说你一定要走，我很难过。

d) it + be + 介词短语 + 不定式

It is against the law to steal 偷窃是犯法的。

2) it作动名词的形式主语

a) it + be + 名词 + 动名词 (常用的名词有no good, no use, nuisance, a waste, a wonder 等)

It is a wonder meeting you here! 在这里遇见你真是个奇迹！

It is no use doing a lot of work without thoughtful planning 没有考虑周到的计划而做一大堆工作是没用的。

b) it + be + 形容词 + 动名词

It was very difficult getting everything ready in time 要及时做好一切准备很难。

Is it worthwhile hating each other over such a trifle 为了这么点事儿，你俩至于结冤吗？

c) 其他情况

It doesn’t matter putting these two files together 把这两份文件放在一起没关系。

It doesn’t make any difference my being here 我是否在这儿并不能改变什么。（注:这里my为动名词的逻辑主语）

3) it作主语从句的形式主语

a) it + be + 形容词 + 从句

It is clear that the chosen pattern is not the correct one 显然，所选择的图式是错误的。

It is doubtful whether this method is more scientific 这个方法是否更科学值得怀疑。

b) it + be + 名词 + 从句

It is a pity that we shall have to leave tomorrow 我们明天必须离开，真是遗憾。

It is a complete mystery what caused the accident 是什么引起这场事故完全是个谜。

c) it + 动词 (+宾语或状语) + 从句

It matters little who does it so long as it is done 只要事情做了，谁做都行。

It happens that his sister is a closed friend of mine 碰巧她姐姐是我的一个好朋友。

d) it + 动词的被动语态 + 从句

It is said that the rhythm of tides is affected by the moon 据说潮汐的涨落受月亮的影响。

It is estimated that the output will increase by 20% this year 今年预计产量将提高20%。

e) it + 介词 + 从句

It is out of question that China's economy will keep growing for 40 years 中国经济增长40年应该不成问题。

太多了~~~

eye [ai] n眼(睛)；视力；眼力；监督 vt看，审视

eagle [ˈi:gl] n鹰

ease [i:z] n容易；悠闲，自在 v缓和，解除

edge [edʒ] n边(缘)；刃；优势 v侧着移动，徐徐移动

eerie [ˈiəri] a怪异的

efface [iˈfeis] vt抹去

effective [iˈfektiv] a有效的，生效的；印象深刻的；实际的

eke [i:k] vt增加；放长

elapse [iˈlæps] vi(时间)消逝，过去

elate [iˈleit] vt使欢欣

elevate [ˈeliveit] vt提升职位，改善；使兴高采烈；举起

elide [iˈlaid] v省略(音、音节)

eliminate [iˈlimineit] vt排除，消除，根除；淘汰

elite [eiˈli:t] n[总称]上层人士，实力集团；精英

ellipse [iˈlips] n椭圆(形)

elope [iˈləup] v私奔

else [els] ad其他，另外

elude [iˈlu:d] vt逃避

emerge [iˈmə:dʒ] vi(from)浮(出)现；发生，显露，暴露

emergence [iˈmə:dʒəns] n出现

emigrate [ˈemigreit] vi移居国外(或外地)

eminence [ˈeminəns] n卓越，杰出

emote [iˈməut] v激动地表达感情

emphasize [ˈemfəsaiz] vt强调，着重，加强…的语气

empire [ˈempaiə] n帝国

employee [imˈplɔi-i:] n受雇者，雇工，雇员

enable [iˈneibəl] vt使能够，使可能，使可行

endorse [inˈdɔ:s] vt赞同；签名于…背面

endure [inˈdjuə] vt忍受，容忍 vi忍受，忍耐；持久

engage [inˈgeidʒ] vt吸引，占用；聘；使订婚 vi(in)从事于

engine [ˈendʒin] n发动机，引擎；机车，火车头

enhance [inˈhɑ:ns] vt提高，增加，加强

ensure [inˈʃuə] vt保证，担保，确保

entire [inˈtaiə] a全部的，整个的

erase [iˈreiz] vt擦掉，抹去，清除

escape [iˈskeip] vi逃跑；逸出 vt逃避，避开 n逃跑，逃避

eve [i:v] n前夜，前夕

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