python编程--django框架,想要添加一个表进到数据库里

代码部分:

from djangodb import models

 

class Student(modelsModel):

    name = modelsCharField(max_length=30)

    grade = modelsIntegerField()

执行部分  ：

python managepy makemigrations

python managepy migrate

Django教程——01安装使用

在上面一篇文章里，介绍了安装Django的方法，这里说说连接数据库吧

这篇主要介绍踩的坑和解决办法

正常连接和初始化数据库的命令是

执行这个命令的时候，出现了如下报错

经过一段排查，是我配置数据库的时候，多嵌套了一层default，修改为如下即可

然后继续执行migrate时，会报如下错误

本机环境是mac电脑，按官方教程 *** 作的时候，发现安装mysqlclient的python包会依赖本机安装mysql或者mysql-client，但在装mysql和mysql-client的时候，发现一直报错。后面发现解决办法是，在settingspy文件里，加下如下代码,即改用pymsql连接即可。

或者在settingspy同目录的__init__py里加如上代码也可以

然后再执行python managepy migrate命令会发现表顺利创建。新增表，不影响原有库的其他表。

1 创建项目

运行面命令创建 django 项目项目名称叫 mysite ：

$ django-adminpy startproject mysite

创建项目目录：

mysite

├── managepy

└── mysite

├── __init__py

├── settingspy

├── urlspy

└── wsgipy

1 directory, 5 files

说明：

__init__py ：让 Python 该目录发包 (即组模块)所需文件 空文件般需要修改

managepy ：种命令行工具允许种式与该 Django 项目进行交互 键入python managepy help看能做 应需要编辑文件；目录纯便

settingspy ：该 Django 项目设置或配置

urlspy：Django项目URL路由设置目前空

wsgipy：WSGI web 应用服务器配置文件更细节查看 How to deploy with WSGI

接修改 settingspy 文件例：修改 LANGUAGE_CODE、设置区 TIME_ZONE

SITE_ID = 1

LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh_CN'

TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai'

USE_TZ = True

面启 [Time zone]() 特性需要安装 pytz：

$ sudo pip install pytz

2 运行项目

运行项目前我需要创建数据库表结构我使用默认数据库：

$ python managepy migrate

Operations to perform:

Apply all migrations: admin, contenttypes, auth, sessions

Running migrations:

Applying contenttypes0001_initial OK

Applying auth0001_initial OK

Applying admin0001_initial OK

Applying sessions0001_initial OK

启服务：

$ python managepy runserver

看面输：

Performing system checks

System check identified no issues (0 silenced)

January 28, 2015 - 02:08:33

Django version 171, using settings 'mysitesettings'

Starting development server at

Quit the server with CONTROL-C

端口8000启本服务器, 并且能台电脑连接访问 既服务器已经运行起现用网页浏览器访问 应该看令赏悦目淡蓝色 Django 欢迎页面始工作

指定启端口:

$ python managepy runserver 8080

及指定 ip：

$ python managepy runserver 0000:8000

3 创建 app

前面创建项目并且功运行现创建 app app 相于项目模块

项目目录创建 app：

$ python managepy startapp polls

*** 作功 mysite 文件夹看已经叫 polls 文件夹目录结构：

polls

├── __init__py

├── adminpy

├── migrations

│ └── __init__py

├── modelspy

├── testspy

└── viewspy

1 directory, 6 files

4 创建模型

每 Django Model 都继承自 djangodbmodelsModel

Model 每属性 attribute 都代表 database field

通 Django Model API 执行数据库增删改查, 需要写些数据库查询语句

打 polls 文件夹 modelspy 文件创建两模型：

import datetime

from djangodb import models

from djangoutils import timezone

class Question(modelsModel):

question_text = modelsCharField(max_length=200)

pub_date = modelsDateTimeField('date published')

def was_published_recently(self):

return selfpub_date >= timezonenow() - datetimetimedelta(days=1)

class Choice(modelsModel):

question = modelsForeignKey(Question)

choice_text = modelsCharField(max_length=200)

votes = modelsIntegerField(default=0)

mysite/settingspy 修改 INSTALLED_APPS 添加 polls：

INSTALLED_APPS = (

'djangocontribadmin',

'djangocontribauth',

'djangocontribcontenttypes',

'djangocontribsessions',

'djangocontribmessages',

'djangocontribstaticfiles',

'polls',

)

添加新 app 我需要运行面命令告诉 Django 模型做改变需要迁移数据库：

$ python managepy makemigrations polls

看面输志：

Migrations for 'polls':

0001_initialpy:

- Create model Choice

- Create model Question

- Add field question to choice

polls/migrations/0001_initialpy 查看迁移语句

运行面语句查看迁移 sql 语句：

$ python managepy sqlmigrate polls 0001

输结：

BEGIN;

CREATE TABLE "polls_choice" ("id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, "choice_text" varchar(200) NOT NULL, "votes" integer NOT NULL);

CREATE TABLE "polls_question" ("id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, "question_text" varchar(200) NOT NULL, "pub_date" datetime NOT NULL);

CREATE TABLE "polls_choice__new" ("id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, "choice_text" varchar(200) NOT NULL, "votes" integer NOT NULL, "question_id" integer NOT NULL REFERENCES "polls_question" ("id"));

INSERT INTO "polls_choice__new" ("choice_text", "votes", "id") SELECT "choice_text", "votes", "id" FROM "polls_choice";

DROP TABLE "polls_choice";

ALTER TABLE "polls_choice__new" RENAME TO "polls_choice";

CREATE INDEX polls_choice_7aa0f6ee ON "polls_choice" ("question_id");

COMMIT;

运行面命令检查数据库否问题：

$ python managepy check

再运行面命令创建新添加模型：

$ python managepy migrate

Operations to perform:

Apply all migrations: admin, contenttypes, polls, auth, sessions

Running migrations:

Applying polls0001_initial OK

总结修改模型需要做几步骤：

修改 modelspy 文件

运行 python managepy makemigrations 创建迁移语句

运行 python managepy migrate模型改变迁移数据库

阅读 django-adminpy documentation查看更 managepy 用

创建模型我通 Django 提供 API 做测试运行面命令进入 python shell 交互模式：

$ python managepy shell

面些测试：

>>> from pollsmodels import Question, Choice # Import the model classes we just wrote

# No questions are in the system yet

>>> Questionobjectsall()

[]

# Create a new Question

# Support for time zones is enabled in the default settings file, so

# Django expects a datetime with tzinfo for pub_date Use timezonenow()

# instead of datetimedatetimenow() and it will do the right thing

>>> from djangoutils import timezone

>>> q = Question(question_text="What's new", pub_date=timezonenow())

# Save the object into the database You have to call save() explicitly

>>> qsave()

# Now it has an ID Note that this might say "1L" instead of "1", depending

# on which database you're using That's no biggie; it just means your

# database backend prefers to return integers as Python long integer

# objects

>>> qid

1

# Access model field values via Python attributes

>>> qquestion_text

"What's new"

>>> qpub_date

datetimedatetime(2012, 2, 26, 13, 0, 0, 775217, tzinfo=)

# Change values by changing the attributes, then calling save()

>>> qquestion_text = "What's up"

>>> qsave()

# objectsall() displays all the questions in the database

>>> Questionobjectsall()

[]

打印所 Question 输结 []我修改模型类使其输更易懂描述修改模型类：

from djangodb import models

class Question(modelsModel):

#

def __str__(self): # __unicode__ on Python 2

return selfquestion_text

class Choice(modelsModel):

#

def __str__(self): # __unicode__ on Python 2

return selfchoice_text

接继续测试：

>>> from pollsmodels import Question, Choice

# Make sure our __str__() addition worked

>>> Questionobjectsall()

[]

# Django provides a rich database lookup API that's entirely driven by

# keyword arguments

>>> Questionobjectsfilter(id=1)

[]

>>> Questionobjectsfilter(question_text__startswith='What')

[]

# Get the question that was published this year

>>> from djangoutils import timezone

>>> current_year = timezonenow()year

>>> Questionobjectsget(pub_date__year=current_year)

# Request an ID that doesn't exist, this will raise an exception

>>> Questionobjectsget(id=2)

Traceback (most recent call last):

DoesNotExist: Question matching query does not exist

# Lookup by a primary key is the most common case, so Django provides a

# shortcut for primary-key exact lookups

# The following is identical to Questionobjectsget(id=1)

>>> Questionobjectsget(pk=1)

# Make sure our custom method worked

>>> q = Questionobjectsget(pk=1)

# Give the Question a couple of Choices The create call constructs a new

# Choice object, does the INSERT statement, adds the choice to the set

# of available choices and returns the new Choice object Django creates

# a set to hold the "other side" of a ForeignKey relation

# (eg a question's choice) which can be accessed via the API

>>> q = Questionobjectsget(pk=1)

# Display any choices from the related object set -- none so far

>>> qchoice_setall()

[]

# Create three choices

>>> qchoice_setcreate(choice_text='Not much', votes=0)

>>> qchoice_setcreate(choice_text='The sky', votes=0)

>>> c = qchoice_setcreate(choice_text='Just hacking again', votes=0)

# Choice objects have API access to their related Question objects

>>> cquestion

# And vice versa: Question objects get access to Choice objects

>>> qchoice_setall()

[, , ]

>>> qchoice_setcount()

3

# The API automatically follows relationships as far as you need

# Use double underscores to separate relationships

# This works as many levels deep as you want; there's no limit

# Find all Choices for any question whose pub_date is in this year

# (reusing the 'current_year' variable we created above)

>>> Choiceobjectsfilter(question__pub_date__year=current_year)

[, , ]

# Let's delete one of the choices Use delete() for that

>>> c = qchoice_setfilter(choice_text__startswith='Just hacking')

>>> cdelete()

>>>

面部测试涉及 django orm 相关知识详细说明参考 DjangoORM

5 管理 admin

Django优秀特性, 内置Django admin台管理界面, 便管理者进行添加删除网站内容

新建项目系统已经我设置台管理功能见 mysite/settingspy：

INSTALLED_APPS = (

'djangocontribadmin', #默认添加台管理功能

'djangocontribauth',

'djangocontribcontenttypes',

'djangocontribsessions',

'djangocontribmessages',

'djangocontribstaticfiles',

'mysite',

)

同已经添加进入台管理 url, mysite/urlspy 查看：

url(r'^admin/', include(adminsiteurls)), #使用设置url进入网站台

接我需要创建管理用户登录 admin 台管理界面：

$ python managepy createsuperuser

Username (leave blank to use 'june'): admin

Email address:

Password:

Password (again):

Superuser created successfully

总结

看项目目录结构：

mysite

├── dbsqlite3

├── managepy

├── mysite

│ ├── __init__py

│ ├── settingspy

│ ├── urlspy

│ ├── wsgipy

├── polls

│ ├── __init__py

│ ├── adminpy

│ ├── migrations

│ │ ├── 0001_initialpy

│ │ ├── __init__py

│ ├── modelspy

│ ├── templates

│ │ └── polls

│ │ ├── detailhtml

│ │ ├── indexhtml

│ │ └── resultshtml

│ ├── testspy

│ ├── urlspy

│ ├── viewspy

└── templates

└── admin

└── base_sitehtm

通面介绍 django 安装、运行及何创建视 图模型清晰认识接深入习 django 自化测试、持久化、间件、 际 化等知识

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