《MysqL应用MysqL优化之对RAND()的优化方法》要点:
本文介绍了MysqL应用MysqL优化之对RAND()的优化方法,希望对您有用。如果有疑问,可以联系我们。
众所周知,在MysqL中,如果直接 ORDER BY RAND() 的话,效率非常差,因为会多次执行.事实上,如果等值查询也是用 RAND() 的话也如此,我们先来看看下面这几个sql的分歧执行计划和执行耗时.MysqL学习
首先,看下建表DDL,这是一个没有显式自增主键的InnoDB表:
MysqL学习
[yejr@iMysqL]> show create table t_innodb_random\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
table: t_innodb_random
Create table: CREATE table `t_innodb_random` (
`ID` int(10) unsigned NOT NulL,
`user` varchar(64) NOT NulL DEFAulT '',
KEY `IDx_ID` (`ID`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAulT CHARSET=latin1
往这个内外灌入一些测试数据,至少10万以上,ID 字段也是乱序的.
代码如下:
[yejr@iMysqL]> select count(*) from t_innodb_random\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
count(*): 393216
1、常量等值检索:MysqL学习
代码如下:[yejr@iMysqL]> explain select ID from t_innodb_random where ID = 13412\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
ID: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: t_innodb_random
type: ref
possible_keys: IDx_ID
key: IDx_ID
key_len: 4
ref: const
rows: 1
Extra: Using index
[yejr@iMysqL]> select ID from t_innodb_random where ID = 13412;
1 row in set (0.00 sec)MysqL学习
可以看到执行计划很不错,是常量等值查询,速度非常快.MysqL学习
2、使用RAND()函数乘以常量,求得随机数后检索:MysqL学习
代码如下:[yejr@iMysqL]> explain select ID from t_innodb_random where ID = round(rand()*13241324)\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
ID: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: t_innodb_random
type: index
possible_keys: NulL
key: IDx_ID
key_len: 4
ref: NulL
rows: 393345
Extra: Using where; Using index
[yejr@iMysqL]> select ID from t_innodb_random where ID = round(rand()*13241324)\G
Empty set (0.26 sec)MysqL学习
可以看到执行计划很糟糕,虽然是只扫描索引,但是做了全索引扫描,效率非常差.因为WHERE条件中包括了RAND(),使得MysqL把它当做变量来处理,无法用常量等值的方式查询,效率很低.MysqL学习
我们把常量改成取t_innodb_random表的最大ID值,再乘以RAND()求得随机数后检索看看什么情况:
MysqL学习
[yejr@iMysqL]> explain select ID from t_innodb_random where ID = round(rand()*(select max(ID) from t_innodb_random))\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
ID: 1
select_type: PRIMARY
table: t_innodb_random
type: index
possible_keys: NulL
key: IDx_ID
key_len: 4
ref: NulL
rows: 393345
Extra: Using where; Using index
*************************** 2. row ***************************
ID: 2
select_type: SUBquery
table: NulL
type: NulL
possible_keys: NulL
key: NulL
key_len: NulL
ref: NulL
rows: NulL
Extra: Select tables optimized away
[yejr@iMysqL]> select ID from t_innodb_random where ID = round(rand()*(select max(ID) from t_innodb_random))\G
Empty set (0.27 sec)MysqL学习
可以看到,执行计划依然是全索引扫描,执行耗时也基原形当.MysqL学习
3、改造成普通子查询模式,这里有两次子查询MysqL学习
代码如下:[yejr@iMysqL]> explain select ID from t_innodb_random where ID = (select round(rand()*(select max(ID) from t_innodb_random)) as nID)\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
ID: 1
select_type: PRIMARY
table: t_innodb_random
type: index
possible_keys: NulL
key: IDx_ID
key_len: 4
ref: NulL
rows: 393345
Extra: Using where; Using index
*************************** 2. row ***************************
ID: 3
select_type: SUBquery
table: NulL
type: NulL
possible_keys: NulL
key: NulL
key_len: NulL
ref: NulL
rows: NulL
Extra: Select tables optimized away
[yejr@iMysqL]> select ID from t_innodb_random where ID = (select round(rand()*(select max(ID) from t_innodb_random)) as nID)\G
Empty set (0.27 sec)MysqL学习
可以看到,执行计划也不好,执行耗时较慢.
4、改造成JOIN关联查询,不过最大值还是用常量表现
MysqL学习
[yejr@iMysqL]> explain select ID from t_innodb_random t1 join (select round(rand()*13241324) as ID2) as t2 where t1.ID = t2.ID2\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
ID: 1
select_type: PRIMARY
table: <derived2>
type: system
possible_keys: NulL
key: NulL
key_len: NulL
ref: NulL
rows: 1
Extra:
*************************** 2. row ***************************
ID: 1
select_type: PRIMARY
table: t1
type: ref
possible_keys: IDx_ID
key: IDx_ID
key_len: 4
ref: const
rows: 1
Extra: Using where; Using index
*************************** 3. row ***************************
ID: 2
select_type: DERIVED
table: NulL
type: NulL
possible_keys: NulL
key: NulL
key_len: NulL
ref: NulL
rows: NulL
Extra: No tables used
[yejr@iMysqL]> select ID from t_innodb_random t1 join (select round(rand()*13241324) as ID2) as t2 where t1.ID = t2.ID2\G
Empty set (0.00 sec)MysqL学习
这时候执行计划就非常完美了,和最开始的常量等值查询是一样的了,执行耗时也非常之快.
这种办法虽然很好,但是有可能查询不到记录,改造范围查找,但结果liMIT 1就可以了:
MysqL学习
[yejr@iMysqL]> explain select ID from t_innodb_random where ID > (select round(rand()*(select max(ID) from t_innodb_random)) as nID) limit 1\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
ID: 1
select_type: PRIMARY
table: t_innodb_random
type: index
possible_keys: NulL
key: IDx_ID
key_len: 4
ref: NulL
rows: 393345
Extra: Using where; Using index
*************************** 2. row ***************************
ID: 3
select_type: SUBquery
table: NulL
type: NulL
possible_keys: NulL
key: NulL
key_len: NulL
ref: NulL
rows: NulL
Extra: Select tables optimized away
[yejr@iMysqL]> select ID from t_innodb_random where ID > (select round(rand()*(select max(ID) from t_innodb_random)) as nID) limit 1\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
ID: 1301
1 row in set (0.00 sec)MysqL学习
可以看到,虽然执行计划也是全索引扫描,但是因为有了liMIT 1,只必要找到一条记录,即可终止扫描,所以效率还是很快的.MysqL学习
小结:MysqL学习
从数据库中随机取一条记录时,可以把RAND()生成随机数放在JOIN子查询中以提高效率.MysqL学习
5、再来看看用ORDRR BY RAND()方式一次取得多个随机值的方式:
MysqL学习
[yejr@iMysqL]> explain select ID from t_innodb_random order by rand() limit 1000\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
ID: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: t_innodb_random
type: index
possible_keys: NulL
key: IDx_ID
key_len: 4
ref: NulL
rows: 393345
Extra: Using index; Using temporary; Using filesort
[yejr@iMysqL]> select ID from t_innodb_random order by rand() limit 1000;
1000 rows in set (0.41 sec)MysqL学习
全索引扫描,生成排序临时表,太差太慢了.
6、把随机数放在子查询里看看:
MysqL学习
[yejr@iMysqL]> explain select ID from t_innodb_random where ID > (select rand() * (select max(ID) from t_innodb_random) as nID) limit 1000\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
ID: 1
select_type: PRIMARY
table: t_innodb_random
type: index
possible_keys: NulL
key: IDx_ID
key_len: 4
ref: NulL
rows: 393345
Extra: Using where; Using index
*************************** 2. row ***************************
ID: 3
select_type: SUBquery
table: NulL
type: NulL
possible_keys: NulL
key: NulL
key_len: NulL
ref: NulL
rows: NulL
Extra: Select tables optimized away
[yejr@iMysqL]> select ID from t_innodb_random where ID > (select rand() * (select max(ID) from t_innodb_random) as nID) limit 1000\G
1000 rows in set (0.04 sec)MysqL学习
嗯,提速了不少,这个看起来还不赖:)
7、仿照上面的办法,改成JOIN和随机数子查询关联
MysqL学习
[yejr@iMysqL]> explain select ID from t_innodb_random t1 join (select rand() * (select max(ID) from t_innodb_random) as nID) t2 on t1.ID > t2.nID limit 1000\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
ID: 1
select_type: PRIMARY
table: <derived2>
type: system
possible_keys: NulL
key: NulL
key_len: NulL
ref: NulL
rows: 1
Extra:
*************************** 2. row ***************************
ID: 1
select_type: PRIMARY
table: t1
type: range
possible_keys: IDx_ID
key: IDx_ID
key_len: 4
ref: NulL
rows: 196672
Extra: Using where; Using index
*************************** 3. row ***************************
ID: 2
select_type: DERIVED
table: NulL
type: NulL
possible_keys: NulL
key: NulL
key_len: NulL
ref: NulL
rows: NulL
Extra: No tables used
*************************** 4. row ***************************
ID: 3
select_type: SUBquery
table: NulL
type: NulL
possible_keys: NulL
key: NulL
key_len: NulL
ref: NulL
rows: NulL
Extra: Select tables optimized away
[yejr@iMysqL]> select ID from t_innodb_random t1 join (select rand() * (select max(ID) from t_innodb_random) as nID) t2 on t1.ID > t2.nID limit 1000\G
1000 rows in set (0.00 sec)MysqL学习
可以看到,全索引检索,发现符合记录的条件后,直接取得1000行,这个办法是最快的.
综上,想从MysqL数据库中随机取一条或者N条记录时,最好把RAND()生成随机数放在JOIN子查询中以提高效率.
上面说了那么多的废话,最后简单说下,就是把下面这个sql:
MysqL学习
SELECT ID FROM table ORDER BY RAND() liMIT n;
改造成下面这个:
代码如下:
SELECT ID FROM table t1 JOIN (SELECT RAND() * (SELECT MAX(ID) FROM table) AS nID) t2 ON t1.ID > t2.nID liMIT n;
就可以享受在sql中直接取得随机数了,不消再在程序中构造一串随机数去检索了.
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