MS SQLServer 高级查询总结

MS SQLServer 高级查询总结,第1张

概述Ø 基本常用查询 --select select * from student; --all 查询所有 select all sex from student; --distinct 过滤重复 select distinct sex from student; --count 统计 select count(*) from student; select count(sex) from stude Ø 基本常用查询 --select select * from student; --all 查询所有 select all sex from student; --distinct 过滤重复 select distinct sex from student; --count 统计 select count(*) from student; select count(sex) from student; select count(distinct sex) from student; --top 取前N条记录 select top 3 * from student; --alias column name 列重命名 select ID as 编号,name '名称',sex 性别 from student; --alias table name 表重命名 select ID,name,s.ID,s.name from student s; --column 列运算 select (age + ID) col from student; select s.name + '-' + c.name from classes c,student s where s.cID = c.ID; --where 条件 select * from student where ID = 2; select * from student where ID > 7; select * from student where ID < 3; select * from student where ID <> 3; select * from student where ID >= 3; select * from student where ID <= 5; select * from student where ID !> 3; select * from student where ID !< 5; --and 并且 select * from student where ID > 2 and sex = 1; --or 或者 select * from student where ID = 2 or sex = 1; --between ... and ... 相当于并且 select * from student where ID between 2 and 5; select * from student where ID not between 2 and 5; --like 模糊查询 select * from student where name like '%a%'; select * from student where name like '%[a][o]%'; select * from student where name not like '%a%'; select * from student where name like 'ja%'; select * from student where name not like '%[j,n]%'; select * from student where name like '%[j,n,a]%'; select * from student where name like '%[^ja,as,on]%'; select * from student where name like '%[ja_on]%'; --in 子查询 select * from student where ID in (1,2); --not in 不在其中 select * from student where ID not in (1,2); --is null 是空 select * from student where age is null; --is not null 不为空 select * from student where age is not null; --order by 排序 select * from student order by name; select * from student order by name desc; select * from student order by name asc; --group by 分组 按照年龄进行分组统计 select count(age),age from student group by age; 按照性别进行分组统计 select count(*),sex from student group by sex; 按照年龄和性别组合分组统计,并排序 select count(*),sex from student group by sex,age order by age; 按照性别分组,并且是ID大于2的记录最后按照性别排序 select count(*),sex from student where ID > 2 group by sex order by sex; 查询ID大于2的数据,并完成运算后的结果进行分组和排序 select count(*),(sex * ID) new from student where ID > 2 group by sex * ID order by sex * ID; --group by all 所有分组 按照年龄分组,是所有的年龄 select count(*),age from student group by all age; --having 分组过滤条件 按照年龄分组,过滤年龄为空的数据,并且统计分组的条数和现实年龄信息 select count(*),age from student group by age having age is not null; 按照年龄和cID组合分组,过滤条件是cID大于1的记录 select count(*),cID,sex from student group by cID,sex having cID > 1; 按照年龄分组,过滤条件是分组后的记录条数大于等于2 select count(*),age from student group by age having count(age) >= 2; 按照cID和性别组合分组,过滤条件是cID大于1,cID的最大值大于2 select count(*),sex having cID > 1 and max(cID) > 2; Ø 嵌套子查询 子查询是一个嵌套在select、insert、update或delete语句或其他子查询中的查询。任何允许使用表达式的地方都可以使用子查询。子查询也称为内部查询或内部选择,而包含子查询的语句也成为外部查询或外部选择。 # from (select … table)示例 将一个table的查询结果当做一个新表进行查询 select * from ( select ID,name from student where sex = 1 ) t where t.ID > 2; 上面括号中的语句,就是子查询语句(内部查询)。在外面的是外部查询,其中外部查询可以包含以下语句: 1、 包含常规选择列表组件的常规select查询 2、 包含一个或多个表或视图名称的常规from语句 3、 可选的where子句 4、 可选的group by子句 5、 可选的having子句 # 示例 查询班级信息,统计班级学生人生 select *,(select count(*) from student where cID = classes.ID) as num from classes order by num; # in,not in子句查询示例 查询班级ID大于小于的这些班级的学生信息 select * from student where cID in ( select ID from classes where ID > 2 and ID < 4 ); 查询不是班的学生信息 select * from student where cID not in ( select ID from classes where name = '2班' ) in、not in 后面的子句返回的结果必须是一列,这一列的结果将会作为查询条件对应前面的条件。如cID对应子句的ID; # exists和not exists子句查询示例 查询存在班级ID为的学生信息 select * from student where exists ( select * from classes where ID = student.cID and ID = 3 ); 查询没有分配班级的学生信息 select * from student where not exists ( select * from classes where ID = student.cID ); exists和not exists查询需要内部查询和外部查询进行一个关联的条件,如果没有这个条件将是查询到的所有信息。如:ID等于student.ID; # some、any、all子句查询示例 查询班级的学生年龄大于班级的学生的年龄的信息 select * from student where cID = 5 and age > all ( select age from student where cID = 3 ); select * from student where cID = 5 and age > any ( select age from student where cID = 3 ); select * from student where cID = 5 and age > some ( select age from student where cID = 3 ); Ø 聚合查询 1、 distinct去掉重复数据 select distinct sex from student; select count(sex),count(distinct sex) from student; 2、 compute和compute by汇总查询 对年龄大于的进行汇总 select age from student where age > 20 order by age compute sum(age) by age; 对年龄大于的按照性别进行分组汇总年龄信息 select ID,sex,age from student where age > 20 order by sex,age compute sum(age) by sex; 按照年龄分组汇总 select age from student where age > 20 order by age,ID compute sum(age); 按照年龄分组,年龄汇总,ID找最大值 select ID,age from student where age > 20 order by age compute sum(age),max(ID); compute进行汇总前面是查询的结果,后面一条结果集就是汇总的信息。compute子句中可以添加多个汇总表达式,可以添加的信息如下: a、 可选by关键字。它是每一列计算指定的行聚合 b、 行聚合函数名称。包括sum、avg、min、max、count等 c、 要对其执行聚合函数的列 compute by适合做先分组后汇总的业务。compute by后面的列一定要是order by中出现的列。 3、 cube汇总 cube汇总和compute效果类似,但语法较简洁,而且返回的是一个结果集。 select count(*),sex from student group by sex with cube; select count(*),age,sum(age) from student where age is not null group by age with cube; cube要结合group by语句完成分组汇总 Ø 排序函数 排序在很多地方需要用到,需要对查询结果进行排序并且给出序号。比如: 1、 对某张表进行排序,序号需要递增不重复的 2、 对学生的成绩进行排序,得出名次,名次可以并列,但名次的序号是连续递增的 3、 在某些排序的情况下,需要跳空序号,虽然是并列 基本语法 排序函数 over([分组语句] 排序子句[desc][asc]) 排序子句 order by 列名,列名 分组子句 partition by 分组列,分组列 # row_number函数 根据排序子句给出递增连续序号 按照名称排序的顺序递增 select s.ID,s.name,c.name,row_number() over(order by c.name) as number from student s,classes c where cID = c.ID; # rank函数函数 根据排序子句给出递增的序号,但是存在并列并且跳空 顺序递增 select ID,rank() over(order by cID) as rank from student; 跳过相同递增 select s.ID,rank() over(order by c.name) as rank from student s,classes c where cID = c.ID; # dense_rank函数 根据排序子句给出递增的序号,但是存在并列不跳空 不跳过,直接递增 select s.ID,dense_rank() over(order by c.name) as dense from student s,classes c where cID = c.ID; # partition by分组子句 可以完成对分组的数据进行增加排序,partition by可以与以上三个函数联合使用。 利用partition by按照班级名称分组,学生ID排序 select s.ID,row_number() over(partition by c.name order by s.ID) as rank from student s,classes c where cID = c.ID; select s.ID,rank() over(partition by c.name order by s.ID) as rank from student s,dense_rank() over(partition by c.name order by s.ID) as rank from student s,classes c where cID = c.ID; # ntile平均排序函数 将要排序的数据进行平分,然后按照等分排序。ntile中的参数代表分成多少等分。 select s.ID,ntile(5) over(order by c.name) as ntile from student s,classes c where cID = c.ID; Ø 集合运算 *** 作两组查询结果,进行交集、并集、减集运算 1、 union和union all进行并集运算 --union 并集、不重复 select ID,name from student where name like 'ja%' union select ID,name from student where ID = 4; --并集、重复 select * from student where name like 'ja%' union all select * from student; 2、 intersect进行交集运算 --交集(相同部分) select * from student where name like 'ja%' intersect select * from student; 3、 except进行减集运算 --减集(除相同部分) select * from student where name like 'ja%' except select * from student where name like 'jas%'; Ø 公式表表达式 查询表的时候,有时候中间表需要重复使用,这些子查询被重复查询调用,不但效率低,而且可读性低,不利于理解。那么公式表表达式可以解决这个问题。 我们可以将公式表表达式(CET)视为临时结果集,在select、insert、update、delete或是create vIEw语句的执行范围内进行定义。 --表达式 with statNum(ID,num) as ( select cID,count(*) from student where ID > 0 group by cID ) select ID,num from statNum order by ID; with statNum(ID,count(*) from student where ID > 0 group by cID ) select max(ID),avg(num) from statNum; Ø 连接查询 1、 简化连接查询 --简化联接查询 select s.ID,c.ID,c.name from student s,classes c where s.cID = c.ID; 2、 left join左连接 --左连接 select s.ID,c.name from student s left join classes c on s.cID = c.ID; 3、 right join右连接 --右连接 select s.ID,c.name from student s right join classes c on s.cID = c.ID; 4、 inner join内连接 --内连接 select s.ID,c.name from student s inner join classes c on s.cID = c.ID; --inner可以省略 select s.ID,c.name from student s join classes c on s.cID = c.ID; 5、 cross join交叉连接 --交叉联接查询,结果是一个笛卡儿乘积 select s.ID,c.name from student s cross join classes c --where s.cID = c.ID; 6、 自连接(同一张表进行连接查询) --自连接 select distinct s.* from student s,student s1 where s.ID <> s1.ID and s.sex = s1.sex; Ø 函数 1、 聚合函数 max最大值、min最小值、count统计、avg平均值、sum求和、var求方差 select max(age) max_age,min(age) min_age,count(age) count_age,avg(age) avg_age,sum(age) sum_age,var(age) var_age from student; 2、 日期时间函数 select dateAdd(day,3,getDate());--加天 select dateAdd(year,getDate());--加年 select dateAdd(hour,getDate());--加小时 --返回跨两个指定日期的日期边界数和时间边界数 select dateDiff(day,'2011-06-20',getDate()); --相差秒数 select dateDiff(second,'2011-06-22 11:00:00',getDate()); --相差小时数 select dateDiff(hour,'2011-06-22 10:00:00',getDate()); select datename(month,getDate());--当前月份 select datename(minute,getDate());--当前分钟 select datename(weekday,getDate());--当前星期 select datePart(month,getDate());--当前月份 select datePart(weekday,getDate());--当前星期 select datePart(second,getDate());--当前秒数 select day(getDate());--返回当前日期天数 select day('2011-06-30');--返回当前日期天数 select month(getDate());--返回当前日期月份 select month('2011-11-10'); select year(getDate());--返回当前日期年份 select year('2010-11-10'); select getDate();--当前系统日期 select getUTcdate();--utc日期 3、 数学函数 select pi();--PI函数 select rand(100),rand(50),rand(),rand();--随机数 select round(rand(),3),round(rand(100),5);--精确小数位 --精确位数,负数表示小数点前 select round(123.456,2),round(254.124,-2); select round(123.4567,1,2); 4、 元数据 select col_name(object_ID('student'),1);--返回列名 select col_name(object_ID('student'),2); --该列数据类型长度 select col_length('student',col_name(object_ID('student'),2)); --该列数据类型长度 select col_length('student',1)); --返回类型名称、类型ID select type_name(type_ID('varchar')),type_ID('varchar'); --返回列类型长度 select columnProperty(object_ID('student'),'name','PRECISION'); --返回列所在索引位置 select columnProperty(object_ID('student'),'sex','ColumnID'); 5、 字符串函数 select ascii('a');--字符转换ascii值 select ascii('A'); select char(97);--ascii值转换字符 select char(65); select nchar(65); select nchar(45231); select nchar(32993);--unicode转换字符 select unicode('A'),unicode('中');--返回unicode编码值 select soundex('hello'),soundex('world'),soundex('word'); select patindex('%a','ta'),patindex('%ac%','jack'),patindex('dex%','dexjack');--匹配字符索引 select 'a' + space(2) + 'b','c' + space(5) + 'd';--输出空格 select charIndex('o','hello world');--查找索引 select charIndex('o','hello world',6);--查找索引 select quotename('abc[]def'),quotename('123]45'); --精确数字 select str(123.456,str(123.456,4); select str(123.456,9,6,1),6); select difference('hello','helloWorld');--比较字符串相同 select difference('hello','world'); select difference('hello','llo'); select difference('hello','hel'); select difference('hello','hello'); select replace('abcedef','e','E');--替换字符串 select stuff('hello world',4,'ABC');--指定位置替换字符串 select replicate('abc#',3);--重复字符串 select subString('abc',subString('abc',subString('hello Wrold',7,5);--截取字符串 select len('abc');--返回长度 select reverse('sqlServer');--反转字符串 select left('leftString',4);--取左边字符串 select left('leftString',7); select right('leftString',6);--取右边字符串 select right('leftString',3); select lower('aBc'),lower('ABC');--小写 select upper('aBc'),upper('abc');--大写 --去掉左边空格 select ltrim(' abc'),ltrim('# abc#'),ltrim(' abc'); --去掉右边空格 select rtrim(' abc '),rtrim('# abc# '),rtrim('abc'); 6、 安全函数 select current_user; select user; select user_ID(),user_ID('dbo'),user_ID('public'),user_ID('guest'); select user_name(),user_name(1),user_name(0),user_name(2); select session_user; select suser_ID('sa'); select suser_sID(),suser_sID('sa'),suser_sID('sysadmin'),suser_sID('serveradmin'); select is_member('dbo'),is_member('public'); select suser_name(),suser_name(1),suser_name(2),suser_name(3); select suser_sname(),suser_sname(0x01),suser_sname(0x02),suser_sname(0x03); select is_srvRoleMember('sysadmin'),is_srvRoleMember('serveradmin'); select permissions(object_ID('student')); select system_user; select schema_ID(),schema_ID('dbo'),schema_ID('guest'); select schema_name(),schema_name(1),schema_name(2),schema_name(3); 7、 系统函数 select app_name();--当前会话的应用程序名称 select cast(2011 as datetime),cast('10' as money),cast('0' as varbinary);--类型转换 select convert(datetime,'2011');--类型转换 select coalesce(null,'a'),coalesce('123','a');--返回其参数中第一个非空表达式 select collationProperty('Traditional_Spanish_CS_AS_KS_WS','codepage'); select current_timestamp;--当前时间戳 select current_user; select isDate(getDate()),isDate('abc'),isNumeric(1),isNumeric('a'); select dataLength('abc'); select host_ID(); select host_name(); select db_name(); select IDent_current('student'),IDent_current('classes');--返回主键ID的最大值 select IDent_incr('student'),IDent_incr('classes');--ID的增量值 select IDent_seed('student'),IDent_seed('classes'); select @@IDentity;--最后一次自增的值 select IDentity(int,1) as ID into tab from student;--将studeng表的烈属,以/1自增形式创建一个tab select * from tab; select @@rowcount;--影响行数 select @@cursor_rows;--返回连接上打开的游标的当前限定行的数目 select @@error;--T-sql的错误号 select @@procID; 8、 配置函数 set datefirst 7;--设置每周的第一天,表示周日 select @@datefirst as '星期的第一天',datepart(DW,getDate()) AS '今天是星期'; select @@dbts;--返回当前数据库唯一时间戳 set language 'Italian'; select @@langID as 'Language ID';--返回语言ID select @@language as 'Language name';--返回当前语言名称 select @@lock_timeout;--返回当前会话的当前锁定超时设置(毫秒) select @@max_connections;--返回sql Server 实例允许同时进行的最大用户连接数 select @@MAX_PRECISION AS 'Max Precision';--返回decimal 和numeric 数据类型所用的精度级别 select @@SERVERname;--sql Server 的本地服务器的名称 select @@SERVICEname;--服务名 select @@SPID;--当前会话进程ID select @@textSize; select @@version;--当前数据库版本信息 9、 系统统计函数 select @@CONNECTIONS;--连接数 select @@PACK_RECEIVED; select @@cpu_BUSY; select @@PACK_SENT; select @@TIMETICKS; select @@IDLE; select @@TOTAL_ERRORS; select @@IO_BUSY; select @@TOTAL_READ;--读取磁盘次数 select @@PACKET_ERRORS;--发生的网络数据包错误数 select @@TOTAL_WRITE;--sqlserver执行的磁盘写入次数 select patIndex('%soft%','microsoft sqlServer'); select patIndex('soft%','software sqlServer'); select patIndex('%soft','sqlServer microsoft'); select patIndex('%so_gr%','Jsonisprogram'); 10、 用户自定义函数 # 查看当前数据库所有函数 --查询所有已创建函数 select deFinition,* from sys.sql_modules m join sys.objects o on m.object_ID = o.object_ID and type in('fn','if','tf'); # 创建函数 if (object_ID('fun_add','fn') is not null) drop function fun_add go create function fun_add(@num1 int,@num2 int) returns int with execute as caller as begin declare @result int; if (@num1 is null) set @num1 = 0; if (@num2 is null) set @num2 = 0; set @result = @num1 + @num2; return @result; end go 调用函数 select dbo.fun_add(ID,age) from student; --自定义函数,字符串连接 if (object_ID('fun_append','fn') is not null) drop function fun_append go create function fun_append(@args nvarchar(1024),@args2 nvarchar(1024)) returns nvarchar(2048) as begin return @args + @args2; end go select dbo.fun_append(name,'abc') from student; # 修改函数 alter function fun_append(@args nvarchar(1024),@args2 nvarchar(1024)) returns nvarchar(1024) as begin declare @result varchar(1024); --coalesce返回第一个不为null的值 set @args = coalesce(@args,''); set @args2 = coalesce(@args2,'');; set @result = @args + @args2; return @result; end go select dbo.fun_append(name,'#abc') from student; # 返回table类型函数 --返回table对象函数 select name,object_ID,type from sys.objects where type in ('fn','tf') or type like '%f%'; if (exists (select * from sys.objects where type in ('fn','tf') and name = 'fun_find_stuRecord')) drop function fun_find_stuRecord go create function fun_find_stuRecord(@ID int) returns table as return (select * from student where ID = @ID); go select * from dbo.fun_find_stuRecord(2); 总结

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