金焰绣线菊和麻叶绣线菊的区别

金焰绣线菊为落叶灌木，芽小，芽鳞2-8。单叶互生，具锯齿、缺刻或分裂，稀全缘，羽状脉，或基部具3-5出脉，叶柄短，无托叶。花两性，稀杂性；花序伞形、伞形总状、伞房状或圆锥状；萼筒钟状，萼片5，花瓣5，常圆形；雄蕊15-60，着生在花盘外缘；心皮5（3-8），离生。瞢荚果5，常沿腹缝开裂。种子数粒、细小；胚乳量或无。具短叶柄，无托叶，花两性，伞房花序，萼简钟状，萼片5，花瓣5，圆形较萼片长，雄蕊长于花瓣，着生在花盘和萼片之间，心皮5，离生。瞢荚果5，沿腹缝线开裂，内具数粒细小种子，种子出圆形，种皮膜质。枝叶较松散，呈球状，叶色鲜艳夺目，春季叶色黄红相间，夏季叶色绿，秋季叶紫红色，花玫瑰红，花序较大，10~35朵聚成复伞形花序直径10~20cm。

麻叶绣线菊，又名麻叶绣球（汝南圃史）、麻叶绣球绣线菊（东北植物检索表）、石棒子（河南土名）等。灌木，高达15米。灌木，高达15米；小枝细瘦，圆柱形，呈拱形弯曲，幼时暗红褐色，无毛；冬芽小，卵形，先端尖，无毛，有数枚外露鳞片。叶片菱状披针形至菱状长圆形，长3-5厘米，宽15-2厘米，先端急尖，基部楔形，边缘自近中部以上有缺刻状锯齿，上面深绿色，下面灰蓝色，两面无毛，有羽状叶脉；叶柄长4-7毫米，无毛。伞房花序具多数花朵；花梗长8-14毫米，无毛；苞片线形，无毛；花直径5-7毫米；萼筒钟状，外面无毛，内面被短柔毛；萼片三角形或卵状三角形，先端急尖或短渐尖，内面微被短柔毛；花瓣近圆形或倒卵形，先端微凹或圆钝，长与宽各约25-4毫米，白色；雄蕊20-28，稍短于花瓣或几与花瓣等长；花盘由大小不等的近圆形裂片组成，裂片先端有时微凹，排列成圆环形；子房近无毛，花柱短于雄蕊。蓇葖果直立开张，无毛，花柱顶生，常倾斜开展，具直立开张萼片。花期4-5月，果期7-9月。

补充：

金焰绣线菊展示：

麻叶绣线菊展示：

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A wolf, once widely distributed in various parts of the world, but the regional distribution of the wolf has already been greatly reduced, especially in North America and Western Europe; At present, wolves in China are mainly distributed in Northeast China, Inner Mongolia and Tibet, the population density of smaller areas

According to introduction, a lot of wolf species existing in Mexico have wolves, Arctic wolves, Rocky Mount North wolves, coyotes, wolves in North America,红狼, the Japanese wolf, the wolf, such as India

Extinct species have: kenai mountain wolf, Newfoundland wolf, gray wolf, Texas, South Rocky Mount Wolf, Newfoundland and other White Wolf

A wolf of the main features are: canine largest in size, shape may Wolfhound, body length 1500-2050 mm, weight 26-79 kg; its powerful limbs, is fit to run, kiss the Department of slightly sharp,直竖ear, tail long, fluffy hair Upper body is generally pale yellow,暗黄, gray-brown and light gray, but after most of the two coat color, and another black and white persons; abdomen and limbs inside the white, but inside as well as the limbs, abdomen light coat color, coat color often different habitats and seasonal changes have differences Before the foot 5 toe, hind toe 4; shoulder and the end of the black hair more diverse habitats, such as Carex, ice sheets, grassland, forest and desertification, etc has its own footprint A wolf north often cluster in the winter activities and have the community structure of summer camp is a small family living areas up to 160-350 square kilometers; main predator rabbits, large rodents, deer, and birds and all kinds of野羊fish, and its aggressive temperament, cruel, extreme shortage of food, they have injuries of similar phenomenon The annual February-March estrus mating, at high altitude may be delayed until April, during 62-63 days, each child 1-11 Aberdeen, usually 4-6 Aberdeen (David Wolf as long as 2-3 years old when the sexual maturation) Life expectancy 12 to 15 years

A wolf's living habits: A wolf clusters or separate activities, a comprehensive range of habitats, including hills, forests, grasslands, desertification and other living environment, or occupied by other animals, caves, and sometimes their own digging, the hole is about 2-4 meters usually has several entrances Their usual night, winter and sometimes during the day and also activities, enjoy less human interference, food rich, has a certain hidden under the conditions of survival Integrated during the breeding season small groups during the winter at the North American taiga zone often composed of wolf predation has larger group of hoofed animals In Alaska, the largest up to 36 wolves, but generally not more than 20, our group of up to a maximum of 21 The size of wolves varies greatly, often depending on the season and predation change the situation is different A wolf hybrid is the food composition, all able to catch all their food animals, including birds, amphibians and insects and small animals, and occasionally eat plant food, wolves also eat wild and domesticated hi have the hoofed

A wolf from the characteristics and living habits look, their families are living a semi-quasi-set social life That is, the mating season at the family as the unit of life, when the earth rejuvenate, to obtain the food plentiful, easily concealed plant dense hunting; and into winter food deprivation, the association began to rely on the strength of groups of large-scale hunting has hoofed animals It appears that this animal is the wolf will make use of rich food at the reproductive season to achieve the self-serving, and also the shortage of food at the time a collective effort by the implementation of its existence This was quite a bit of market economy with a combination of public ownership economy Taste miles

A wolf from the introduction of a lot of image data can also see the film, a wolf family, only one adult male, whose main duty is to guard against the intrusion of other males and to prevent the escape of the female population However, in this by the many families consisting of only females, only female wolf has the power of reproductive offspring, other female wolf's job is to help the upbringing, protection of female wolf pups born Even so, the female wolf is also very hard work, which in addition to feeding offspring, but also to look after at all times to live with other female wolf wolf hung mating, but the one found in a female wolf and wolf-hsiung has a tendency to mating, and its It will be launched to a very brutal attack; if it is successful mating, the female wolf will be killed, thus, mating success of many of the female wolves are away Image data from the introduction point of view, the fate of such female wolf most tragic, most of them ended in death Fortunately, the estrus female wolves have a time limit, otherwise, the female wolf is really difficult to live also

There is also a characteristics of the wolf are not old-age dependents of small animals, at this point with the lions and other animals have a very big difference The so-called old-age pension is not dependent small wolf Parent David A wolf will only bring up to (about 1 year old) be able to hunt, and then will be mercilessly evicted from their homes, but it will only drive away the male offspring, the majority of female offspring will still be in its wolf parents for some time, studying the offspring-rearing skills Non-pension is not only when the male wolf, for various reasons, unable to play to protect the family responsibilities, will be outside of its strong adult male Instead, the original home of the male wolf is not killed in action is to flee, the female wolf is also faced with the same problem; when the external male domination of this family, but also to kill and even eat the young wolf minors Away from their families or groups are A wolf will not be accepted by other wolves (except the young female wolf), so they become孤狼, and孤狼survival probability is very low, so they are also faced with the most Only death

When the food plentiful, the female wolf will产崽many, food scarcity will be automatic when the cub's birth quantity, as if their ability to have a feeling like; A wolf is still a saving players, they will eat the food can not bury together to address the shortage of food needs It appears that wolves also knows the importance of food gathering Canton

According to information on living in the mountains of Mexico and Central A wolf is a unique subspecies, their unique genes, although the shape of small, but very strong; researchers think this is likely to be the ancient Mexicans (such as阿兹克and Inca people) on the dogs, the wolf hybrid to emerge when a species, so the dogs have the genes

Have the information, said Asian Arab wolf subspecies of this small may be the lot of Europe and Asia, the ancestors of dogs Vast areas in Asia, the social life and adaptable wolves, dogs live in the area first

解剖学家and behavior of dogs who have been studied in detail the origin of more than 100 years, it is widely considered: A wolf dogs are the direct ancestors In all dogs are family members, the wolf's social organization, size and skin color have changed greatly Until a large number of human predation, the wolf of all terrestrial mammals are most widely distributed, but due to human hunting, cultivation and other factors reduced its quantity Some scholars believe that the wolf is a opportunist, by its omnivorous judged only human, and its on to follow the footsteps of humanity and of movement, eating discarded human food, or poultry, such as hunting, especially in the seasonal shortage of food Human migration from the northern region, the wolves and to follow, when their parents were killed, their baby may have to adapt to living with humans (coyotes and jackals A wolf is not the same as flexible social behavior), Since then domestication began Therefore, researchers think, from wild to domesticated than in the past to imagine the process faster

China's ancient ancestors of animals are still home to observe, such as "devoured" this proverb is very vivid description of the scenes they are eating; another example, the "ambition", because only the adult male and female wolf reproduction in order to have offspring the power, therefore, every head of a wolf when the desire to have only become a wolf, the offspring would have survived And "Mind your own business狗拿耗子-----" This saying is a big problem, because, wolves are the ancestors of dogs, and wolves are eating the rats, if the dog is holding the mouse, rat problem we humans it need not fear the

In recent decades, the world's growing importance in many countries, such as animal behavior research work, and derive the benefit of human development has inspired important, benefited Also seen from the study of biological diversity by bringing the benefits of mankind, but also the rapid disappearance of the diversity of concerns, in other words, the protection of biological diversity in nature, but also in the protection of our own humanity Cyanobacteria, red tide, the lake rodent, perhaps is only that we be able to see the disaster, but can not see the disaster perhaps many more than this, This is how much money can not buy or make up for the loss of it

中文翻译：

狼，曾经广泛分布于世界各地，但目前狼的分布区域已大大缩小，特别是在北美和西欧；目前，在中国狼主要分布在东北、内蒙以及西藏人口密度较小的地区。

据资料介绍，狼的品种很多，现存有墨西哥狼、北极狼、北落基山狼、郊狼、北美洲狼、红狼、日本狼、印度狼等。

已经灭绝的品种有：基奈山狼、纽芬兰狼、德克萨斯灰狼、南落基山狼、纽芬兰白狼等。

狼的主要特征是：犬科中体型最大者，外形似狼犬，体长1500-2050毫米，体重26-79千克；其四肢矫健，适于奔跑，吻部略尖，耳廓直竖，尾毛长而蓬松。上体一般为浅黄、暗黄、灰棕和浅灰色，但又以后两种毛色居多，另有纯黑和白色者；腹部和四肢内侧白色，但四肢内面以及腹部毛色较淡，毛色常因栖息环境不同和季节变化而有差异。前足5趾，后足4趾；肩部和尾端黑毛较多栖息生境多样，如苔草、冰原、草原、森林和荒漠等都有其足迹。北方的狼在冬季常集群活动，并有社群结构，夏季则营小家庭生活，领域范围达160-350平方公里；主要捕食野兔、大型啮齿类、鹿类、各种野羊及鸟和鱼等，其性情凶悍、残忍，在食物极度缺乏的情况下，他们有伤害同类的现象。每年的2至3月发情交配，在高海拔地区可能延迟至4月，孕期62至63天，每胎1至11仔，通常4至6仔（幼狼长至2至3岁时性成熟）寿命12至15年。

狼的生活习性：狼集群或单独活动，栖息环境比较广泛，包括丘陵、森林、草原、荒漠等各种生活环境，或者占用其他动物的洞穴，有时也自己挖掘，洞长约2-4米，通常有几个入口。其通常夜行，冬季有时白天也活动，喜欢在人类干扰少、食物丰富、有一定隐蔽条件下生存。在繁殖季节集成小群，冬季在北美泰加林区狼常组成较大群捕食有蹄类动物。在阿拉斯加，最大狼群达36头，但一般不超过20头，我国最多一群达21头。狼群的大小变化很大，常因季节和捕食的情况不同而改变。狼的食物成分很杂，凡是能捕到的动物都是其食物，包括鸟类、两栖类和昆虫等小型动物，偶尔也进食植物性食物，狼还喜吃野生和家养的有蹄类。

由狼的特征和生活习性看，其是过着一种半家庭半集社的生活。即在交配季节是以家庭为单位生活，此时大地回春，能获取的食物丰沛，植物茂密易于隐蔽狩猎；而进入到冬季食物匮乏之时，其就开始结社以便靠群体的力量猎取大型的有蹄类动物。看来，狼这种动物是很会利用在食物丰沛时节来实现传宗接代上的自利性，又在食物匮乏时靠集体的力量实现其生存。此还蛮有点市场经济与公有制经济相结合的味道哩。

从很多介绍狼的影像资料片中还可以看到，一个狼家庭中只有一只成年雄性，其主要职责是防范其它雄性的侵入，并防止本群中雌性的逃跑。但是，在这个由多只雌性组成的家庭里，只有雌性头狼有生育后代的权力，其它雌狼的工作就是帮助养育、保护雌性头狼所生的幼崽。即便如此，雌性头狼的工作也是很辛苦的，它除了要哺育后代外，还要时刻看管住其它雌狼与雄狼交配，一但其发现某只雌狼与雄狼有交配的倾向，其就会向它发起非常凶残的攻击；如果它交配成功了，雌性头狼就会将其咬死，因而，交配成功的雌狼多是逃之夭夭。而从影像资料的介绍上看，这类雌狼的命运大多很悲惨，多数都是以死亡而告终。幸好雌狼的发情期是有时间性的，否则，雌性头狼还真是活的不易也。

狼还有一个特性是养小不养老的动物，在这点上其与狮子等动物有着非常大的不同。所谓的养小不养老就是，狼父母只将幼狼养育至（约1岁左右）能够狩猎，随后就会毫不留情的将其赶出家门，但其只会赶走后代中的雄性，多数雌性后代还会留在其狼父母身边一段时间，学习养育后代的技能。不养老既是当雄性狼因各种原因无力担当保护家庭的责任时，其就会被外来的强健成年雄性取而代之，原家庭中的雄性狼不是战死就是逃离，雌性头狼也同样面临着这一问题；当外来的雄性统治此家庭后，还会杀死甚至吃掉未成年的幼狼。离开家庭或者群体的狼是不会被其它狼群所接纳（年青的雌性狼除外）的，因此它们就成为了孤狼，而孤狼成活的机率非常低，所以它们所面对着的大多也只有死亡。

当食物丰沛时，雌狼就会多产崽，食物匮乏时其就会自动控制幼崽的出生数量，仿佛其有预感之能力般；狼还是一个节约好手，它们会将吃不掉的食物埋藏起来，以应对食物匮乏之需。看来，狼也深谙广集粮的重要性。

据资料介绍，生活在墨西哥中部山区的狼是一个独特的亚种，其有着独特的基因，虽体形小，但却很强健；研究者认为这很可能是古代墨西哥人（如阿兹克人和印加人）对犬、狼进行杂交时所产生出来的一个品种，因此其有犬的遗传基因。

有资料介绍说，亚洲的阿拉伯狼这个小亚种可能是许多欧洲和亚洲家犬的祖先。在亚洲广大地区，这种群居生活和适应性强的狼，居住在家犬最早出现的地区。

解剖学家和行为主义者已经对家犬的起源详细研究了100多年，现在普遍认为：狼是家犬的直接祖先。在所有犬属家族成员中，狼的社会组织、体型与皮毛颜色均有很大变化。直到人类大量捕食，狼是所有陆地哺乳动物中分布最广的，但因人类的捕杀、垦荒等因素的影响使其数量锐减。有学者认为，狼还是一个机会主义者，由它的杂食性来判断，自有人类始，其就跟随人类的足迹而迁徙，吃人类丢弃的食品，或猎取家禽等，特别是在食物匮乏季节。人类由北半球区域内迁移时，狼群也跟随而至，当它们的父母被猎杀后，其幼仔可能已经适应了同人类一起生活（郊狼和豺没有同狼一样灵活的社交行为），从此驯养开始了。因此，有研究者认为，从野生到驯养的过程比过去想象的更快。

我国古代先人对动物的观察还是很到家的，如“狼吞虎咽”这句成语就很生动的描述了它们吃饭是的情景；又如，“狼子野心”，因为，只有成年雌雄头狼才能有繁殖后代的权力，因此，每一只狼都有当头领的渴望，只有当上了头狼，其才会有后代存留下来。而“狗拿耗子-----多管闲事”这句俗话是很有问题的，因为，狼是狗的祖先，而狼是吃耗子的，如果狗都拿耗子了，鼠患问题我们人类也就不用担惊受怕了。

近几十年来，世界不少国家越来越重视动物行为等的研究工作，并从中获得了有利于人类发展的重要启迪，受益良多。也从研究中看到了生物多样性所带给人类的各种好处，也为多样性的快速消失而担忧，换句话说，保护自然界中的生物多样性，也是在保护我们人类自己。蓝藻、赤潮、洞庭湖鼠患，或许只不过是我们能够看得见的灾害，而看不到的灾害或许比这多的多，这是用多少金钱都无法买到或弥补的损失吧。

钋是一种放射性元素。

钋（Po）是一种非常稀有且易挥发的放射性金属。在1898年波兰-法国物理学家居里发现钋之前，铀和钍是唯一已知的放射性元素。居里夫人以她的祖国波兰的名字命名钋。

钋对人类几乎没有用处，除了一些威胁性的应用：它被用作第一颗原子d的触发器，也是几起高调死亡事件中的疑似毒物。

在商业应用中，钋偶尔被用来除去机器中的静电或摄影胶片上的灰尘。它还可以作为空间卫星热电动力的轻量化热源，

分类

钋位于元素周期表的第16组和第6周期。据英国皇家化学学会（Royal Society of Chemistry）称，由于钋的导电性随着温度的升高而降低，所以它被归类为金属。元素

是铜族元素中最重的金属，这是一组又称为“氧族”的元素。所有的铜族元素都存在于铜矿中。查尔根族中的其他元素包括氧、硫、硒和碲。

有33种已知的钋同位素（同一元素的原子具有不同数量的中子），而且都具有放射性。这种元素的放射性不稳定性使它适合用于原子d。

的物理特性原子序数（原子核中的质子数）：84原子符号（在元素周期表上）：Po原子量（原子的平均质量）：209密度：932克每立方厘米相温度：固体熔点：4892华氏度（254摄氏度）沸点：17636华氏度（962摄氏度）最常见的同位素：Po-210，居里和她的丈夫皮埃尔·居里发现钋时，其半衰期只有138天，他们正在寻找一种天然的富含铀的沥青铀矿的放射源。

两人注意到未精炼的沥青铀矿比从中分离出来的铀更具放射性。因此，他们推断沥青铀矿必须至少含有一种其他放射性元素。

居里夫妇购买了大量沥青铀矿，以便他们可以用化学方法分离矿物中的化合物。经过几个月的艰苦工作，他们终于分离出了放射性元素：根据国际纯粹与应用化学联合会（IUPAC）的说法，这种物质的放射性是铀的400倍，

提取钋具有挑战性，因为它的量非常小；1吨铀矿石只含有约100微克（00001克）的钋。

尽管如此，居里夫妇还是能够提取出我们现在所知的钋-209同位素，根据英国皇家化学学会的资料，

钋（Andrei Marincas Shutterstock）从土壤和空气中可以找到

的痕迹。例如，Po-210是在氡-222气体衰变过程中产生的，这是镭衰变的结果。反过来，镭是铀的衰变产物，铀存在于几乎所有由岩石形成的岩石和土壤中。

地衣能够直接从大气中吸收钋。在北方地区，食用驯鹿的人血液中的钋浓度会更高，因为驯鹿食用地衣，史密森尼说，

钋被认为是一种稀有的自然元素。尽管钋存在于铀矿石中，但根据杰斐逊实验室的数据，1吨（09公吨）铀矿石中只有大约100微克钋，因此提取并不经济。相反，钋是通过在核反应堆中用中子轰击铋209（一种稳定同位素）获得的。这就产生了放射性铋-210，然后通过p衰变为钋英国皇家化学学会称之为β衰变的过程。

美国核管理委员会估计，全世界每年只生产约100克（35盎司）钋-210。

商业用途

由于其高放射性，钋几乎没有商业用途。这种元素的有限用途包括消除机械中的静电和去除照相胶片上的灰尘。在这两种应用中，钋必须小心密封，以保护用户。

这一元素也被用作卫星和其他航天器热电动力的轻质热源。这是因为钋的衰变很快，而且它以热的形式释放出大量的能量。据英国皇家化学学会（Royal Society of Chemistry）称，只要一克钋的温度下降到500摄氏度（932华氏度），

原子d

在第二次世界大战期间，陆军工兵团就开始组织曼哈顿工兵区，一个绝密的研究和开发计划，最终将生产世界上第一个核武器。

在20世纪40年代以前，没有理由分离出纯形式的钋或生产任何数量的钋，因为它没有已知的用途，而且对它知之甚少。但该地区的工程师们开始研究钋，并发现元素是其核武器的重要成分。据原子遗产基金会（Atomic Heritage Foundation）称，

是钋和铍（另一种稀有元素）的混合物，充当了核d的发起者。战后，

，钋研究项目被转移到俄亥俄州米斯堡的Mound实验室。在1949完成，Mound Lab是第一个永久原子能委员会的核武器发展设施。“KDSPE”中毒“KdSPS”钋对人类是有毒的，即使在非常小的数量。“KDSPE”“KDSPs”第一个被钋中毒死亡的人可能是Marie Curie的女儿Ir Enne JJOOOT居里。1946年，一个钋胶囊在她的实验室工作台上爆炸，这可能是她患白血病并在10年后死亡的原因，据史密森尼安说，

钋中毒也是导致亚历山大·利特维年科死亡的原因，据《华尔街日报》（Wall Street Journal）报道，一名前俄罗斯间谍在2006年申请政治避难后一直居住在伦敦，2004年巴勒斯坦***亚西尔·阿拉法特（Yasser Arafat）死亡时也曾怀疑

中毒，因为在他的衣服上检测到令人惊讶的高浓度钋-210《尼古丁与烟草研究》杂志发现，烟草公司已经意识到香烟和其他含烟草的产品中含有低含量的钋。这项研究的作者计算出，香烟中钋的放射性在25年内造成每1000名吸烟者138人死亡。

其他研究表明，吸烟者的肋骨中发现的钋是不吸烟者的两倍，根据美国国立卫生研究院毒理学数据网，“KDSPE”“KDSPs”进一步阅读：“KDSPE”关于CDO 210的常见问题，来自疾病预防控制中心。《钋的六个秘密》，史密森杂志。美国国立卫生研究院放射性钋有害物质数据库条目

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