背景：通过近年来对各省高考英语题的分析，笔者发现动词题占了语法题目的半壁江山。而其中又尤其以考查非谓语动词为主。我们知道，非谓语动词包括了动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词。由此可见分词教学的重要性。从分词本身角度讲，分词包括现在分词和过去分词，他们的形式、用法、作用一直以来都是教和学的重点、难点，学生难学、难懂，教师难总结、难阐述。为此本人特将分词的用法总结如下，希望能对广大的师生起帮助作用。
分词的用法：
现在分词
过去分词
1形式
形式1如doing/talking （分词）
Done/talked（分词）
形式2如interesting/frightening
（分词演变为形容词）
Interested/frightened
（分词演变为形容词）
2表意
A flying bird/ the boiling water/A running bus/ the rising sun等，这些现在分词都表示“主动”或者“进行”。
1Fallen leaves/ a retired teacher/the risen sun/ the escaped criminal等，这些过去分词表示“完成”
2The stolen car, A broken window, a destroyed village, the beaten enemy等，这些过去分词表示“被动”或者“完成”。
3
功能
1．作定语：eg
(1) A frightening dog,
(=a dog which is frightening) ；
(2) The boy sleeping in class is ill
(=the boy who is sleeping in class is ill)
1作定语：eg
(1) a cloned sheep
(=a sheep which is cloned)；
(2) The scientists praised for their achievement still insist on researching
(=the scientists who were praised for their achievement still insist on researching)
备注：1．一个分词作定语时，一般前置；一个分词短语作定语时要后置；2分词/分词短语作定语时都可以转换成一个定语从句。3 现在分词作定语时，它与被修饰的名词为逻辑上的“主谓关系”；而过去分词作主语时，它与被修饰的名词为“动宾关系”。
2．作表语：eg The story is very interesting
2．作表语：eg I am really interested in the project
备注：1．作表语的分词一般是演变成形容词的分词。2verb-ing 一般可以被翻译成“令人……的”；verb-ed 一般可以被译成“感到……的”。
3
功能
3．作宾语补足语：eg
(1) Some students found the problem confusing
(2) Don’t make the machine running all the day
3．作宾语补足语：eg
(1) When I enter the classroom, I found the window broken
(2) My computer doesn’t work now, so I want to have it repaired
备注：现在分词作宾语补足语时，它与被修饰的名词一般是逻辑上的“主谓关系”；过去分词作宾语补足语时，它与被修饰的名词一般是逻辑上的“动宾关系”。
4．作伴随状语：eg
(1) He sat there sleeping soundly
(2) They walked along the river, laughing and talking
4．作伴随状语：eg
(1) He sat there trapped in the mud
(2) They walked along the cliff, tired and frightened
备注：1．动词sit, lie和stand后面紧跟现在分词或过去分词，表示两个动作同时发生；2 现在分词作状语时，它与句子的主语一般是逻辑上的“主谓关系”；过去分词作状语时，它与句子的主语一般是逻辑上的“动宾关系”。
3
功能
5．作时间状语：eg
(1) Hearing her pet dog’s death, the girl cried
(=when the girl heard her pet dog’s death, she cried)
(2) Seeing the building from the top, they found the building looks like a nest
(=when they saw the building from the top, they found it looks like a nest)
5．作时间状语：eg
(1) When completed, the gym will be open to the public
(= When it is completed, the gym will be open to the public)
(2) Seen from the top, the building looks like a nest
(=when the building is seen from the top, it looks like a nest)
6．作原因状语：eg
Not working hard, he failed passing the College Entrance Exam
(=Because he didn’t work hard, he failed passing the College Entrance Exam)
6．作原因状语：eg
Frightened by the thunder and lightning in the night, the girl did not dare sleep alone in her own room
(=Because she was frightened by the thunder and lightning in the night, the girl did not dare sleep alone in her own room)
7．作结果状语：eg
It rained all day long, causing flood and distroying the whole village
(= It rained all day long, which caused flood and distroyed the whole village)
7．作结果状语：eg
Some villagers were working in their field, unexpectedly killed by American’s missile
(= Some villagers were working in their field, and were unexpectedly killed by American’s missile)
8．作条件状语：eg Working hard, you will succeed
(=if you work hard, you will succeed)
8．作条件状语：Given more time, I am sure to finish the task better
(=if I was given more time, I am sure to finish the task better)
9．作让步状语：
When having had a new set of furniture, he bought another set
(= When he had had a new set of furniture, he bought another set)
9．作让步状语：
While prohibited by countries, some scientists still want to clone humans
(=while scientists are prohibited by countries, they still want to clone humans )
备注：现在分词作状语时，它与句子的主语一般是逻辑上的“主谓关系”；过去分词作状语时，它与句子的主语一般是逻辑上的“动宾关系”。
4
分词与主语的关
系
1现在分词与句子主语一般为逻辑上的“主谓关系”。Eg While walking in the street, I met one of my old friends
(=While I was walking in the street, I met one of my old friends),(句子中的I 与 walking是逻辑上的主谓关系)
1过去分词与句子主语一般为“动宾关系”。Eg
Scolded by her mother, the girl felt depressed
(= Because the girl was scolded by her mother, she felt depressed),
(句子中the girl与scolded 为逻辑上的动宾关系)
2．当现在分词与句子主语什么关系都没有时，现在分词要自带一个逻辑主语。此时，它与逻辑主语是“主谓关系”。
Eg The teacher being ill, all the students can’t but learn by themselves
(=the teacher is ill, so all the students can’t but learn by themselves),
(句子中students和being ill 没有关系，所以being 自带逻辑主语teacher Teacher与being 是逻辑上的主谓关系，所以用现在分词)
2．当过去分词与句子主语什么关系都没有时，过去分词要自带一个逻辑主语。此时，它与逻辑主语是“动宾关系”。
Eg Lincoln murdered, all the American people were in deep sorrow
(=When Lincoln was murdered, all the American people were in deep sorrow ),
(句子中的主语American people与murdered 既无主谓关系，也没动宾关系，所以murdered 要自带逻辑主语Lincoln，Lincoln与murdered 构成逻辑上的动宾关系，所以用过去分词)
独立主格结构：分词与句子的主语既没主谓关系，又没动宾关系时，我们为这个分词自带一个逻辑主语，这种现象叫分词的独立主格结构。
5．分词题在高考英语中的解题思路：
请先看下列三个题目：
(1) with affairs in Iraq successfully , the president will have a hard time
A Not to deal B Not having dealt C Having not dealt D Had dealt
(2) by his boss, Jack was out of work
A To be dismissed B Dismissed
C Having dismissed D Dismissing
(3) and you will succeed
A If you work B Worked C Working D Work
解题思路：
（1） 选B。做动词题时第一步是看“是不是谓语”，本题无论填哪个，显然都不是谓语，所以要填非谓语；第二步是看“用什么语态”，如果这个词与句子的主语是“主谓关系”或者“逻辑上的主谓关系”，那么我们要选verb-ing，如果这个词与主语是“动宾关系”或者“逻辑上的动宾关系”，那么我们就要选verb-ed；本题中the president与deal with是逻辑上的主谓关系，所以用verb-ing。第三步是看“是什么时态”，如果这个非谓语动词与谓语动词同时发生或者虽有前后，但是是紧接着发生时，我们用非谓语的一般式，如果非谓语动词的动作先于谓语动词的动作发生，那么我们就用非谓语动词的完成式。本题中“没有成功解决伊拉克问题”在先，“将会有困难”在后，所以要用完成式。因此选B。
（2） 选B。从四个答案和题目可以看出，这里要填一个非谓语动词；句子主语Jack与dismiss应该是逻辑上的动宾关系，可以确定要选过去分词verb-ed形式；而“被解雇”就马上导致“失业”，两个动作几乎是同时发生的，所以用过去分词的一般式，因此答案为B。
（3） 选D。因为句子中有个并列连词and，这就意味着and前后分别是两个独立的句子。所以and前的动词是谓语动词，而ABC都是非谓语动词，因些选D。D为用动词原形开头的祈使句。
总之，分词的用法万变不离其宗。我们只要充分利用以上对比法，并有效掌握了以上分词的各种功能，那么我将在各种英语考试中得心应手。
词典系统 会依照语尾变格规则自动 去除格位语尾 ， 还原 可能的 词典原型 进行查询，手动 还原词典原型 的方法参见 方法2 。
如果运气好可能可以查到原生词典的结果或 wikipāḷi 社区字典中 用户贡献 的数据。
如果直接查询失败，则去掉格位语尾再次查询，索引列表中会显示可能的拼写，找出以 元音结尾 的且 词典收录数最多 的那个拼写。
这里在粘入词典查询输入框之后， 不要按回车键 ， 词典系统 会很快给出拼写符合的 备选词列表 ，每个词后面的数字就是 词典收录数 。
如果这个数字大于5，那往往结果可以直接用，如果这个数字小于5，往往结果不太好用，就需要用到 方法3 。
这一步要用可以显示 词典收录数 的软件才可以进行，如 wikipāḷi 。例如：
如果查询到有结果，但可能巴汉、巴英词典中找不到具体含义，可以再次将现在分词去掉- nta 、- māna 、- ntī 等 现在分词的特征 ，加上(a) ti /(e) ti ，查看 词典收录数最多 的那个拼写。
如果- ati 结尾的动词词典原型没有理想的结果，可以将其中结尾的 ati 替换成 eti / oti / āti 再试。
如果仍然无法得到结果，则需要用到 方法4 。
（内容待完善）
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