你屋子里的门和窗户越少,入侵者进入的方式就越少……
由于缓冲区溢出是一个编程问题,所以只能通过修复被破坏的程序的代码而解决问题。如果你没有源代码,从上面“堆栈溢出攻击”的原理可以看出,要防止此类攻击,我们可以:
① 开放程序时仔细检查溢出情况,不允许数据溢出缓冲区。由于编程和编程语言的原因,这非常困难,而且不适合大量已经在使用的程序;
② 使用检查堆栈溢出的编译器或者在程序中加入某些记号,以便程序运行时确认禁止黑客有意造成的溢出。问题是无法针对已有程序,对新程序来讲,需要修改编译器;
③ 经常检查你的 *** 作系统和应用程序提供商的站点,一旦发现他们提供的补丁程序,就马上下载并且应用在系统上,这是最好的方法。但是系统管理员总要比攻击者慢 一步,如果这个有问题的软件是可选的,甚至是临时的,把它从你的系统中删除。举另外一个例 子,你屋子里的门和窗户越少,入侵者进入的方式就越少。
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char buf[3]
memset(buf,0x55,10)
这个程序就存在溢出
对数据块的访问超出该数据块的地址范围
===================================================================================
【一个检测工具】
Valgrind 是一款 Linux下(支持 x86、x86_64和ppc32)程序的内存调试工具,它可以对编译后的二进制程序进行内存使用监测(C语言中的 malloc 和 free,以及 C++ 中的 new 和 delete),找出内存泄漏问题。
Valgrind 中包含的 Memcheck 工具可以检查以下的程序错误:
使用未初始化的内存 (Use of uninitialised memory)
使用已经释放了的内存 (Reading/writing memory after it has been free’d)
使用超过 malloc 分配的内存空间(Reading/writing off the end of malloc’d blocks)
对堆栈的非法访问(Reading/writing inappropriate areas on the stack)
申请的空间是否有释放(Memory leaks – where pointers to malloc’d blocks are lost forever)
malloc/free/new/delete 申请和释放内存的匹配(Mismatched use of malloc/new/new [] vs free/delete/delete [])
src 和 dst 的重叠(Overlapping src and dst pointers in memcpy() and related functions)
重复 free
① 编译安装 Valgrind:
# wget http://valgrind.org/downloads/valgrind-3.4.1.tar.bz2
# tar xvf valgrind-3.4.1.tar.bz2
# cd valgrind-3.4.1/
# ./configure
…………
Primary build target: X86_LINUX
Secondary build target:
Default supp files: exp-ptrcheck.supp xfree-3.supp xfree-4.supp glibc-2.X-drd.supp glibc-2.34567-NPTL-helgrind.supp glibc-2.5.supp
# make
# make install
# whereis valgrind
valgrind:
/usr/bin/valgrind
/usr/lib/valgrind
/usr/local/bin/valgrind
/usr/local/lib/valgrind
/usr/include/valgrind
/usr/share/man/man1/valgrind.1.gz
运行程序
使用示例:对“ls”程序进程检查,返回结果中的“definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.”表示没有内存泄漏。
# /usr/local/bin/valgrind --tool=memcheck --leak-check=full ls /
==29801== Memcheck, a memory error detector.
==29801== Copyright (C) 2002-2008, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==29801== Using LibVEX rev 1884, a library for dynamic binary translation.
==29801== Copyright (C) 2004-2008, and GNU GPL'd, by OpenWorks LLP.
==29801== Using valgrind-3.4.1, a dynamic binary instrumentation framework.
==29801== Copyright (C) 2000-2008, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==29801== For more details, rerun with: -v
==29801==
bin etc lost+found mnt proc selinuxsys usr
boot home media net root smokeping tftpboot var
dev lib miscopt sbin srvtmp
==29801==
==29801== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 21 from 1)
==29801== malloc/free: in use at exit: 14,744 bytes in 32 blocks.
==29801== malloc/free: 162 allocs, 130 frees, 33,758 bytes allocated.
==29801== For counts of detected errors, rerun with: -v
==29801== searching for pointers to 32 not-freed blocks.
==29801== checked 139,012 bytes.
==29801==
==29801== LEAK SUMMARY:
==29801==definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
==29801== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
==29801==still reachable: 14,744 bytes in 32 blocks.
==29801== suppressed: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
==29801== Reachable blocks (those to which a pointer was found) are not shown.
==29801== To see them, rerun with: --leak-check=full --show-reachable=yes
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# /usr/local/bin/valgrind --tool=memcheck --leak-check=full ps /
==29898== Memcheck, a memory error detector.
==29898== Copyright (C) 2002-2008, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==29898== Using LibVEX rev 1884, a library for dynamic binary translation.
==29898== Copyright (C) 2004-2008, and GNU GPL'd, by OpenWorks LLP.
==29898== Using valgrind-3.4.1, a dynamic binary instrumentation framework.
==29898== Copyright (C) 2000-2008, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==29898== For more details, rerun with: -v
==29898==
ERROR: Garbage option.
********* simple selection ********* ********* selection by list *********
-A all processes -C by command name
-N negate selection -G by real group ID (supports names)
-a all w/ tty except session leaders -U by real user ID (supports names)
-d all except session leaders -g by session OR by effective group name
-e all processes -p by process ID
T all processes on this terminal -s processes in the sessions given
a all w/ tty, including other users -t by tty
g OBSOLETE -- DO NOT USE -u by effective user ID (supports names)
r only running processes U processes for specified users
x processes w/o controlling ttys t by tty
*********** output format ********** *********** long options ***********
-o,o user-defined -f full--Group --User --pid --cols --ppid
-j,j job control s signal --group --user --sid --rows --info
-O,O preloaded -o v virtual memory --cumulative --format --deselect
-l,l long u user-oriented --sort --tty --forest --version
-F extra fullX registers --heading --no-heading --context
********* misc options *********
-V,V show version L list format codes f ASCII art forest
-m,m,-L,-T,H threads S children in sum-y change -l format
-M,Z security data c true command name -c scheduling class
-w,w wide output n numeric WCHAN,UID -H process hierarchy
==29898==
==29898== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 14 from 1)
==29898== malloc/free: in use at exit: 16 bytes in 2 blocks.
==29898== malloc/free: 20 allocs, 18 frees, 2,344 bytes allocated.
==29898== For counts of detected errors, rerun with: -v
==29898== searching for pointers to 2 not-freed blocks.
==29898== checked 263,972 bytes.
==29898==
==29898== 8 bytes in 1 blocks are definitely lost in loss record 2 of 2
==29898==at 0x4005A88: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:207)
==29898==by 0xBFF6DF: strdup (in /lib/libc-2.5.so)
==29898==by 0x804A464: (within /bin/ps)
==29898==by 0x804A802: (within /bin/ps)
==29898==by 0x804964D: (within /bin/ps)
==29898==by 0xBA5E8B: (below main) (in /lib/libc-2.5.so)
==29898==
==29898== LEAK SUMMARY:
==29898==definitely lost: 8 bytes in 1 blocks.
==29898== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
==29898==still reachable: 8 bytes in 1 blocks.
==29898== suppressed: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
==29898== Reachable blocks (those to which a pointer was found) are not shown.
==29898== To see them, rerun with: --leak-check=full --show-reachable=yes
ls:列目录。 用法:ls或ls dirName,参数:-a显示所有文件,-l详悉列出文件。 mkdir:建目录。 用法:mkdir dirName,参数:-p建多级目录,如:mkdir a/b/c/d/e/f -p mount:挂载分区或镜像文件(.iso,.img)文件。 用法: a.磁盘分区:mount deviceName mountPoint -o options,其中deviceName是磁盘分区的设备名,比如/dev/hda1,/dev/cdrom,/dev/fd0,mountPoint是挂载点,它是一个目录,options是参数,如果分区是linux分区,一般不用-o options,如果是windows分区那options可以是iocharset=cp936,这样windows分区里的中文文件名就能显示出来了。用例:比如/dev/hda5是linux分区,我要把它挂到目录a上(如没目录a那就先mkdir a),mount /dev/hda5 a,这样目录a里的东西就是分区hda5里的东西了,比如hda1是windows分区,要把它挂到b上,mount /dev/hda1 b -o iocharset=cp936。 b.镜像文件:mount fileName mountPoint -o loop,fileName是镜像文件名(*.iso,*.img),其它的不用说了,跟上面一样。用例:如我有一个a.iso光盘镜像文件,mount a.iso a -o loop,这样进入目录a你就能浏览a.iso的内容了,*.img文件的用法一样。 find:查找文件。 用法:find inDir -name filename,inDir是你要在哪个目录找,filename是你要找的文件名(可以用通配符),用通配符时filename做好用单引号引起来,否则有时会出错,用例:find . -name test*,在当前目录查找以test开头的文件。 grep:在文件里查找指定的字符串。 用法:grep string filename,在filename(可用通配符)里查找string(最好用双引号引起来)。参数:-r在所有子目录里的filename里找。用例:grep hello *.c -r在当前目录下(包括子目录)的所有.c文件里查找hello。 vi:编辑器。不用说,用linux的话,这个东西一定要会用。 用法:(只能简单说一下),vi filename。filename就是你要编辑的文本文件。用了执行vi filename后,你可能会发现你无法编辑文本内容,不要着急,这是因为vi还没进入编辑状态,按a或i就可以进入编辑状态了,进入编辑状态后你就可以编辑文本了。要退出编辑状态按Esc键就可以了。以下 *** 作均要在非编辑状态下。查找文本:输入/和你要查找的文本并回车。退出: 输入: 和q并回车,如果你修改了文本,那么你要用:q!回车才能退出。保存:输入: w回车,如果是只读文件要用: w!。保存退出:输入: wq回车,如果是只读就: wq!回车。取消: 按u就可以了,按一次就取消一步,可按多次取消多步。复制粘贴一行文本:把光标移到要复制的行上的任何地方,按yy(就是连按两次y),把光标移到要粘贴地方的上一行,按p,刚才那行文本就会被插入到光标所在行的下一行,原来光标所在行后面所有行会自动下移一行。复制粘贴多行文本:跟复制一行差不多,只是yy改成先输入要复制的行数紧接着按yy,后面的 *** 作一样。把光标移到指定行:输入:和行号并回车,比如移到123行:123回车,移到结尾回车。欢迎分享,转载请注明来源:内存溢出
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