1.插入新硬盘,启动Linux服务器,使用fdisk -l 查看硬盘
#fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sdb: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes
2.格式化硬盘
#mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdb
3.挂载硬盘
#mount 硬盘地址 要挂载的地址
#mount /dev/sdb /media/imgs
4.实现系统重启后自动挂载该分区
#vi /etc/fstab
在最后一行添加
/dev/sdb /media/imgs ext4 defaults 1 2
一、添加磁盘
添加加新硬盘重启服务器
添加完之后就可以重启机器了,如果你机器是开启的,进入系统并不能看见你刚添加的那块磁盘,只有等系统重启,重新加载之后才会显示安装的那块磁盘
二、进入系统
使用root用户进入系统
三、 查看硬盘信息
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l //磁盘命令
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Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000c4cb5
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 64 512000 83 Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2 64 2611 20458496 8e Linux LVM
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xd0f5c869
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 2610 20964793+ 83 Linux
Disk /dev/sdc: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
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可以看到这台机器加载了三个磁盘sda、sdb、sdc
其中sda是初始磁盘,sdb已经初始化且经过使用,sdc是刚刚加载的,未格式化的新磁盘
四、创建新硬盘分区
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdc #进入磁盘
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x45a3cadb.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.
Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): m
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag #设定可启动标记
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition #删除一个分区
l list known partition types #各分区类型所对应的ID
m print this menu #菜单
n add a new partition #添加一个分区
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table #显示该磁盘下的当前分区信息
q quit without saving changes #不保存退出
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit #保存退出
x extra functionality (experts only)
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知道命令之后就可以进行分区了
Command (m for help): p //打印分区信息,可以看到当前并没有分区
Disk /dev/sdc: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x45a3cadb
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
Command (m for help): n //创建一个新的分区
Command action
e extended//输入e为创建扩展分区
p primary partition (1-4) //输入p为创建逻辑分区
p
Partition number (1-4): 1//划分逻辑分区
First cylinder (1-2610, default 1): //我这里直接回车,是不想把该磁盘分成多个分区,把整个磁盘作为1个分区
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-2610, default 2610):
Using default value 2610
Command (m for help): p //再次查看可以看到该磁盘已经有1个分区了
Disk /dev/sdc: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x45a3cadb
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdc1 1 2610 20964793+ 83 Linux
Command (m for help): w //保存分区
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
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再次使用”fdisk -l”命令查看磁盘信息
Disk /dev/sdc: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x406a4c58
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdc1 1 2610 20964793+ 83 Linux
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第三块磁盘/dev/sdc已经分区好了
五、格式化分区
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdc1
//将/dev/sdc1格式化为ext3类型,好像大部分的磁盘都是格式化为ext3类型,具体为什么没有深入研究,暂时不清楚,想了解的朋友可以自己查一下
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[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdc1
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
文件系统标签=
*** 作系统:Linux
块大小=4096 (log=2)
分块大小=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
1310720 inodes, 5241198 blocks
262059 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
第一个数据块=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296
160 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000
正在写入inode表: 完成
Creating journal (32768 blocks): 完成
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 31 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
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格式化完毕,此时就可以使用“mount”命令挂载分区了,然后使用这个磁盘空间了
六、挂载分区以及开机自动挂载
[root@localhost ~]# df -h //此时只有sda1和sdb1两个磁盘挂载
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root 18G 15G 1.5G 92% /
tmpfs 932M 76K 932M 1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 485M 40M 421M 9% /boot
/dev/sdb1 20G 1.2G 18G 7% /disk/diskone
/dev/sr0 4.2G 4.2G 0 100% /media/CentOS_6.5_Final
[root@localhost /]# cd /disk/
[root@localhost disk]# ll
总用量 4
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 4096 7月 28 17:04 diskone
[root@localhost disk]# cd diskone/
[root@localhost diskone]# ll
总用量 20
drwx------. 2 root root 16384 7月 28 16:12 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 7月 28 17:09 software
[root@localhost diskone]# cd ../
[root@localhost disk]# mkdir disktwo //创建被挂载的路径
[root@localhost disk]# ll
总用量 8
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 4096 7月 28 17:04 diskone
drwxr-xr-x. 2 r
1、1、关机状态下将硬盘装在电脑上,重启电脑,后查看/dev/ 下有没多了一块硬盘。
2、2、用fdisk对这块硬盘分区fdisk /dev/sdb(sdb代指新硬盘盘符,有可能是别的)
3、3、按下m显示分区命令菜单,可以用m命令来看fdisk命令的内部命令;n命令创建一个新分区;d命令删除一个存在的分区;p命令显示分区列表;t命令修改分区的类型ID号;l命令显示分区ID号的列表;a命令指定启动分区;w命令是将对分区表的修改存盘让它发生作用。
4、我们这里是创建新分区,所以输入 n 然后 e 是扩展分区,p 是主分区,我们输入 p
5、接下来的块数什么的,都输入 1 ,最后选择大小,Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-60801, default 60801): +500GB //我们输入这个意思是分区大小为500G
6、最后输入 w 保存。
LVM将一个或多个硬盘的分区在逻辑上集合,相当于一个大硬盘来使用,当硬盘的空间不够使用的时候,可以继续将 其它 的硬盘的分区加入其中,这样可以实现磁盘空间的动态管理,相对于普通的磁盘分区有很大的灵活性。那么你知道linux系统硬盘怎么格式化吗?我带来了linux系统硬盘格式化的具 体 *** 作过程,下面大家跟着我一起来学习一下吧。
linux系统硬盘怎么格式化
分区与格式化
先用fdisk分区,分区完成后再用mkfs格式化并创建文件系统,挂载,磁盘就能使用啦。
分区的原理:
MBR:主引导扇区
主分区表:64bytes,最多只能分四个主分区,每个主分区的记录(相关信息,比如分区大小,位置)在主分区表里占14bytes。
如果要建多于四个的分区,就要拿出一个主分区做为扩展分区,再在扩展分区里面进行其它的分区 *** 作。在 建扩展分区的时候会建立一张对应的扩展分区表,它记录了在这个扩展分区里的分区的相关信息理论上它没有分区数量的限制,在扩展分区内部的分区叫做逻辑分区,如上图中的 /dev/hda5,/dev/hda6/,/dev/hda7
格式化原理:
在分好区后,分区里面是空的,没有任何东西。为了能让OS识别,就必须要向分区里写入相应格式的数据。比如windows的FAT32,NTFSLinux的ext2,ext3,ext4(目前ext3格式的用的比较多,ext4还在实验之中,在新的Fedora上使用的就是ext4的文件系统)。
Windows/dos常用的分区工具:fdisk/partition magic/diskpart
Linux下常用的分区工具:
fdisk/sfdisk:命令行工具,各种版本和环境都能使用,包含在软件包util-linux中
diskdruid:图形化分区工具,只能在安装REDHAT系统时使用。
下面我们开始实验:
环境/工具:Fedora 14/256M内存卡fdisk
第一步:fdisk
[root@novice ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb
Disk /dev/sdb: 254 MB, 254017536 bytes
8 heads, 61 sectors/track, 1016 cylinders, total 496128 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
[root@novice ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Command (m for help): #在输入上面的命令后会出现左边的提示,输入m就会得到一个帮助菜单,如下:
Command (m for help): m
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
#help虽然是英文的,可都很简单,在这里不再解释。
#现在,我们正式开始分区的 *** 作:
Command (m for help): n #新建分区
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
#e/p分别对应扩展分区 /主分区我们先分四个主分区,每个50M然后再来增加主分区或扩展分区,看会出现怎样的状况,嘿嘿。
p #分区类型为主分区
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1 #分区号,在这里我们依次选择1、2、3、4
First sector (2048-496127, default 2048): #指定分区的起始扇区,一般默认,按enter键即可。
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-496127, default 496127): +50M #指定分区的终止扇区,根据前面的提示我们可以做出相应的选择+sectors 或 +size{K,M,G}
Command (m for help): p #用p打印出已建好的分区列表
Disk /dev/sdb: 254 MB, 254017536 bytes
8 heads, 61 sectors/track, 1016 cylinders, total 496128 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 104447 51200 83 Linux
#剩下的三个分区的建立 *** 作同上
#分好四个主分区后的情况如下
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 254 MB, 254017536 bytes
8 heads, 61 sectors/track, 1016 cylinders, total 496128 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 104447 51200 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 104448 206847 51200 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 206848 309247 51200 83 Linux
/dev/sdb4 309248 309298 25+ 83 Linux
#已经建好四个主分区啦,现在我们来看看如果再建主分区或是扩展分区的话会出现怎样的情况:
Command (m for help): n
You must delete some partition and add an extended partition first
#看到了吧,不能再建分区啦!要再建分区的话必须删除some分区,再新建一个扩展分区才行。
#现在,我们删掉一个主分区,来新建扩展分区
Command (m for help): d #删除分区
Partition number (1-4): 4 #选择要删除分区的分区号,我们选第四个
Command (m for help): p #打印,如下,四个分区变成了三个!
Disk /dev/sdb: 254 MB, 254017536 bytes
8 heads, 61 sectors/track, 1016 cylinders, total 496128 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 104447 51200 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 104448 206847 51200 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 206848 309247 51200 83 Linux
#新建一个扩展分区
#如果在没有建满三个主分的区的情况下建立扩展分区,相关选项会有些不同。
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
e
Selected partition 4
First sector (309248-496127, default 309248): #enter,默认
Using default value 309248
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (309248-496127, default 496127): #enter,默认,使用剩余空间
Using default value 496127
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 254 MB, 254017536 bytes
8 heads, 61 sectors/track, 1016 cylinders, total 496128 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 104447 51200 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 104448 206847 51200 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 206848 309247 51200 83 Linux
/dev/sdb4 309248 496127 93440 5 Extended
#接下来,我们在新建的扩展分区里再新建两个逻辑分区,因为已经有了三个主分区,这里不会再显示是建立逻辑分区还是主分区的提示!
Command (m for help): n
First sector (311296-496127, default 311296): #enter
Using default value 311296
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (311296-496127, default 496127): +50M
Command (m for help): n
First sector (415744-496127, default 415744): #enter
Using default value 415744
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (415744-496127, default 496127): #enter
Using default value 496127
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 254 MB, 254017536 bytes
8 heads, 61 sectors/track, 1016 cylinders, total 496128 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 104447 51200 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 104448 206847 51200 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 206848 309247 51200 83 Linux
/dev/sdb4 309248 496127 93440 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 311296 413695 51200 83 Linux
/dev/sdb6 415744 496127 40192 83 Linux
#上面的列表,就是我们今天分区的成果啦!接下来保存退出,重启计算机,就可以进行下一步的mkfs *** 作啦!如果忘记了相关的 *** 作命令,记得按m!!!
Command (m for help): w #保存
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
另:在建好分区后,我们还可以更改相关分区的文件系统类型
#如,我们要把第二个主分区改成Linux下的交换分区, *** 作如下
Command (m for help): t #更改文件系统类型
Partition number (1-6): 2 #选择第二个分区
Hex code (type L to list codes): L #选择要更改的文件系统编码,可以按L来查看相关编码信息。
0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris
1 FAT12 39 Plan 9 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
2 XENIX root 3c PartitionMagic 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
3 XENIX usr 40 Venix 80286 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
............
16 Hidden FAT16 64 Novell Netware af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS
17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 65 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE
18 AST SmartSleep 70 DiskSecure Mult b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto
1b Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep
1c Hidden W95 FAT3 80 Old Minix be Solaris boot ff BBT
1e Hidden W95 FAT1
Hex code (type L to list codes): 82 #查找到linux swap的编码为82
Changed system type of partition 2 to 82 (Linux swap / Solaris)
Command (m for help): p
..............
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 104447 51200 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 104448 206847 51200 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sdb3 206848 309247 51200 83 Linux
/dev/sdb4 309248 496127 93440 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 311296 413695 51200 83 Linux
/dev/sdb6 415744 496127 40192 83 Linux
#最后别忘了保存!如果你须要的话!
#扩展分区不能直接使用,逻辑分区只能建立在扩展分区上!
第二步:mkfs(mkfs时分区的格式最好与fdisk设定的分区格式一致,不然.......)
mkfs支持ext2 ext3 vfa msdos jfs reiserfs等文件系统。
用法1:mkfs -t
例: mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb2
用法2:mkfs.
例:mkfs,vfat /dev/sdb3
mke2fs支持ext2/ext3文件系统
用法:mke2fs [-j]
例:mke2fs -j /dev/sdb5
# 更多更具体的用法请参照相关命令的man手册
下面,接着实验:
例一
[root@novice ~]# mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
12824 inodes, 51200 blocks
2560 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=1
Maximum filesystem blocks=52428800
7 block groups
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
1832 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
8193, 24577, 40961
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 34 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
例二:
[root@novice ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-6): 6
Hex code (type L to list codes): L
0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris
1 FAT12 39 Plan 9 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
2 XENIX root 3c PartitionMagic 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
3 XENIX usr 40 Venix 80286 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
4 FAT16 <32M 41 PPC PReP Boot 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx
5 Extended 42 SFS 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data
6 FAT16 4d QNX4.x 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .
7 HPFS/NTFS 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility
.........
Hex code (type L to list codes): 7
Changed system type of partition 6 to 7 (HPFS/NTFS)
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 254 MB, 254017536 bytes
8 heads, 61 sectors/track, 1016 cylinders, total 496128 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 104447 51200 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 104448 206847 51200 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sdb3 206848 309247 51200 83 Linux
/dev/sdb4 309248 496127 93440 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 311296 413695 51200 83 Linux
/dev/sdb6 415744 496127 40192 7 HPFS/NTFS
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@novice ~]# mkfs.ntfs /dev/sdb6
Cluster size has been automatically set to 4096 bytes.
Initializing device with zeroes: 100% - Done.
Creating NTFS volume structures.
mkntfs completed successfully. Have a nice day.
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