初期做这个,左右摇摆是必然的。 因为其本身的循迹方式就是开关式的! 传感器的得到的信息只有两种要么在左边,要么在右边。具体的不知道小车在线的左边多少,右边多少,导致不能让小车拐大弯与拐小弯,只能让车拐。就导致了其左右的摇摆。
如果想不让其摇摆,可以加成一排红外管,虽然不能像摄像头或者ccd得到连续的信息。但是可以进行相对的转向细分。 知道是大偏差还是小偏差。使之连续路线。当然这个跟机械的红外的间隔等等都有关系。
延时效果,我认为我不加延时为好,本来就有可能丢线呢,还加延时。 延时可能是为了拐固定的角度,比如90度 180度,利用延时可以粗略的控制。
我也是初次做小车
上面的是我做玩后的一些见解
你这个可以这样
你的小车每到一个分岔口(“T”或者“十”型路口)就随机选择一个寻迹方向(路线),并且把第一个寻迹值保存起来(就是记住这次小车是往哪里走的,防止下次走重复的路)。
小车走下去会有2种情况:
1,小车此次走的路线正确 继续前走,值到下一个路口
2,小车走了一段路后没路了,又分为2种情况:
(1),小车走错路了,得退回去,这时候小车可以后退寻迹,直到返回分岔口,再重复上面过程(注意,此时小车选择路线时要和前面保存起来的值进行对比,不可以再走小车前面走过的错路了,并且还得把这次跑的方向保存,下面小车如果在这个点在此返回了,小车选择路线时就要排除上面2次的路线了,以此类推)
(2),小车到终点了,我看了你们的跑道情况,终点前面有2个断点,可以利用这个区分小车是到了终点还是跑错路了
程序可能有点复杂,祝你们成功
这是一个超声波避障小车的源程序,可以参考下,用的89C52单片机,舵机控制转角避障。
#include<AT89x51H>
#include <intrinsh>
#define Sevro_moto_pwm P2_7 //接舵机信号端输入PWM信号调节速度
#define ECHO P2_4 //超声波接口定义
#define TRIG P2_5 //超声波接口定义
#define Left_moto_go {P1_0=1,P1_1=0,P1_2=1,P1_3=0;} //左边两个电机向前走
#define Left_moto_back {P1_0=0,P1_1=1,P1_2=0,P1_3=1;} //左边两个电机向后转
#define Left_moto_Stop {P1_0=0,P1_1=0,P1_2=0,P1_3=0;} //左边两个电机停转
#define Right_moto_go {P1_4=1,P1_5=0,P1_6=1,P1_7=0;} //右边两个电机向前走
#define Right_moto_back {P1_4=0,P1_5=1,P1_6=0,P1_7=1;} //右边两个电机向前走
#define Right_moto_Stop {P1_4=0,P1_5=0,P1_6=0,P1_7=0;} //右边两个电机停转
unsigned char const discode[] ={ 0xC0,0xF9,0xA4,0xB0,0x99,0x92,0x82,0xF8,0x80,0x90,0xBF,0xff/-/};
unsigned char const positon[3]={ 0xfe,0xfd,0xfb};
unsigned char disbuff[4] ={ 0,0,0,0,};
unsigned char posit=0;
unsigned char pwm_val_left = 0;//变量定义
unsigned char push_val_left =14;//舵机归中,产生约,15MS 信号
unsigned long S=0;
unsigned long S1=0;
unsigned long S2=0;
unsigned long S3=0;
unsigned long S4=0;
unsigned int time=0; //时间变量
unsigned int timer=0; //延时基准变量
unsigned char timer1=0; //扫描时间变量
//
void delay(unsigned int k) //延时函数
{
unsigned int x,y;
for(x=0;x<k;x++)
for(y=0;y<2000;y++);
}
//
void Display(void) //扫描数码管
{
if(posit==0)
{P0=(discode[disbuff[posit]])&0x7f;}//产生点
else
{P0=discode[disbuff[posit]];} if(posit==0)
{ P2_1=0;P2_2=1;P2_3=1;}
if(posit==1)
{P2_1=1;P2_2=0;P2_3=1;}
if(posit==2)
{P2_1=1;P2_2=1;P2_3=0;}
if(++posit>=3)
posit=0;
}
//
void StartModule() //启动测距信号
{
TRIG=1;
_nop_();
_nop_();
_nop_();
_nop_();
_nop_();
_nop_();
_nop_();
_nop_();
_nop_();
_nop_();
_nop_();
_nop_();
_nop_();
_nop_();
_nop_();
_nop_();
_nop_();
_nop_();
_nop_();
_nop_();
_nop_();
TRIG=0;
}
//
void Conut(void) //计算距离
{
while(!ECHO); //当RX为零时等待
TR0=1; //开启计数
while(ECHO); //当RX为1计数并等待
TR0=0; //关闭计数
time=TH0256+TL0; //读取脉宽长度
TH0=0;
TL0=0;
S=(time17)/100; //算出来是CM
disbuff[0]=S%1000/100; //更新显示
disbuff[1]=S%1000%100/10;
disbuff[2]=S%1000%10 %10;
}
//
//前速前进
void run(void)
{
Left_moto_go ; //左电机往前走
Right_moto_go ; //右电机往前走
}
//
//前速后退
void backrun(void)
{
Left_moto_back ; //左电机往前走
Right_moto_back ; //右电机往前走
}
//
//左转
void leftrun(void)
{
Left_moto_back ; //左电机往前走
Right_moto_go ; //右电机往前走
}
//
//右转
void rightrun(void)
{
Left_moto_go ; //左电机往前走
Right_moto_back ; //右电机往前走
}
//
//STOP
void stoprun(void)
{
Left_moto_Stop ; //左电机停走
Right_moto_Stop ; //右电机停走
}
//
void COMM( void )
{
push_val_left=5; //舵机向左转90度
timer=0;
while(timer<=4000); //延时400MS让舵机转到其位置
StartModule(); //启动超声波测距
Conut(); //计算距离
S2=S;
push_val_left=23; //舵机向右转90度
timer=0;
while(timer<=4000); //延时400MS让舵机转到其位置
StartModule(); //启动超声波测距
Conut(); //计算距离
S4=S;
push_val_left=14; //舵机归中
timer=0;
while(timer<=4000); //延时400MS让舵机转到其位置 StartModule(); //启动超声波测距
Conut(); //计算距离
S1=S; if((S2<20)||(S4<20)) //只要左右各有距离小于20CM小车后退
{
backrun(); //后退
timer=0;
while(timer<=4000);
}
if(S2>S4)
{
rightrun(); //车的左边比车的右边距离小 右转
timer=0;
while(timer<=4000);
}
else
{
leftrun(); //车的左边比车的右边距离大 左转
timer=0;
while(timer<=4000);
}
} //
/ PWM调制电机转速 /
//
/ 左电机调速 /
/调节push_val_left的值改变电机转速,占空比 /
void pwm_Servomoto(void)
{
if(pwm_val_left<=push_val_left)
Sevro_moto_pwm=1;
else
Sevro_moto_pwm=0;
if(pwm_val_left>=200)
pwm_val_left=0;
}
//
///TIMER1中断服务子函数产生PWM信号/
void time1()interrupt 3 using 2
{
TH1=(65536-100)/256; //100US定时
TL1=(65536-100)%256;
timer++; //定时器100US为准。在这个基础上延时
pwm_val_left++;
pwm_Servomoto(); timer1++; //2MS扫一次数码管
if(timer1>=20)
{
timer1=0;
Display();
}
}
//
///TIMER0中断服务子函数产生PWM信号/
void timer0()interrupt 1 using 0
{
} // void main(void)
{ TMOD=0X11;
TH1=(65536-100)/256; //100US定时
TL1=(65536-100)%256;
TH0=0;
TL0=0;
TR1= 1;
ET1= 1;
ET0= 1;
EA = 1; delay(100);
push_val_left=14; //舵机归中
while(1) /无限循环/
{ if(timer>=1000) //100MS检测启动检测一次
{
timer=0;
StartModule(); //启动检测
Conut(); //计算距离
if(S<30) //距离小于20CM
{
stoprun(); //小车停止
COMM(); //方向函数
}
else
if(S>30) //距离大于,30CM往前走
run();
}
}
}
//
下面是头文件:
头文件(一)
/--------------------------------------------------------------------------
AT89X51H Header file for the low voltage Flash Atmel AT89C51 and AT89LV51
Copyright (c) 1988-2002 Keil Elektronik GmbH and Keil Software, Inc
All rights reserved
--------------------------------------------------------------------------/
#ifndef __AT89X51_H__
#define __AT89X51_H__
/------------------------------------------------
Byte Registers
------------------------------------------------/
sfr P0 = 0x80;
sfr SP = 0x81;
sfr DPL = 0x82;
sfr DPH = 0x83;
sfr PCON = 0x87;
sfr TCON = 0x88;
sfr TMOD = 0x89;
sfr TL0 = 0x8A;
sfr TL1 = 0x8B;
sfr TH0 = 0x8C;
sfr TH1 = 0x8D;
sfr P1 = 0x90;
sfr SCON = 0x98;
sfr SBUF = 0x99;
sfr P2 = 0xA0;
sfr IE = 0xA8;
sfr P3 = 0xB0;
sfr IP = 0xB8;
sfr PSW = 0xD0;
sfr ACC = 0xE0;
sfr B = 0xF0;
/------------------------------------------------
P0 Bit Registers
------------------------------------------------/
sbit P0_0 = 0x80;
sbit P0_1 = 0x81;
sbit P0_2 = 0x82;
sbit P0_3 = 0x83;
sbit P0_4 = 0x84;
sbit P0_5 = 0x85;
sbit P0_6 = 0x86;
sbit P0_7 = 0x87;
/------------------------------------------------
PCON Bit Values
------------------------------------------------/
#define IDL_ 0x01
#define STOP_ 0x02
#define PD_ 0x02 / Alternate definition /
#define GF0_ 0x04
#define GF1_ 0x08 #define SMOD_ 0x80 /
------------------------------------------------
TCON Bit Registers
------------------------------------------------/
sbit IT0 = 0x88;
sbit IE0 = 0x89;
sbit IT1 = 0x8A;
sbit IE1 = 0x8B;
sbit TR0 = 0x8C;
sbit TF0 = 0x8D;
sbit TR1 = 0x8E;
sbit TF1 = 0x8F;
/------------------------------------------------
TMOD Bit Values
------------------------------------------------/
#define T0_M0_ 0x01
#define T0_M1_ 0x02
#define T0_CT_ 0x04
#define T0_GATE_ 0x08
#define T1_M0_ 0x10
#define T1_M1_ 0x20
#define T1_CT_ 0x40
#define T1_GATE_ 0x80
#define T1_MASK_ 0xF0
#define T0_MASK_ 0x0F
/------------------------------------------------
P1 Bit Registers
------------------------------------------------/
sbit P1_0 = 0x90;
sbit P1_1 = 0x91;
sbit P1_2 = 0x92;
sbit P1_3 = 0x93;
sbit P1_4 = 0x94;
sbit P1_5 = 0x95;
sbit P1_6 = 0x96;
sbit P1_7 = 0x97; /
------------------------------------------------
SCON Bit Registers
------------------------------------------------/
sbit RI = 0x98;
sbit TI = 0x99;
sbit RB8 = 0x9A;
sbit TB8 = 0x9B;
sbit REN = 0x9C;
sbit SM2 = 0x9D;
sbit SM1 = 0x9E;
sbit SM0 = 0x9F;
/------------------------------------------------
P2 Bit Registers
------------------------------------------------/
sbit P2_0 = 0xA0;
sbit P2_1 = 0xA1;
sbit P2_2 = 0xA2;
sbit P2_3 = 0xA3;
sbit P2_4 = 0xA4;
sbit P2_5 = 0xA5;
sbit P2_6 = 0xA6;
sbit P2_7 = 0xA7;
/------------------------------------------------
IE Bit Registers
------------------------------------------------/
sbit EX0 = 0xA8; / 1=Enable External interrupt 0 /
sbit ET0 = 0xA9; / 1=Enable Timer 0 interrupt /
sbit EX1 = 0xAA; / 1=Enable External interrupt 1 /
sbit ET1 = 0xAB; / 1=Enable Timer 1 interrupt /
sbit ES = 0xAC; / 1=Enable Serial port interrupt /
sbit ET2 = 0xAD; / 1=Enable Timer 2 interrupt / sbit EA = 0xAF; / 0=Disable all interrupts /
/------------------------------------------------
P3 Bit Registers (Mnemonics & Ports)
------------------------------------------------/
sbit P3_0 = 0xB0;
sbit P3_1 = 0xB1;
sbit P3_2 = 0xB2;
sbit P3_3 = 0xB3;
sbit P3_4 = 0xB4;
sbit P3_5 = 0xB5;
sbit P3_6 = 0xB6;
sbit P3_7 = 0xB7; sbit RXD = 0xB0; / Serial data input /
sbit TXD = 0xB1; / Serial data output /
sbit INT0 = 0xB2; / External interrupt 0 /
sbit INT1 = 0xB3; / External interrupt 1 /
sbit T0 = 0xB4; / Timer 0 external input /
sbit T1 = 0xB5; / Timer 1 external input /
sbit WR = 0xB6; / External data memory write strobe /
sbit RD = 0xB7; / External data memory read strobe /
/------------------------------------------------
IP Bit Registers
------------------------------------------------/
sbit PX0 = 0xB8;
sbit PT0 = 0xB9;
sbit PX1 = 0xBA;
sbit PT1 = 0xBB;
sbit PS = 0xBC;
sbit PT2 = 0xBD;
/------------------------------------------------
PSW Bit Registers
------------------------------------------------/
sbit P = 0xD0;
sbit FL = 0xD1;
sbit OV = 0xD2;
sbit RS0 = 0xD3;
sbit RS1 = 0xD4;
sbit F0 = 0xD5;
sbit AC = 0xD6;
sbit CY = 0xD7;
/------------------------------------------------
Interrupt Vectors:
Interrupt Address = (Number 8) + 3
------------------------------------------------/
#define IE0_VECTOR 0 / 0x03 External Interrupt 0 /
#define TF0_VECTOR 1 / 0x0B Timer 0 /
#define IE1_VECTOR 2 / 0x13 External Interrupt 1 /
#define TF1_VECTOR 3 / 0x1B Timer 1 /
#define SIO_VECTOR 4 / 0x23 Serial port / #endif
头文件(二)
/--------------------------------------------------------------------------
INTRINSH Intrinsic functions for C51
Copyright (c) 1988-2002 Keil Elektronik GmbH and Keil Software, Inc
All rights reserved
--------------------------------------------------------------------------/
#ifndef __INTRINS_H__
#define __INTRINS_H__ extern void _nop_ (void);
extern bit _testbit_ (bit);
extern unsigned char _cror_ (unsigned char, unsigned char);
extern unsigned int _iror_ (unsigned int, unsigned char);
extern unsigned long _lror_ (unsigned long, unsigned char);
extern unsigned char _crol_ (unsigned char, unsigned char);
extern unsigned int _irol_ (unsigned int, unsigned char);
extern unsigned long _lrol_ (unsigned long, unsigned char);
extern unsigned char _chkfloat_(float); #endif
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