surnames

surnames Surname和Given name是什么意思啊关于英语中的first name和surnamecognomesurnames是什么意思

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authors'surnames是什么意思古代皇帝后宫有那么多妃嫔，每换一个皇帝就会换一次后宫吗，有何依据？

古代帝王都拥有至高的权利，后宫佳丽三千，不一定人人可宠信，所以那些宠妃也是有特别之处，才能在后宫如云的美女中安稳到老。

这些佳丽们，或有盛宠的，诞下皇子，就算有了后半辈子的依靠，即使老皇退位或者驾崩，也算是有了指望。

特别是新皇登基之后，一些无宠无子的嫔妃或者殉葬了，或者就打入冷宫了。

新皇登基后，怎么处理这些父皇留下的妃子，美人呢？各个时代不一样，拿先秦以前，和秦汉之后做对比，每个朝代都是不一样的，在夏商周那样的时代，所有妃子可能就一条路可走了，那就是殉葬，除非皇后那种地位尊崇的，以及那些诞下子嗣的，可能会和儿子出去生活，算是得到善终，所以现在看那些电视剧，妃子争宠生娃，原来不一定非要有勃勃野心，她们完全是为了以后有一个依靠，可以在无情的世界，苟且的活着。

所以先秦时代的嫔妃的命运还是很悲惨的，她们活着的目的就是取悦君王，连死都和君王的命运牢牢的捆绑在一起。

到了汉朝，这种制度稍微好了一点，后宫有儿子的就与儿子去封地，安享晚年，远离那些是是非非，没事教导儿子，带带孙子，总之含饴弄孙，日子过得很是滋润。

汉高祖刘邦死后，他的嫔妃薄姬就与儿子代王刘恒去了封地，远离了吕后的雷霆打击，结果就是这样，还享了后福，儿子还做了皇帝。

那些无子女的嫔妃就在宫中养老，虽然没有皇帝的宠爱，也算是衣食无忧，但是那样的日子，枯萎到死，又有何快乐而言。

这里不得不提一下汉文帝刘恒，他就曾经下诏把那些先帝的嫔妃放还回家给予自由，但是不是所有的皇帝都会那么仁慈啊，所以先帝嫔妃怎么处理，完全取决你遇到一个什么新皇。

隋唐之后，太子即位，年轻貌美的就被继续收入后宫，年长色衰的就被打入了冷宫。

一部分就去了寺庙里面，青灯古佛了此残生，大家所熟悉的武则天，不就曾经去了感业寺吗？后来又被李治接回来。

总之出处理先皇妃子的手段各有不同，就看你的人生造化了，完全凭借天意。

明朝的时候，朱元璋就残忍了很多，他重新让妃子殉葬，据说他还亲自挑选了四十个嫔妃为自己陪葬，他儿子朱棣更加变本加厉，因为他是造反成功的，为了堵住悠悠众口，他把所有的妃子，太监全部杀掉。

满清入关后，先皇的妃子地位较高的，就得到赡养，那些无宠的嫔妃也可以随着太后生活在寿康宫里，和太后一起颐养天年。

当然有那些年轻貌美的，皇帝还是会纳入后宫，毕竟皇帝的妃子太多了，先皇也是宠信不过来的，不过怎么说，也比陪葬，守坟强了很多。

古代帝王富有天下，觉得自己死后，还想尊享生前一切，所以就会让妃子陪葬，所谓一朝天子一朝臣，古代那些后妃的命运也不是现在影视剧里看到的那么光鲜。

并不会换。

但是先皇的嫔妃必须要给新皇帝的嫔妃腾地方是真的。

某种意义上，皇宫和一些贵族家庭也差不多，假如《红楼梦》中贾政老了过世了，贾宝玉开始当家，贾政的妻子王夫人安心荣养，贾宝玉的妻子开始掌握家族内部事务，同时贾宝玉身边的丫鬟，比如袭人、晴雯等很快就成为家族中最有影响力的管事的，但贾宝玉绝不会把家里所有的丫鬟们全换掉，不会把这些丫鬟们赶出家门让她们自生自灭，也不可能把贾政的妾侍赵姨娘、周姨娘等赶出家门让她们回自己娘家去，或者让她们流落街头、自生自灭，甚至改嫁他人（当然，如果赵姨娘的儿子贾环分家另过的话，赵姨娘原则上是可以到贾环家去养老的）——贾家丢不起这个人，更不会这样无情无义。

皇宫中也是一个道理，对于先皇帝的后宫宫女、嫔妃等来说，皇宫就是他们的家，宫女或许还能找自己父母家，或者出宫嫁人，但是嫔妃属于出嫁到皇家的，不可能将其逐出皇宫，更不可能让他们流落街头——皇室更丢不起这个人。

有些皇帝在即位之前就已经大婚，有了太子妃或者王妃，当然也有侧妃，有些皇帝在即位之后才开始大婚，原来没有太子妃或侧妃。

但是身边肯定早就有了一堆贴身丫鬟。

这些丫鬟在新皇帝即位之后就鸡犬升天，很快就有可能成为皇宫中掌权的女官。

绝大部分宫女都各安其位，不会被撤换，少部分因为失宠或得宠可能会被调整岗位。

失宠的可能会被发配到皇家陵寝为先皇守墓、到皇家园林等冷衙门去坐冷板凳。

有些时代会允许大龄宫女出宫回家，再招一批年轻的进来，但这个和皇位更迭没有必然的联系。

至于先皇的嫔妃，处置各不相同。

太后当然不用说，包括先皇的皇后、今上的亲生母亲，那都是当成老祖宗来供奉的。

明清时期原则上皇后住在坤宁宫，皇位更迭时，原来的皇后变成了皇太后，习惯上就要去慈宁宫、寿宁宫等居住，把坤宁宫腾给新皇后。

高等妃子，比如贵妃，一般也是奉养在宫中，虽然不能和太后一样尊贵，但是该有的尊崇也不会少。

比如康熙贵妃佟佳氏，雍正时期尊为皇考皇贵妃、乾隆将其尊为皇祖寿祺皇贵太妃，去世后还上谥号悫惠皇贵妃，可以说奉养的相当到位。

当然，这些先皇嫔妃地位再高，也必须为新皇帝嫔妃腾地方。

明清紫禁城的西北角有专门为先皇妃嫔修建的宫殿群，包括慈宁宫、寿康宫、寿安宫、英华殿、慈宁花园等。

继任帝一般会为先皇之妃加封号而奉养其中。

慈宁宫就是有名的太后宫寝，明朝万历时的慈圣李太后、明熹宗的皇贵妃、清朝孝庄太后、乾隆生母都先后在这里居住过。

寿康宫，乾隆时期孝圣宪皇后、嘉庆朝颖贵太妃（颖贵妃）、道光朝的孝和睿太后（孝和睿皇后）、咸丰朝康慈皇太后（孝静成皇后）、同治光绪朝丽皇贵太妃（咸丰丽妃）都曾在此颐养天年，慈禧太后晚年也曾在此小住。

由此也可见，新皇即位后，先皇的皇后、皇贵妃、皇妃等等高等嫔妃，都居住在紫禁城里，并没有离开。

有子嗣的，尤其是儿子还封王封郡王的，可以求恩典到儿子王府中当老祖宗享福。

据说乾隆的亲弟弟和亲王弘昼就把母亲（雍正帝妃子耿氏）迎接到王府上奉养到老。

就算不去，新皇帝看在亲王郡王面子上，也会对这种嫔妃高看一眼。

康熙有一位密嫔王氏，入宫后，连生3子，因为她是汉人，康熙给她的位分一直不高，康熙在世时仅封她为密嫔，按照康熙留下的手谕，有儿子的嫔妃在他死后，可以出宫跟随儿子生活，但是年轻的嫔妃为了避嫌，即便是有儿子也不能随意出宫。

密嫔王氏就因为过于年轻而没有出宫，一直和另一个太妃，勤太妃陈氏一起居住在宁寿宫。

（乾隆退位当了太上皇后，也居住在宁寿宫）但这个密嫔王氏却生了一个好儿子，即皇十六子胤禄。

胤禄被视为是雍正的铁杆，所以雍正对胤禄很信任，进而对他的生母王氏也表示尊崇。

雍正继位后，尊王氏为皇考密妃，乾隆继位后，尊王氏为皇祖顺懿太妃。

到了乾隆年间，密太妃儿子庄亲王胤禄和勤太妃陈氏的儿子果亲王允礼曾几次请求迎自己的母亲到府上孝敬，都被乾隆拒绝了。

当时胤禄和允礼给出的理由是宁寿宫是皇太后居住的地方，她们的身份不应该居住在那里，所以请求接到府上尽孝。

但是乾隆都拒绝了，乾隆觉得后宫已经没有这么大年纪的太妃，她们住在那里，乾隆好尽孙子的孝心。

当然，有好的就有坏的——《康熙微服私访》里，康熙出巡总是带着一个宜妃，这个宜妃在历史上真有其人，即宜妃郭络罗氏，她是九阿哥胤禟的生母，九阿哥胤禟又是雍正的政敌，所以雍正即位后连“太妃”的名义都不给，处处打压，可以说郭络罗氏过得是相当郁闷的。

有女儿，且女儿没有被和亲出去的，也可以考虑到驸马府上养老——不过，好像只有同治皇帝的瑜妃，在冯玉祥驱逐清朝皇室出故宫之后，被迫搬到了荣寿公主府上居住，其他还没有找到相关资料。

毕竟驸马也属于外姓人，一般皇家是不会让驸马来奉养丈母娘的，皇家丢不起那人。

无儿无女的皇太妃，会继续住在宫中或皇家别院中，继续小心侍候皇太后，顺便养老。

无儿无女低等级的先皇嫔妃，比如贵人、答应、官女子，他们的待遇就差很多了。

按照明清皇宫的规矩，一般到了妃一级，才有自己独立的宫殿，嫔只能和妃住在一起，妃住正房，嫔住厢房，而贵人、答应、官女子基本上只能和宫女挤一块了。

先皇去世后，这些低等嫔妃肯定无法得到“太妃”的封号，新皇帝的孝心也不会普及到她们，她们只能和先皇的妃子们一起去新宫殿居住，继续侍奉嫔妃的生活。

有些人可能会被发送到诸如热河行宫之类的地方去，还有些被发往先皇陵墓为之守陵。

明清时期先皇嫔妃所居宫殿本身就建有佛堂，一般不再单独让这些嫔妃出家。

原则上先皇嫔妃和新皇帝不再见面，除非两人年纪很大，不需要再避嫌。

如果国家昌盛，皇家不在乎那点钱，新皇帝对于先皇嫔妃还是比较照顾的，养老不是问题，譬如康熙的妃嫔极多，其中不少一直活到乾隆时代，有的甚至活到九十七岁，乾隆时陆续病薨的老太妃有记载的便达十二人。

如果国事蜩螗，有时候皇室就顾不上这些先朝嫔妃，致使她们生活落魄也是有的。

比如八国联军侵入北京之时，慈禧太后带着光绪跑路，就把同治皇帝的所有遗妾，包括地位较高的惠妃、珣妃等都丢在了北京城，任其自生自灭，可以说做得非常绝。

据说光绪年间，还有一些低等嫔妃，皇家连生活费都给不足，只好自己做点手工，比如鞋垫什么的，然后让太监到街上买钱以补贴用度。

————————————多说几句。

我们不要想当然地以为所有的宫女都愿意出宫回家。

站在一个普通宫女的角度来说，有时候回家并不是一个好的选择。

家里比较富裕、地位比较高的宫女，多是愿意回家的。

对于比较穷的人家来说，女儿回家干什么呢？回家之后恐怕饭都吃不饱，一样干活。

虽说能嫁人了，但是婚后得伺候丈夫和公婆，还可能挨打受骂。

算起来，穷人家闺女还真不如留在皇宫里。

虽然皇宫里规矩大、有些主子难伺候一点，虽然不能嫁人、没法生子，没法见到父母亲人，但是起码一辈子衣食无忧。

这个得失，还是需要好好权衡一下的。

更何况，在皇宫里还是有点盼头的，伺候某个主子时间长了，有点香火情，在宫里的日子就没那么难过了，如果某一天走了狗屎运，被皇上推到，甚至于诞下龙子龙孙，那日子就更不敢想了。

明清时期，多少男人为了混口饭吃，宁愿冒着巨大的风险先自宫，也要争取一个入宫的名额，清末遣散太监的时候，不少太监沦落街头成为乞丐——在古代社会，穷人家为了吃饭，是什么事情都能做出来的。

《红楼梦》里的袭人是有哥哥和母亲的，她的哥哥和母亲要把他赎回来的时候，袭人是完全不愿意的。

晴雯被赶出大观园后，在她哥哥家可没有好果子吃。

古往今来普通人的所求，也无非是吃饱穿暖而已。

英语翻译：And will not change. But it is true that the concubine of the first emperor must make room for the concubine of the new emperor.In a sense, the imperial palace is similar to some aristocratic families. If in "A Dream of Red Mansions" Jia Zheng passed away, Jia Baoyu would start the house, Jia Zheng’s wife, Mrs. Wang, raised in peace, and Jia Baoyu’s wife would start to control the family’s internal affairs. At the same time, the maids around Jia Baoyu, such as Xiren, Qingwen, etc., soon became the most influential stewards in the family, but Jia Baoyu will never replace all the maids in the family, and will not replace these maids. To drive them out of the house allows them to fend for themselves. It is impossible to drive Jia Zheng’s concubines, Aunt Zhao and Aunt Zhou, etc. from the house to let them return to their natal homes, or let them live on the streets, fend for themselves, or even remarry others (of course, If Aunt Zhao’s son, Jia Huan, was separated, Aunt Zhao could in principle go to Jia Huan’s house to provide for the elderly)-Jia’s family could not afford to lose this person, let alone be so ruthless.The same is true in the imperial palace. For the harem ladies and concubines of the first emperor, the imperial palace is their home. The imperial ladies may be able to find their parents’ house or go out of the palace to marry, but the concubines belong to the royal family. It may be expelled from the palace, and it is impossible to let them live on the streets-the royal family can not afford to lose this person.Some emperors were married before ascending to the throne. They had princes or princesses, and of course there were side concubines. Some emperors started their weddings only after they ascended the throne. There were no princes or side concubines. But there must have been a bunch of personal servants around. These maids ascended to heaven after the new emperor ascended the throne, and soon may become the female officials in power in the palace. Most of the palace ladies are in their own place and will not be replaced, and a small number of them may be adjusted because they are out of favor or favored. Those who fall out of favor may be sent to the royal mausoleum to guard the tomb of the first emperor, or to sit on a cold bench in the imperial garden and other cold yamen. In some times, older palace ladies would be allowed to go home and recruit a group of younger ones, but this is not necessarily related to the change of the throne.As for the concubines of the first emperor, the treatment varies.Needless to say, the queen mother, including the queen of the first emperor, and the biological mother of today, were all worshipped as ancestors.In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the queen lived in Kunning Palace in principle. When the throne was changed, the original queen became the empress dowager. It was customary to live in Cining Palace, Shouning Palace, etc., and vacate Kunning Palace to the new queen.High-level concubines, such as imperial concubines, are generally kept in the palace. Although they cannot be as noble as the queen mother, they are not less respected. For example, Emperor Tong Jia, the noble concubine of Kangxi, was honored as the noble concubine of Emperor Kao during the Yongzheng period, Qianlong regarded him as the noble concubine of Emperor Shouqi, and after his death, he was given the posthumous title of noble concubine Chihui.Of course, no matter how high the status of these first emperors and concubines is, they must also make room for the new emperor. In the northwest corner of the Forbidden City in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there was a group of palaces specially built for the concubines of the first emperor, including Cining Palace, Shoukang Palace, Shou’an Palace, Yinghua Palace, and Cining Garden. The successor emperor will generally honor the concubine of the first emperor with titles.Ci Ning Palace is the famous queen dowager's palace. The Empress Dowager Li of the Emperor Wanli of the Ming Dynasty, the imperial concubine of Ming Xizong, the Queen Mother of Xiaozhuang of the Qing Dynasty, and the birth mother of Qianlong all lived here. Shoukang Palace, Emperor Xiaoshengxian during Qianlong period, Emperor Yinggui of Jiaqing Dynasty (Yinggui concubine), Empress Xiaohe Rui of Daoguang Dynasty (Queen Xiaoherui), Empress Dowager Kangci of Xianfeng Dynasty (Queen Xiaojing became empress), Tongzhi Guangxu Chaoli The imperial concubine (Li Fei Xianfeng) used to support her life here, and the Empress Dowager Cixi also stayed here in her later years. It can also be seen that after the new emperor came to the throne, the first emperor’s queens, imperial concubines, imperial concubines and other high-level concubines all lived in the Forbidden City and did not leave.Those who have heirs, especially those whose sons are also crowned kings and prefectures, can ask for grace to be ancestors in the palace of their sons and enjoy blessings. It is said that Qianlong's younger brother and prince Hong Zhou welcomed his mother (the Yongzheng concubine Geng family) to the palace and raised him until he was old.Even if he didn't go, the new emperor would take a high look at this kind of concubine in the face of the Prince Junwang.Kangxi had a secret concubine, and after entering the palace, he gave birth to three consecutive sons. Because she was a Han, Kangxi had never given her a high position. Kangxi only named her a secret concubine when he was alive. According to the handbook left by Kangxi, there is After his death, the son's concubine can go out of the palace to live with his son, but in order to avoid suspicion, the young concubine cannot leave the palace at will, even if he has a son. The secret wife Wang didn't go out of the palace because he was too young, and stayed in Ningshou Palace with another concubine, Qin Taifei Chen. (Qianlong abdicated and became the Supreme Queen, and also lived in Ningshou Palace)However, this secret wife gave birth to a good son, the emperor's sixteenth son Yinlu. Yinlu is regarded as the iron rod of Yongzheng, so Yongzheng trusts Yinlu and respects his biological mother Wang. After Yongzheng succeeded to the throne, Wang's family was honored as Emperor Kaomi's concubine. After Qianlong's succession, Wang's family was honored as Emperor Shunyi's princess.During the Qianlong period, the Mi Taifei's son, Prince Yinlu, Prince Zhuang, and Qin Taifei, Chen's son, Guo Prince Yunli, requested several times to welcome their mother to the residence, but Qianlong refused. At that time, Yinlu and Yunli gave the reason that Ningshou Palace is the place where the empress dowager lives, and their status should not live there, so they requested to be filial from the government. But Qianlong refused. Qianlong felt that there were no such old concubines in the harem. They lived there, and Qianlong could do his grandson's filial piety.Of course, there are good ones, there are bad ones-in "Kangxi Weifu Private Interview Kangxi always takes a concubine Yi on tour. This concubine Yi is really unique in history, that is, Concubine Yi Guo Luo Luo, she is Jiu elder brother Yinzhen's biological mother, Jiu Age Yinzhen is also Yongzheng's political enemy, so after Yongzheng ascended the throne, he did not even give the name of "Tuofei" and suppressed everywhere. It can be said that Guo Luoluo's life is quite depressed.Those who have a daughter and have not been out with their relatives can also consider taking care of the old man in the Royal Horse Mansion. However, it seems that only Emperor Tongzhi’s Yu consort was forced to move to the Rongshou Princess Mansion after Feng Yuxiang expelled the Qing imperial family from the Forbidden City. , Other relevant information has not been found. After all, the princes also belong to foreign surnames. Generally, the royal family will not allow the princes to serve their mother-in-law, and the royal family cannot afford to lose that person.The imperial concubine, who has no children, will continue to live in the palace or in the royal courtyard, and will continue to wait for the empress dowager carefully and take care of the elderly.The low-level imperial concubines without children, such as nobles, promises, and official women, were treated much worse. According to the rules of the Ming and Qing imperial palaces, the concubine usually has his own independent palace at the first level. The concubine can only live with the concubine. The maid squeezed a piece.After the death of the first emperor, these inferior concubines would definitely not be able to obtain the title of "taffles and the filial piety of the new emperor would not spread to them. They could only live in the new palace with the concubines of the first emperor and continue to serve the concubines. life. Some people may be sent to places such as Jehol Palace, and some may be sent to the tomb of the first emperor to guard the tomb. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the palaces where the concubines of the first emperor lived were built with temples, and these concubines were generally no longer allowed to become monks alone.In principle, the imperial concubine and the new emperor will not meet again, unless the two are very old and do not need to avoid suspicion.If the country is prosperous and the royal family doesn’t care about the money, the new emperor will take care of the first emperor’s concubines, and old-age care is not a problem. For example, there are many concubines in Kangxi, many of whom lived until the Qianlong era, and some even lived to 97 At the age of Qianlong, the number of old wives who became sick one after another has been recorded as many as twelve.If the affairs of the country are stubborn, sometimes the royal family will not take care of these first concubines, and it is also possible for them to live in a downturn. For example, when the Eight-Power Allied Forces invaded Beijing, the Empress Dowager Cixi took Guangxu away and left all the concubines of Emperor Tongzhi, including the high-ranking concubine Hui and Concubine Xun, in Beijing, leaving them to fend for themselves. Said it was done absolutely. It is said that during the Guangxu period, there were some low-level concubines. The royal family didn't even pay for living expenses, so they had to make some handicrafts, such as insoles, and then let the eunuchs go to the street to buy money to subsidize the expenses.————————————Say a few more words.Let us not take it for granted that all palace ladies are willing to go home. From the perspective of an ordinary palace lady, sometimes going home is not a good choice. Most of the palace maids with wealthier and higher status are willing to go home. For the poorer families, what does the daughter do when she goes home? After returning home, I'm afraid I won't have enough to eat, so I just work. Although you can get married, you have to serve your husband and in-laws after marriage, and you may be beaten and scolded.After all, it's better for a poor girl to stay in the palace. Although the rules in the palace are big and some masters are difficult to serve, although they cannot marry, have children, or see their parents and relatives, at least they will have no worries about food and clothing for a lifetime.The gains and losses still need to be weighed.What's more, there is still a bit of hope in the palace. I have been serving a certain master for a long time, and my life in the palace is not so sad. If one day is lucky, I am pushed by the emperor, Give birth to dragon children and grandchildren, that day is even harder to imagine.In the Ming and Qing dynasties, how many men would rather take a huge risk to go to the palace for food and drink, but also to fight for a place to enter the palace. When the eunuchs were dismissed in the late Qing Dynasty, many eunuchs fell to the streets and became beggars. The poor can do anything to eat.The Xiren in "Dream of Red Mansions" had a brother and a mother. When her brother and mother wanted to redeem him, Xiren was totally unwilling. After Qingwen was kicked out of the Grand View Garden, there was no good fruit in her brother's house.Throughout the ages, what ordinary people have asked for is nothing more than food and clothing.