高分急求 外文文献

体育旅游营销中的体验式创新策略

针对体验经济时代体育旅游消费的新趋向，对于体育旅游企业而言，既是机遇，也是挑战。体育旅游企业若不能跟上时代步伐，随着消费需求的变化而改变自己的营销策略，则必将被消费者抛弃。因此，为了适应体验经济时代体育旅游消费的新趋向，体育旅游企业在营销策略上要做出相应调整和创新。

大力开展体验营销

努力贴近体育旅游消费者，体会他们的需求和感受，进行体验营销，给消费者心理需求以满足。体育旅游产品是一种享受型产品，重视对消费者的精神和心理需求的满足，进行情感体验营销将激发潜在旅游者的旅游动机。例如我们吸引球迷去韩日世界杯，不仅是让球迷去看球，而是让球迷来体验一种不同的体育文化：统一的队服、队标等服装设备，加强与国家队的归属感。通过有组织的呐喊、行动来融入比赛，体验足球每分每秒的激动、喜悦、感动、失望、悲痛与憧憬。

开展一对一营销

菲利浦•科特勒在论述现代企业所面临的困境时指出：我们的企业在日趋白热化的产品竞争中，找不到份额的市场和可持续成长的市场已成为其头号难题，无数国际企业都面临着市场萎缩与科技提速的尴尬，要摆脱这种尴尬的根本出路在于快速有效地为企业产品找到对应市场，并且建立好寻找市场和打造市场的良方。现今旅游需求的个性化趋势愈演愈烈，个性就是消费观念，成功的个性演出是旅游产品和服务与旅游消费者内心需求的交集点。在体验经济时代，为达到旅游产品的个性化、多样化和差异化，旅游企业从产品的设计、生产、传递到消费的全过程都要紧扣人们的精神需求，开展一对一营销，使旅游产品和服务能引起消费者的共鸣。

加强互动营销

在体验经济时代，企业可以通过让消费者体验产品、确认价值、促成信赖后自动贴近产品，成为忠实客户。具体到体育旅游行业，一方面要强调旅游企业和体育旅游消费者之间的互动，另一方面更要强调消费者与消费者之间的互动。因此在营销手段上突出旅游者的参与性，加强互动营销。例如体育旅游者根据自己偏好、自身特点定做、设计体育旅游线路、体育旅游项目，和体育旅游企业合作搭建体育旅游舞台。在体育旅游过程中享受感官、知识、审美、情感、心理等复合体验，获得心理的高峰体验。

突出品牌营销的优势

品牌是体验的基础、灵魂。有诱惑力的品牌可以调整旅游者对旅游产品的现实感受，品牌鲜明的旅游产品能充分调动消费者的感觉器官，使之留下难忘的经历，强化旅游体验。当今旅游产品日趋丰富，且同质化趋势日渐明显，市场竞争激烈，单纯利益驱动不足于打动消费者，而能满足消费者高层次需求的产品更能引起共鸣。因此结合产品特点和消费者的需求心理，塑造能征服消费者内心品位的品牌形象，突出品牌营销的优势，是体验经济时代发展的必然要求。如黑龙江哈尔滨的冰雪旅游城市、山东潍坊的风筝旅游城等体育旅游品牌，使旅游者对旅游地产生未见其形，先领其意的效果。

积极实施绿色营销

绿色消费是一种可持续消费模式。由于进入体验经济时代，体育旅游消费者对绿色产品的追求和环保意识的增强，体育旅游营销在营销意识上要主动迎合旅游消费绿色化的新趋向，积极开发有益于社会及体育旅游消费者健康的业务，突出旅游产品的绿色内涵，积极实施绿色营销

Sports Tourism Marketing experience in the innovation strategy

Experience economic times for Sports of the new trend of tourism consumption, for sports tourism enterprises, is both an opportunity and a challenge. Sports tourism enterprises can not keep pace with the times, with the changes in consumer demand to change their marketing strategy, then consumers will be abandoned. Therefore, in order to adapt to the experience economy era pe new trend of tourism consumption, sports tourism enterprises in marketing strategy to make corresponding adjustments and innovation.

Vigorously Experiential Marketing

Efforts to close the sports tourism consumers, understand their needs and feelings to experience marketing to consumers in order to meet psychological needs. Sports tourism product is a kind of enjoyment of products, attention to consumer demand for the mental and psychological satisfaction, the emotional experience of marketing to potential tourists to stimulate tourism motivation. For example, our ability to attract fans to the Korea-Japan World Cup, not only is to allow fans to watch a soccer match, but to enable fans to experience a different kind of sports culture: a unified uniforms, team apparel and other standard equipment, strengthen cooperation with the national team a sense of belonging. Scream through organized action to integrate into the game, every minute of football experience excitement and pleasure, touched, disappointment, grief and longing.

Conduct one-on-one marketing

• Philip Kotler on the modern enterprise in the difficulties faced by that: U.S. companies in the increasingly heated competition in the product, not market share and sustainable growth of the market has become the number one problem, and numerous international companies are faced with shrinking markets and technology, acceleration of the embarrassment of having to get out of this embarrassment is the fundamental way to quickly and efficiently find the corresponding product for the enterprise market, and set up a good market and look for ways to create markets. Current travel demand in the growing trend of personalization, the concept of personality is the consumer, the successful performance of personalized products and services are travel and tourism needs of the consumers mind intersection point. In the experience economy era, in order to achieve the tourism product personalization, diversification and differentiation, and tourism enterprises from product design, production, delivery to consumption must be closely the whole process of people's spiritual needs, to carry out one-to-one marketing, tourism Products and services can lead to resonate with consumers.

To strengthen the interactive marketing

In the experience economy era, enterprises can enable consumers to experience products, confirmed the value of the trust contributed to automatically close after the products, become a loyal customer. Specific to the sports tourism industry, on the one hand, would like to emphasize tourism enterprises and sports tourism interaction between consumers, on the other hand would like to emphasize the consumer and the interaction between consumers. Therefore, in marketing to highlight the participation of tourists, thereby enhancing the interactive marketing. Such as sports tourists according to their own preferences, its own characteristics custom designed tours Sports, sports tourism, sports tourism and sports tourism enterprises to build the stage. Sports tourism in the course of the enjoyment of the senses, knowledge, aesthetic, emotional, psychological and other composite experience peak psychological experience.

Highlight the advantages of brand marketing

Brand experience are the foundation of the soul. Brand can be tempting travelers adjust to the reality of the feelings of tourism products, brand distinctive tourism products can be fully mobilized consumer sensory organ, so that left unforgettable experience, and strengthen the tourism experience. Tourism products in today's increasingly rich, and the homogenization of trends emerging, competitive market-driven benefits simply insufficient to impress consumers, and to meet consumer demand for high-level products that can resonate. Therefore combination of product characteristics and consumer demand psychological, mold can conquer the heart of consumer-grade brand, highlighting the advantages of brand marketing, experience economy is an inevitable requirement for the development of the times. Harbin, Heilongjiang such as ice and snow tourist city, Shandong Weifang kite Travel City Sports Tourism brand, so that tourists not to travel to have their shape, to receive its intended effect.

Active implementation of Green Marketing

Green consumerism is a kind of sustainable consumption patterns. Because of the times to enter the experience economy, sports travel consumers of green products and the pursuit of enhanced environmental awareness, sports tourism marketing in the marketing sense to take the initiative to meet the tourism consumption of the new trend of green, actively develop tourism beneficial to the community and the health of consumers Sport business, highlighting the connotation of green tourism products, and actively implement green marketing

中国绿色物流的发展

存在的不足

中国物流业的起步较晚，绿色物流还刚刚兴起，人们对它的认识还非常有限，在绿色物流的服务水平和研究方面还处于起步阶段，与国际上先进技术国家在绿色物流的观念上、政策上以及技术上均存在较大的差距，主要表现在： 1.观念上的差距 一方面，中国领导和政府的观念仍未转变，绿色物流的思想还没确立。部分政府领导对物流的推进尚且放任自流，更何况面向的是更进一步的绿色物流?仅有物流的思想而没有绿色化的概念，还缺乏发展的前瞻性，与时代的步伐存在差距。另一方面，经营者和消费者对域外物流绿色经营消费理念仍非常淡薄，绿色物流的思想几乎为零。经营者展现给我们的是绿色产品、绿色标志、绿色营销和绿色服务，消费者追求的是绿色消费、绿色享用和绿色保障，而其中的绿色通道——物流环节，谁也未有足够的重视和关心。因此在发展物流的同时，要尽快提高认识，更新思想，把绿色物流作为世界全方位绿色革命的重要组成部分，确认和面向绿色物流的未来。 2.政策性的差距 绿色物流是当今经济可持续发展的一个重要组成部分，它对社会经济的不断发展和人类生活质量的不断提高具有重要的意义。正因为如此，绿色物流的实施不仅是企业的事情，而且还必须从政府约束的角度，对现有的物流体制强化管理，构筑绿色物流建立与发展的框架，做好绿色物流的政策性建设。一些发达国家的政府在绿色物流的政策性引导上，制订了诸如控制污染发生源，限制交通量和控制交通流的相关政策和法规，而且还从物流业发展的合理布局上为物流的绿色化铺平道路。如日本在1966年就制订了《流通业务城市街道整备法》，以提高大城市的流通机能，增强城市物流的绿色化功能。尽管我国自20世纪90年代以来，也一直在致力于环境污染方面的政策和法规的制订和颁布，但针对物流行业的还不是很多。另外，由于物流涉及的有关行业、部门、系统过多，而这些部门又都自成体系，独立运作，各做各的规划，各搞各的设计，各建各的物流基地或中心，导致物流行业的无序发展，造成资源配置的巨大浪费，也为以后物流运作上的环保问题增加了过多的负担。因此，打破地区、部门和行业的局限，按照大流通、绿色化的思路来进行全国的物流规划整体设计，是我国发展物流在政策性问题上必须正视的大事情。 3.技术上的差距 绿色物流的关键所在，不仅依赖物流绿色思想的建立，物流政策的制订和遵循，更离不开绿色技术的掌握和应用。而我们的物流技术和绿色要求有较大的差距。如中国的物流业还没有什么规模，基本上是各自为政，没有很好的规划，存在物流行业内部的无序发展和无序竞争状态，对环保造成很大的压力在机械化方面，物流机械化的程度和先进性与绿色物流要求还有距离物流材料的使用上，与绿色物流倡导的可重用性、可降解性也存在巨大的差距另外，在物流的自动化、信息化和网络化环节上，绿色物流更是无从谈起。 由此可见，中国的绿色物流与发达国家尚有较大差距，物流绿色化对我们来说，还有相当漫长的一段路途。如今世界上的一些大的物流公司进入中国，跨国物流企业纷纷抢滩中国市场。由于中国经济已经成为全球经济的一部分，故必须要加快物流的绿色化建设，物流企业必须加快调整和整合，如若不然，就会失去竞争力，一旦国外在物流业的绿色化上设置准入壁垒，我国稚嫩的物流业就将遭受巨大打击。可以说，发展绿色物流是参与全球物流业竞争的重要基础。 因此，大力加强对物流绿色化的政策和理论体系的建立和完善，对物流系统目标、物流设施设备和物流活动组织等进行改进与调整，实现物流系统的整体最优化和对环境的最低损害，将有利于中国国物流管理水平的提高，保护环境和可持续发展政策，对于我国经济的发展意义重大.

The development of green logistics in China

Deficiency

China logistics startting evening, green logistics has just started, it is very limited, in green logistics service levels and research is still in the initial stage, with the international advanced technology in green logistics concepts, policy and technology are substantial gap, mainly displays in: 1. The gap on the idea, on the other hand, China's leaders and the government's idea is still not change, green logistics thoughts hasn't established. Part of logistics of government, even if the unwinding of green logistics is further? Only the thought without green logistics development, and also the concept of the prospective, with the pace of The Times. On the other hand, operators and consumers for extraterritorial logistics management is very green consumption idea, green logistics thoughts is almost zero. Operator to be green products, green marks, green marketing and service, consumer pursuit of green green consumption and green is enjoyed and green security, and one green channel - who also have no, logistics links enough attention and care. Therefore in the development of logistics, to improve the ideological understanding, update, green logistics for the all-round is an important part of the green revolution, and the future of green logistics. 2 the gap of green logistics policy is the sustainable development of economy, it is an important part of social and economic development and improve the quality of human life has an important significance. Because of this, the implementation of green logistics enterprises is not only the thing, but also from the government to the constraints of the existing logistics system, strengthening the management of green logistics for the establishment and development of green logistics, the frame construction of policy. Some developed countries in the government of green logistics, formulate the policy guidance as to control pollution sources and limits of traffic flow and control of traffic flow related policies and regulations, but also from the development of the logistics industry in the reasonable layout of green logistics for paving. If Japan in 1966 the welfare-oriented urban streets circulation service, in order to improve the law of large circulation function, strengthen urban ecological functions of logistics. Although our country since 1990's, has been committed to environmental pollution of the policies and regulations promulgated according to formulate and logistics industry, but not many. In addition, due to the logistics industry and related departments, system, and these departments and excessive self-sustaining, are independent operation, offices, make the planning design of the building, the logistics base or center, cause the disorder of logistics industry development, the huge waste of resources allocation, as well as on the logistics operation after the environmental problems of excessive increase burden. Therefore, break regions, departments and trades, according to a great circulation, greening ideas to the overall design of the logistics planning in China, is the development of logistics in policy issues must face up to the big things. 3 the gap on the technology of green logistics key, not only depends on the establishment of green logistics thoughts, logistics policy formulation and follow, more from green techniques and applications. But our logistics technology and green requires great gap. As China's logistics is no scale, basically is fragmented, no good plan, the development of logistics industry and the internal disorder competition for environmental protection, causing tremendous pressure, In mechanization degree of mechanization, logistics and advanced and green logistics requirements and distance, The use of material, logistics and green logistics advocate the reusability and biodegradable also exist great gap, In addition, in the logistics automation, information and network links, green logistics is mentioned. Thus, China's green logistics and developed countries has a large gap, green logistics for us, and quite a long way. Now some of the world's large logistics companies in China, international logistics enterprises subordinate to China market. Because of China's economy has become a part of the global economy, it must accelerate the construction of green logistics, logistics enterprises must speed up the adjustment and integration, otherwise, it will lose competence, once in the logistics industry in green barriers to entry, our puerile logistics will suffer heavy blow. Can say, the development of green logistics is the important foundation of global logistics competition. Therefore, vigorously strengthen the policy of green logistics theory and to establish and perfect the system of logistics system, target, logistics facilities and logistics activity organization, develop and adjust the whole logistics system of environmental optimization and minimum damage, will benefit China logistics management level, environmental protection and sustainable development policy, for the economic development of our country is of great significance.

我国政府的绿色物流管理措施

1 对发生源的管理 主要是对物流过程中产生环境问题的来源进行管理。由于物流活动的日益增加以及配送服务的发展，引起在途运输的车辆增加，必然导致大汽污染加重。可以采取以下措施对发生源进行控制：制定相应的环境法规，对废气排放量及车种进行限制采取措施促进使用符合限制条件的车辆普及使用低公害车辆对车辆产生的噪音进行限制。我国自90年代末开始不断强化对污染源的控制，如北京市为治理大气污染发布两阶段治理目标，不仅对新生产的车辆制定了严格的排污标准，而且对在用车辆进行治理改造，在鼓励提高更新车辆的同时，采取限制行驶路线、增加车辆检测频次、按排污量收取排污费等措施，经过治理的车辆，污染物排放量大为降低。 2 对交通量的管理 发挥政府的指导作用，推动企业从自用车运输向营业用货车运输转化促进企业选择合理的运输方式，发展共同配送政府统筹物流中心的建设建设现代化的物流管理信息网络等，从而最终实现物流效益化，特别是要提高中小企业的物流效率。 3 对交通流的管理 政府投入相应的资金，建立都市中心部环状道路，制定有关道路停车管理规定采取措施实现交通管制系统的现代化开展道路与铁路的立体交叉发展。以减少交通堵塞，提高配送的效率，达到环保的目的。 推进绿色物流除了加强政府管理外，还应重视民间绿色物流的倡导，加强企业的绿色经营意识，发挥企业在环境保护方面的作用，从而形成一种自律型的物流管理体系。

Our government's green logistics management measures

One of the main sources of logistics management is the process of environmental problem. The source Because of the growing logistics activity and distribution services, the development of transportation vehicles increased by transit, will inevitably lead to large steam pollution. Can take the following measures to control: the origin of the environmental laws and regulations, formulate corresponding to limit emissions and portable, Adopt measure to promote the use of vehicles, Universal use low pollution vehicles, The noise of traffic restrictions. Since the late 1990s began in the control of pollution continuously strengthened, such as Beijing to control air pollution released two stage management goal, not only for the new production of vehicle emission standards formulated strict, and treatment of heavy-duty truck modification, encourage update, take the vehicle route, increase traffic limit detection frequency, according to waste collection, management fee of measures such as vehicle emissions, greatly reduced. 2 for traffic management of government guidance, promote enterprise from the car transport to business with trucking transformation, The rational choice to promote enterprise development mode of transportation, joint distribution, The government as a whole logistics center construction, Construction of modern logistics management information network, thus eventually, especially to improve logistics efficiently the logistics efficiency of small and medium-sized enterprises. 3 for traffic flow of management of government investment funds, establish corresponding ring road, the urban center department formulate relevant regulationsthe road parking management, Take measures to realize modernization of traffic control system, In the road and rail interchanges development. In order to reduce traffic congestion, improve the efficiency of distribution, the purpose of environmental protection. In addition to enhance the government to promote green logistics management, attention should also be paid to the folk of green logistics enterprises, strengthen the advocate green management, enterprise in environmental protection function, thus forming a kind of logistics management system of self-discipline.

积极参与ISO14000环境管理体系标准认证

积极申请ISO14000环境管理体系标准认证。ISO14000侧重于组织的活动、产品和服务对环境的影响，要求产品在设计、加工、包装、贮藏、运输、销售、消费乃至废弃后的回收、再生等方面都符合环境标准。面对全世界的绿色革命浪潮和基于环境标准竞争而形成的绿色壁垒，我国的物流经营者应创造条件积极申请ISO14000环境管理体系标准认证，用国际标准来规范自身的物流行为，塑造绿色物流形象，进而增强在国际市场的竞争能力。在我国国内最先开始实施ISO14000环境管理体系标准认证第三方物流企业是广州新邦物流有限公司，做为我国4A级物流企业之一，倡导绿色物流的过程中取的了一定效果。

Actively participate in ISO14000 environmental management system certification

Positive for ISO14000 environmental management system certification. ISO14000 focused on an organization's activities, products or services on the environmental impact of product design, processing, packing, in storage, transportation, sale and after spending and abandoned, recycling, accord with environmental regeneration etc. Facing the world based on the green revolution wave and environmental standards and formation of competition, the green barriers in logistics operators shall actively create conditions for ISO14000 environmental management system certification, and with international standard standard to regulate their own behavior, the shape of green logistics logistics, and enhance image in the international market competition ability. In the domestic first started ISO14000 environmental management system certification standard is the third party logistics enterprise of guangzhou new bond logistics Co., LTD., as one of our 4A logistics enterprises, advocating green logistics process of a certain effect.

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题名又称题目或标题。题名是以最恰当、最简明的词语反映论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合。 　论文题目是一篇论文给出的涉及论文范围与水平的第一个重要信息，也是必须考虑到有助于选定关键词不达意和编制题录、索引等二次文献可以提供检索的特定实用信息。论文题目十分重要，必须用心斟酌选定。有人描述其重要性，用了下面的一句话：“论文题目是文章的一半”。 对论文题目的要求是：准确得体：简短精炼：外延和内涵恰如其分：醒目。

· 作者姓名和单位(Author and department)

这一项属于论文署名问题。署名一是为了表明文责自负，二是记录作用的劳动成果，三是便于读者与作者的联系及文献检索(作者索引)。大致分为二种情形，即：单个作者论文和多作者论文。后者按署名顺序列为第一作者、第二作者……。重要的是坚持实事求是的态度，对研究工作与论文撰写实际贡献最大的列为第一作者，贡献次之的，列为第二作者，余类推。注明作者所在单位同样是为了便于读者与作者的联系。　(三)摘要(Abstract)　论文一般应有摘要，有些为了国际交流，还有外文(多用英文)摘要。它是论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。其他用是不阅读论文全文即能获得必要的信息。摘要应包含以下内容： 　①从事这一研究的目的和重要性　②研究的主要内容，指明完成了哪些工作　③获得的基本结论和研究成果，突出论文的新见解　④结论或结果的意义。

· 关键词(Key words)

关键词属于主题词中的一类。主题词除关键词外，还包含有单元词、标题词的叙词。　主题词是用来描述文献资料主题和给出检索文献资料的一种新型的情报检索语言词汇，正是由于它的出现和发展，才使得情报检索计算机化(计算机检索)成为可能。 主题词是指以概念的特性关系来区分事物，用自然语言来表达，并且具有组配功能，用以准确显示词与词之间的语义概念关系的动态性的词或词组。　关键词是标示文献关建主题内容，但未经规范处理的主题词。关键词是为了文献标引工作，从论文中选取出来，用以表示全文主要内容信息款目的单词或术语。一篇论文可选取3~8个词作为关键词。

关键词或主题词的一般选择方法是由作者在完成论文写作后，纵观全文，先出能表示论文主要内容的信息或词汇，这些住处或词江，可以从论文标题中去找和选，也可以从论文内容中去找和选。例如上例，关键词选用了6个，其中前三个就是从论文标题中选出的，而后三个却是从论文内容中选取出来的。后三个关键词的选取，补充了论文标题所未能表示出的主要内容信息，也提高了所涉及的概念深度。需要选出，与从标题中选出的关键词一道，组成该论文的关键词组。

关键词与主题词的运用，主要是为了适应计算机检索的需要，以及适应国际计算机联机检索的需要。一个刊物增加“关键词”这一项，就为该刊物提高“引用率”、增加“知名度”开辟了一个新的途径。

(五)引言(Introduction)

引言又称前言，属于整篇论文的引论部分。其写作内容包括：研究的理由、目的、背景、前人的工作和知识空白，理论依据和实验基础，预期的结果及其在相关领域里的地位、作用和意义。

引言的文字不可冗长，内容选择不必过于分散、琐碎，措词要精炼，要吸引读者读下去。引言的篇幅大小，并无硬性的统一规定，需视整篇论文篇幅的大小及论文内容的需要来确定，长的可达700~800字或1000字左右，短的可不到100字。

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