中国新年的日期，在各朝代并不相同。夏朝定在一月初一，商朝定在十二月初一，周朝定在十一月初一，秦朝定在十月初一。到西汉太初元年(公元前104年)，汉武帝接受司马迁等人的建议使用《太初历》，恢复了夏历即农历，以正月为岁首，把二十四节气订入历法。后来历朝历代虽对历法有过修改，但基本上仍然以《太初历》为蓝本，以夏历的孟春正月为岁首，正月初一为元旦、元日，即新年的第一天。
1911年辛亥革命以后，清朝统治被推翻，孙中山在南京建立中华民国政府。各省都督府代表在南京召开会议，讨论历法问题。会上达成了“行夏历，所以顺农时；从西历，所以便统计”的共识，决定使用公历，把公历1月1日定做“新年”，把农历正月初一称做“春节”，但并未正式命名和推广。1949年9月27日，中国人民政治协商会议第一届全体会议通过使用“公历纪年法”，将公历1月1日定为“元旦”，把农历正月初一定名为“春节”，并规定春节放假三天，让人们热烈地庆祝农历新年。
在两千多年的历史进程中，我国的新年礼俗经历了萌芽、定型、裂变、转型的发展过程。
先秦时期，新年习俗处于萌芽阶段。此时的庆祝活动主要是在一年农事完毕之际，为报答神的恩赐而举行的“腊祭”。《诗经·七月》中记载了西周时期旧岁新年交替时的节庆风俗。诗中所谓“朋酒斯享，日杀羔羊，跻彼公堂，称彼觥，万寿无疆”，是说人们将美酒和羔羊奉献给诸神，以酬谢一年来神的保佑和赐福。这时的欢庆活动因各诸侯国采用的历法不一样而没有统一的日子，大致在冬天农闲之际，它是后来新年习俗的雏形。
新年习俗定型于汉代。经过战国和秦朝末年的社会大动荡后，西汉初期推行“休养生息”政策，社会生产得到了恢复和发展，社会秩序比较稳定，人们的生活情趣高涨，一系列节日习俗形成了。《太初历》推行后，历法长期稳定，正月初一作为新年的日期也因此得到确立。这样一来，原来各地区分别在冬末春初不同日子举行的酬神、祭祀和庆祝活动便逐渐统一在农历正月初一这一天进行。随着社会的发展，从汉朝到南北朝，正月初一过新年的习俗愈演愈烈，燃爆竹，换桃符，饮屠苏酒，守岁卜岁，游乐赏灯等活动都已出现，新年成为我国第一大节日。
新年习俗在唐代发生裂变。唐朝是思想文化昌明的时代，同时也是内外文化交流频繁的时代，新年习俗渐渐从祈祷、迷信、攘除的神秘气氛中解放出来，转变成娱乐型、礼仪型节日。元旦的爆竹不再是驱鬼辟邪的手段，而成了欢乐、喜庆的方式；庆祝新年的重点由祭神转向了娱人，转向了人们自己的娱乐游艺，享受生活。所以，可以说，也只有在唐代以后，新年才真正成为普天同庆，亿民欢度的“佳节良辰”。
新年习俗到明清时期转型。这种转型主要表现在两个方面：一是礼仪性、应酬性加强。人们在新年相互拜谒，达官贵人互送名帖，或者登门叩拜；平民百姓也讲究“礼尚往来”，馈赠礼品，互相拜年。二是游艺性进一步加强。新年期间，玩狮子，舞龙，演戏，说书，高跷，旱船等各种娱乐活动五彩缤纷，绚丽夺目。北京人逛厂甸，广州人游花市，苏州人听寒山寺钟声，上海人游城隍庙……各地游艺活动自具特色，各种娱乐活动层出不穷，令人眼花缭乱。这时的新年习俗将中国传统文化完美地融合起来，成为集中展示我国几千年风俗文化的民俗博览会。
两千多年的历史，中国的新年风俗盛行赤县神州，渗透到了每个人的生活之中，也铸造了每个炎黄子孙的灵魂。过大年，每到阴历年底赶回家与亲人团聚，祭祖宗，吃饺子，拜年，赏灯，这些已成为炎黄子孙共同的习惯。
中华过年习俗还辐射到周边其他国家，如日本、越南、朝鲜、韩国等国家，他们与我们以相似的方式庆祝新年。对我有帮助
下面是英语Traditions to bring good luck for the New Year are as old as the celebrations and come from all corners of the world. Many cultures count a tall, dark and handsome man crossing the threshold as a sign of good luck, but if the first person to enter the house is a red headed woman...the year is sure to be stressful. What single girl would argue with that one!
Others involve housecleaning...brushing the bad luck of the past out with the dust. Holding a piece of silver or gold as the New Year begins is said to increase the chances of prosperity in the coming year...some place a silver coin over the doorway or a penny on the windowsill.
An Irish tradition involves banging on the door and walls with Christmas bread to chase the bad luck out and bring good spirits to the household with the promise of bread enough in the New Year. This is probably related to the tradition of banging pots and pans in Iran, or the ancient tradition of using firecrackers to welcome in the Chinese New Year.
The youngest boy in the household lighting a candle at dusk to burn through the night until morning light is another Celtic tradition that may be a citified version of lighting bonfires to keep away the evil spirits or a carryover of the Samhain tradition of lighting tapers in the windows to chase the evil spirits.
In the Philippines children jump up and down at midnight to make sure they will grow tall. In Asia, sunrise celebrations and honoring of the ancestors and elders brings luck. German's drop melted lead into cold water and take turns interpreting the results. This tradition has become so popular that kits are sold that include the lead pellets and suggestions for reading the results.
Then there are the foods. Chiacchiere, honey drenched balls of dough ensure a sweet year in Italy. Grapes, one for each month, make for a lucky year in Spain and many Latin countries. Eating pork, all kinds of greens, cabbage, sauerkraut, the Southern U.S. tradition of black eyed peas or anything that forms a circle - such as donuts or pretzels - make for good fortune in the coming year. In Korea, bowing to the elders and deokguk, Rice Cake Soup, are part of the sun rise celebrations. The traditions are as varied as the lands where they are from, but they all involve sharing with friends and family and wishes for happiness, health and prosperity in the New Year...
Ethnic New Year's Recipes - Many New Year's traditions are built around foods. In Korea, the US, Germany and throughout the world there are foods to bring luck, health and happiness in the coming year. This collection of international New Year recipes has pretzels, Hoppin' John with black-eyed peas, collard greens, Korean Rice Cake Soup (deokguk) and many more recipes for traditional foods for good fortune in the New Year...
New Year's Festivals Around the World - Tour the customs associated with the New Year alphabetically starting in Austria and ending in Vietnam. The foods for health and prosperity as well as traditional good luck symbols are explained...
Irish Christmas and New Year Customs and Superstitions - The Celtic traditions and superstitions left over from the Druids form a basis for the traditions in Ireland. Much of the mythology of New Year's comes from the ancient Samhain festivals...
New Year's Superstitions in Scotland and Wales - First footing, letting in the New Year and water traditions may ring a bell if your family heritage includes some Celtic roots. These beliefs were transported to other lands by immigrants and many have become common in other ethnic communities...
比较乱的
Let's say that on December 20 you were to meet a friendly space alien. That is, let's say that his space ship discreetly drops him off in your back yard while you are looking out your window. You walk outside to meet the visitor, and you find out he's a pretty nice guy. His name is Gorg, he is wearing a costume that makes him look passably human, he speaks reasonable English, and he explains that his goal is to spend a week on the planet to learn about its people. He asks if you would consider being his guide for the week, and you decide to take on the job.
So you take Gorg around and start showing him your town. Since it is December 20, one thing is for sure -- Gorg is going to ask about Christmas. And he is going to ask a LOT of questions, because Christmas is a pretty complicated tradition. Think about all the different questions Gorg might ask:
圣诞节
the name christmas is short for "christ\'s mass". a mass is a kind of church service. christmas is a religious festival. it is the day we celebrate as the birthday of jesus. there are special christmas services in christian churches all over the world. but many of the festivities of christmas do not have anything to do with religion. exchanging gifts and sending christmas cards are the modern ways of celebrating the christmas in the world.
the birth of jesus had a story: in nazareth, a city of galilee. the virgin\'s name was mary was betrothed to joseph. before they came together, she was found with child of the holy spirit. joseph her husband was minded to put her away secretly. while he thought about these things, gabriel, an angel of the lord appeared to him in a dream and told him did not be afraid to take mary as wife. and mary will bring forth a son, and he shall call his name, jesus, for he will save his people from their sins.
before jesus births, joseph and mary came to quirnius was governing syria. so all went to be registered, everyone to his own city. joseph also went up out of galilee, out of the city of nazareth, into judea, to the city of david, which is called bethlehem, because he was of the house and of the lineage of david, to be registered with mary, his betrothed wife, who was with child. so it was that while they were there, the days were completed for her to bedelivered. and she brought forth her firstborn son, and wrapped him in swaddling cloths, and laid him in a manger, because there was no room for them in the inn.
and that, christmas is the feast of the nativity of jesus, is on 25th, december every year. but nobody know the actual birthday of jesus. and the christmas has become popular when christmas cards appeared in 1846 and the concept of a jolly santa claus was first made popular in nineteenth century.
圣诞节
Christmas is a Christian holiday that celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ. No one knows the exact date of Christ's birth, but most Christians observe Christmas on December 25. On this day, many go to church, where they take part in special religious services. During the Christmas season, they also exchange gifts and decorate their homes with holly, mistletoe, and Christmas trees. The word Christmas comes from Cristes maesse, an early English phrase that means Mass of Christ. The story of Christmas comes chiefly from the Gospels of Saint Luke and Saint Matthew in the New Testament.
The history of Christmas dates back over 4000 years. Many of our Christmas traditions were celebrated centuries before the Christ child was born. The 12 days of Christmas, the bright fires, the yule log, the giving of gifts, carnivals(parades) with floats, carolers who sing while going from house to house, the holiday feasts, and the church processions can all be traced back to the early Mesopotamians.
“圣诞节”这个名称是“基督弥撒”的缩写。弥撒是教会的一种礼拜仪式。耶诞节是一个宗教节。我们把它当作耶稣的诞辰来庆祝，因而又名耶诞节。这一天，世界所有的基督教会都举行特别的礼拜仪式。但是有很多圣诞节的欢庆活动和宗教并无半点关联。交换礼物，寄圣诞卡，这都使圣诞节成为一个普天同庆的日子。
圣诞节是基督教世界最大的节日。4世纪初，1月6日是罗马帝国东部各教会纪念耶稣降生和受洗的双重节日、称为“主显节”Epiphany，亦称“显现节”即上帝通过耶稣向世人显示自己。当时只有耶路撒冷的教会例外，那里只纪念耶稣的诞生而不纪念耶稣的受洗。
Another important custom of Christmas is to send and receive Christmas cards, which are meant to help express the sentiment of the season. Americans begin sending Christmas cards early in December to friends,
acquaintances, and co-workers. The post office advises customers to mail early in the season and avoid the Christmas rush. Some people heed the adviceothers wait until the last minute and then are upset when their loved ones have not received the greeting card or the present which they sent.
The Spring Festival is the most important festival in China.People usually decorate the doors and windows with red papercuts.becouse red means good luck.People usually clean house too.becouse they want to sweep away bad luck.Children can get some new clothes or presents from their parents and grandparents.
On New Year's Eve,family always have a big dinner.Everybody are watch TV and talk.In the midnight,there usually fairworks.
On New Year's Day,people usually put on their new clothes and visit their femily and friends.They usually say:"Happy New Year's Day."
The Spring Festival finishes at the Lantern Festival after two weeks.People usually eat a kind of rice dumpling called yuanxiao.It can take people good luck all the year round.
春节
The lunar calendar new year origin, has the basis, also is rich and
picks the varied fable to be possible to trace to several millenniums
beforeMost is famous is "the year beast" fable. "The year beast" is
a cruel terrible wild animal, ancient times the person believed "year
beast" when lunar New Year's Eve night can come out eats the person.
The fable "the year beast" extremely fears red, the flame and quarrels
the mixed sound, the people on paste the red paper in the gate, and
selects the torch all night, is setting off the artillery candle,
avoids "the year beast". To second day early morning, "has
congratulated" the sound to the ear, in the air does not fill the
air is defeating "the year beast" the victory and the rebirth joy.
中文版：农历新年的来源，有根据，且丰富而多采多姿的传说可追溯到几千年前；其中最有名的就是「年兽」的传说。「年兽」是一个残忍凶猛的野兽，古代人相信「年兽」在除夕夜时会出来吃人。传说「年兽」极惧怕红色、火光及吵杂的声音，人们就在门上贴著红纸条，并整夜点著火炬、燃放炮烛，来避开「年兽」。到了第二天一大早，「恭喜」之声不绝於耳，空气中弥漫著打败「年兽」胜利与重生的喜悦。
一、准备需要用到的东西我已经帮大家全部准备好了，有我自己亲手制作的第三方库 ，在源码的根目录下建立个3rdparty文件夹，把文件解压进去就可以了。
解压好之后，要将3rdparty/bin文件夹添加到系统目录，这样才能让程序找到这些第三方库的dll。
然后是Visual Studio 2012，因为我的第三方库都是VS2012环境下编译的，所以用其他版本VS的请自行编译。
最后是CUDA和MKL了，MKL是可选的，大家可以去Intel官方申请，如果不用cpu模式的话其实也无所谓，在第三方库包中我还提供了openblas的库文件。
二、编译
编译非常简单，分为以下几步：
1、双击两个c++文件，和caffe_pb2.py这个python使用的文件。
2、打开./build/MSVC/MainBuilder.sln，打开之后切换编译模式至Release X64模式。如果打开之后显示加载失败，可能你的CUDA版本和我的不一致，我的是CUDA 6.5版，这时就要用记事本打开./build/MSVC/MainBuilder.vcxproj，搜索CUDA 6.5，把这个6.5换成你自己的CUDA版本，就可以正常打开了。
3、右键点击左边的MainCaller项目，选择属性，在C/C++选项卡中，把附加包含目录中的cuda include目录改成你自己的；在链接器选项卡中，，把附加库目录中的cuda library目录也改成你自己的。
4、点上边工具栏中的绿色三角编译吧。
如果要用matlab wrapper来提取特征、观察训练好的权重的话呢，只需要把matcaffe项目里面的cuda、matlab目录修改成你自己的，然后编译，你就能从matlab/caffe文件夹里面找到一个叫caffe.mexw64的文件啦。
python的wrapper类似，把pycaffe项目里的目录改成你自己的，就能在python/caffe文件夹中生成_caffe.pyd的python dll文件。
欢迎分享，转载请注明来源：内存溢出
微信扫一扫
支付宝扫一扫
评论列表（0条）