2. gum up 搞乱，把事情搞砸；使出毛病；spoil sth, destroy sth
3. bat your eyes/eyelashes 眉目传情，挤眉弄眼
- bat a thousand 非常成功，大获全胜
- go to bat for sb 帮助/支持某人；辩护
- go to bat against 作出不利于...的证词
- not bat an eyelid 不动声色，面不改色，眼睛都不眨一下 eg: She didn’t bat an eyelid when I told her my news.
- bat aroundbat an idea around 详细讨论（想法，计划）的可行性；闲逛eg: It’s just an idea we’ve been batting around.
- off one’s own bat 凭借自己的力量；独立地
- right off the bat 立刻，马上，立即
- bat out 粗制滥造，匆匆作成 = crank out
- blind as a bat 完全看不见东西 eg: He was groping around blind as a bat.
- have bats in the/one’s belfry 行为乖张，异想天开，发痴 eg: When she talked about going to the moon she was thought to have bats in her belfry. （belfery n. 钟楼，中塔；在这里是头，脑袋）
- like a bat out of hell 飞速地，不顾一切地
- go apeshit 勃然大怒（ape在生气时会互相投掷粪便）
- batshit = veryhe’s gone batshit crazy 简直是疯了
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3. be in hock to sb 欠某人某物hock 典当，抵押；动物后腿关节；德国的白葡萄酒；eg: I’m in hock to bank for $60. in hock 在抵押中，out of hock 不复抵押
4. sth shine the spotlight on sth 使聚光灯闪耀在...上；steal the spotlight 抢风头，抢占别人的风采 = steak the show / thunder / limelight
5. silly clips of dog antics 狗狗滑稽动作的视
- give sb a clip round the ear 给了一记耳光
- at a fast / good / steady clip 迅速，很快地
- clip one’s wings 限制某人的自由/权力；Clip one’s own wings 自断双臂；壮士断腕
- clip sth off 缩短，削减eg: clip two seconds off
6. not have a bar of sth 与某事毫不相干，无关，不粘手 eg: If he tries to sell you his car, don’t have a bar of it.
- behind bars 坐牢
- be admitted / called to the bar 获得律师资格go to the bar 当律师；read for the bar 攻读律师资格；be called within the bar 被任命为皇家律师
- bar none 无一例外，没有例外；bar 除了...之外；eg: the best Hotel in town, bar none.
- set the bar low/high 设定低/高要求
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7. crank out 粗制滥造=bat out, churn out, cobble together
8. Greak gifts 来者不善；害人的礼物；黄鼠狼给鸡拜年 The weasel pays respect to hen without best of intentions.
9. slippery slope 灾难性的急剧下滑
10. 对...有好感，情有独钟 I have a thing for...
11. 我走神了。我走神了Sorry, I zoned/spaced/tuned out. I wasn’t paying attention, what did you say? Sorry? I’m spacing out.
12. 纠结 I was torn between A and B. I’m debating whether I should do A or do B.
13. 很遗憾... eg：很遗憾我不能开车。 It’s a shame that I can’t drive Unfortunately I can’t drive Too bad that I can’t drive
14. 废话少说，别废话了。Can you just cut to the point? Just tell me the price.
15. 别唬我！别骗我。Don't lie to me. Don't try to trick me. Don' try to make a fool out of me.
16. 我明白了。I get what u’re saying. I understand. I get it now. That makes sense. Fair enough.
17. 我知道 I know of sb浅显的知道，I know about 深一些了解（但对方不认识我）；I know sb 我和sb互相认识。
18. 鞋磨脚跟 My shoes are killing或 My foot is killing；killing 是个关键词，身体哪儿疼哪就killing；我头疼 My head is killing；我腿疼 My leg is killing
19. 怂 He is a wimp / wuss / wet. wet n. 窝囊废，软骨头
20. 别跟我耍小聪明。Don’t be smart with me. 他是个精明的人 He is clever than any other in the company. (贬）褒义：intelligent, wise, ingenious, genius, brainy, he is born to do it生来就是干这个的，well, I’m not just a pretty face 老娘可不是个花瓶
21. 速度很快 the speed is high / low (不能用fast）；学到很多知识 gain, acquire, get knowledge (不是learn+具体的东西）；价格很贵 the price is high / low (sth is expensive) ；我觉得我不能 I don’t think I can do it.( 不是 I think I can’t)；拥挤的交通 heavy traffic （crowded+人；如crowded bus)
22. uncharted territory 未知的领域
23. food stalls 大排档，小吃摊；to drum up business 招揽生意；drum up 竭力争取，鼓动，纠集；招揽顾客
24. giveaway(s) n. 推销产品送的赠送品；使真相暴露的事物；eg: She pretenses she wasn’t excited but the expression on her face was a dead giveaway. 他假装不为所动，可脸上表情却将她的心绪暴露无遗。
25. were sb/sth down 把某物/某人磨损，使疲劳，厌烦，说服...
26. there’s a major departure from sth 与...大相径庭；严重背离...
27. up and running 生龙活虎的，运行正常的，在使用中的；supply chains are up and running
28. shopping arcade 商业中心；购物中心；shopping vouchers 购物卷
29. get under way 开始，开始进行
30. run up 匆匆制成，迅速积累，高涨= ramp up
31. in the throes or 处于...困境中；在...挣扎中；在...痛苦中eg: While they are in the throes of the pandemic
32. gruelling slog 艰苦不懈的努力，跋涉；slog n. 一段时间的艰苦努力；
33. slog throughslog away at sth 埋头苦干，坚持不懈地做 eg: She’s been sloughing away at that piece of music for weeks. She slogged her way through four piles of ironing. 她辛辛苦苦一连熨了四堆衣服。
- slog one’s way through 艰难行进，顽强地走，奋力前行；He started to slog his way through the undergrowth. 他踏上了穿越林莽的艰难征程。 undergrowth n. 林下灌丛
- slog it out. 决出胜负，一决雌雄； slog/sweat/work your guts out! 拼命工作，拼命干活 I slogged my guts out for the exam. 为了这次考试命都豁出去了。
34. let riplet sth tip 使全省前进；使尽快做，使尽快发生；eg: Come in, let her rip! 让车全速前进吧！This would cause inflation to let rip again. let inflation rip. 导致急剧的通货膨胀
- rip sb offrip sth off 偷盗，偷窃
- let rip at sb 激动地说，忘乎所以的说 eg: When she gets angry with her boyfriend, she really lets rip at him.
35. bite v. 产生不良影响；as the recession bites,
- be bitten by sth 对某事着迷 eg: He’s been bitten by the travel bug. 他迷上了旅游。
- bite the bullet 咬紧牙关；对付不愉快的事情
- bite the dust 失败，被打败，被摧毁；eg: Thousands of small business bite the dust every year. 每年数以千计的小企业倒闭。
- bite the hand that feeds you 伤害恩人，恩将仇报
- bite your lip 忍住说话，抑制感情流露
- bite off more than you can chew 想一口吃成胖子，不自量力
- bite your tongue 隐忍不言，没说出来（避免..）
- I, etc could have been bitten my/her/his tongue out/off 表示说出愚蠢，或让人尴尬的话
- bite back your ange 按捺住怒火
- bite into sth 咬/切/陷入 某物 eg: The horses’ hooves bit deep into the soft earth. (hoof马蹄，单）
36. bug n. 小虫子；轻微传染病，小病；a flu bug 流感；There’s a stomach bug going round. 现在流行一种肠胃传染病；I picked up a bug in the office. 我在办公室里被染了疾病。
- the ~ bug 着迷，热衷；the travel bug 旅游狂热；She was never interested in fitness before but now she’s been bitten by the bug. 他以前从不在乎健身，但现在却着迷了。
- n. 窃听器；程序故障...
37. every bit as good/bad... as sb/sth 和某物，某人同样好，同样坏 eg: Rome is every bit as beautiful as Paris. 罗马和巴黎一样美丽。( every bit 完全，全然）
- Not a bit of it! 根本不是那样，压根就没发生。
- to bits 变成小块；The book fell to bite in my hands.
- to bits 非常；十分； I love my kids to bits. 我十分爱我的孩子。She was thrilled to bits when I said I’d come. 我说我回来，她就兴奋不已。
- do your bit. 做好分内的事情，尽自己的力量
- bits and piecesbits and bobs 零星物品，零碎东西 eg: She stuffed all her bits and pieces into a bag and left. 她把零零碎碎的东西都塞进了包里就走了。
- a bit of all right [英口] 顶呱呱的好事，意料之外的好运气。That’s a bit of all right.
38. stand a good chance 很有可能，大有希望
39. on the wrong side of the law 违反法律
40. a swathe of / swathes of 大块的，大片的；swathe n. （割了庄稼的）一长条田地；eg: The combine had cut a swathe around the edge of the field. v. 包着，裹着，覆盖；He was lying on the hospital bed, swathed in bandages. 他裹着绷带，躺在医院的病床上。
41. cut a swathe through sth（ 人，火）把某地一片夷为平地，使大部分遭受破坏
42. by and large 大体上，总的来说
43. safe in the knowledge that 因掌握了某种所说明的情况，做某事无风险或无需担忧；译成：大家都知道
44. quid pro quo n. （拉丁）补偿物；想等物；交换条件，让步条件
45. dressing down n. 狂揍，狠狠训斥
46. be at the forefront 走在最前列，站在最前
47. Hardly a day goes by without news of Chinese medical supplies, 没有一天没有中国医疗用品的信息，每天都有信息
48. freeze sb out (of sth) 故意排斥，排挤（使不能参加）The technology companies have been frozen out of some standard-setting.
- 电脑卡了 My Computer is frozen.
- freeze your bloodmake your blood freeze 令人毛骨悚然
49. rite of passage n.通过仪式；人生大事及其庆祝仪式（常用复数形式表示）Some students find creative ways to keep this rite of passage alive.
50. not an ounce of 没有一丁点，丝毫没有；without event an ounce of resentment 没有一丝怨言；There’s not an ounce of truth in her story. 他没有一句实话。
51. chapter and verse （一句话，信念的）确切依据，确切出处；eg: You must give us chapter and verse for your charge that he has taken bribes. 你必须对指控他受贿一事向我们提供确切证据。
52. chapter and verse 详细的情况；详尽地，精确地；eg: give chapter and verse for what was already know in general terms对大体上已经知道的事情提供详细细节；He repeated chapter and verse the ideas he had advanced. 他把他提出的意见逐字逐句重复了一遍。
53. a chapter of accidents 接二连三的不幸事故，接踵而来的灾祸；eg: Their exploration to the primeval forest was quite a chalet of accidents. 他们去原始森林探险，的确发生了一连串意想不到的事情。
54. to the end of the chapter 到最后，到死，致死
55. the short end of the stick 不公平的待遇，不利处境；eg: get the short end of the stick 被轻视，被忽略； = the wrong end of the stick 错误的理解；不利地位；eg: You have got hold of the wrong end of the stick. 你完全误解了。
56. the thin end of the wedge n. 得寸进尺的开端；可能引发重大后果的小事；eg: This demand is only the thin end of the wedge, soon they will want more and more. （wedge n. 木楔子，楔子形状的物体，如蛋糕；a wedge of cake 一角蛋糕；v. 挤进，塞入；to wedge the door open 把楔子卡住门让它开着）
57. drive a wedge 把木楔放在ab中间；制造不合，损害关系，破坏关系；drive a wedge between a and b 搬弄是非；eg: I don’t want to drive a wedge between the two of you. 我不想挑拨离间。（knock out the wedges 使别人陷入困境后冷眼旁观，脱身而去）
58. wedge issue 楔子问题（导致分裂，改变立场的）political wedge issues 政党借以离间对手支持者的重大政治难题
59. get down the brass tacks v.讨论实质问题；转入正题；开门见山
60. heap praise on/upon sb 大加赞赏 对...大加称赞（be the spearhead 当先锋）
61. dos and don’ts n. 注意事项，行为准则；In the back of the guide there’s a list of the dos and don’ts of local etiquette.
62. slip into 陷入，进入（困难，不愉快的处境）
63. hit a new milestone 达到新的里程碑；hit a grim milestone 严重的里程碑
64. be along way from 与...大相径庭：相差很远
65. square sth with sb 征得sb的同意，认可；eg: I think I’ll be able to come, but I’ll square it with my parents.
66. by default 因对手缺席而胜利，躺赢；The Movie will win everything by default.
67. in default of sth 由于缺乏...，因为没有...；They accepted what he had said in default of any evidence to disprove it.
68. seeing as 看作为；视…为…
69. take one’s own life 自杀
70.
71. wear one’s heart on one’s sleeve v.感情外露，把心事挂在脸上
72. have / keep sth up your sleeve 心中自有主张；有锦囊妙计
73. wear / get on one’s nerves 使人心烦，难以忍受
74. wear thin 开始变得不受欢迎，变得索然无趣；eg: The excuses are wearing a little thin. 这些托词让人听起来有些烦腻。
75. wear and tear n. （正常使用）造成的磨损，损坏；The insurance policy does not cover damage caused by normal wear and tear.
76. to cap it allto top it all 最糟糕的是，最倒霉的是
77. if the cap fits, (wear it) 有则改之；eg: I didn’t actually say that you were lazy, but if the cap fits.
78. rant on about sthat sb 怒吼，咆哮，大声抱怨；rant and rave 大叫大嚷，大声吵闹 with expletives 爆粗口
79. snap back 迅速恢复，快速返回
80. be weighted downweigh sb down 使烦恼，给予压力，使颓废；The responsibilities of the job are weighting her down.
- weigh in with sth在讨论，活动中通过说某事，提供帮助；We all weighed in with our suggestions. 我们都提了建议。Finally the government weighted in with financial aid. 最后政府提供了财政支援。
81. go down the tubes 一落千丈
82. prod sb into doing sth 催促sb做某事；敦促
83. rumors have been taken flight with ... 谣言四起；his absence has fueled speculation over... 看不见他，也使得猜测四起
84. at loggerheads with sb over sth 与某人不和，相争，严重分歧；eg: The two governments are still at loggerheads over the island.
85. wade into river 蹚河水；
- wade in/into sth 强行加入，介入，插手（打架，讨论，争论）eg: The Police waded into the crowd with batons.
- wade into sb 抨击sb
- wade through sth 艰难处理，费力阅读；eg: I spent the whole day wading through the paperwork on my desk. 我一整天都在伏安处理文件。
86. wide open adj. 完全开放的，大开的；易受攻击的
87. not mince (your) words 直言不讳，毫不隐讳
88. in jest adv. 开玩笑地；诙谐地；It is often used in jest by...
89. limp back to （受损后）缓慢进行，缓慢移动； The plane limped back to the airport. As China limps back to work after covid-19, 慢慢复工
90. reel from... reeling from 由于...而踌躇；受...不好的影响
91. weed out 清除，淘汰，除去；wipe out 消灭，彻底摧毁；垮台
92. sit out 忍受着等待...过去；sit out the epidemic 躲过疫情
93. be in the vanguard of... 作为...的先锋
94. cushion the blow 缓冲打击，说话委婉一些以免受打击；eg: He broke the news of my brother’s death to me, making no effort to cushion the blow. cushion from/against the effects of... 没有受到...的打击
95. be deluged with = be overwhelmed with 被淹没
96. recoil from sb/sth 退缩，畏缩；eg: He recoiled in horror st the sight of the corpse. 他一见尸体就吓的往后缩了。recoil from doing/at sth 做出厌恶或恐惧的反应；eg: She recoiled from the idea of betraying her brother. 背叛自己兄弟这个想法使他感到恐惧。n. q的反冲，后坐力
97. wind down 平静下来；放松一下；（钟表等）慢下来； wind sth down 使（业务，活动）停下来，逐步结束；车窗摇下；wind sth up 企业关闭，车窗摇上
98. get ticked off 生气，大发雷霆
99. make my mark 做出一些功绩
100. dollars to doughnuts 十拿九稳
101. slam on the brakes 踩急刹车，急刹车
102. pack a punch （酒）后劲大
103. do the trick 奏效，起作用；I don’t know what it was that did the trick, but I’m definitely feeling better. Take the medicine, it will do the trick.
104. BYOB abbr.（用于宴会请柬上等）请自带酒来（bring your own booze/bottle）
105. sth rears its head （某种风气）抬头
餐饮礼仪问题可谓源远流长。据文献记载可知，至少在周代，饮食礼仪已形成一套相当完善的制度，特别是经曾任鲁国祭酒的孔子的称赞推崇而成为历朝历代表现大国之貌、礼仪之邦、文明之所的重要方面。作为汉族传统的古代宴饮礼仪，自有一套程序：主人折柬相邀，临时迎客于门外。宾客到时，互致问候，引入客厅小坐，敬以茶点。客齐后导客入席，以左为上，视为首席，相对首座为二座，首座之下为三座，二座之下为四座。客人坐定，由主人敬酒让菜，客人以礼相谢。席间斟酒上菜也有一定的讲究：应先敬长者和主宾，最后才是主人。宴饮结束，引导客人入客厅小坐，上茶，直到辞别。这种传统宴饮礼仪在我国大部分地区保留完整，如山东、香港及台湾，许多影视作品中多有体现。
清代受西餐传入的影响，一些西餐礼仪也被引进。如分菜、上汤、进酒等方式也因合理卫生的食法被引入中餐礼仪中。中西餐饮食文化的交流，使得餐饮礼仪更加科学合理。
现代较为流行的中餐宴饮礼仪是在继续传统与参考国外礼仪的基础上发展而来的。其座次借西方宴会以右为上的法则，第一主宾就坐于主人右侧，第二主宾在主人左侧或第一主宾右侧，变通处理，斟酒上菜由宾客右侧进行，先主宾，后主人，先女宾，后男宾。酒斟八分，不可过满。上菜顺序依然保持传统，先冷后热。热菜应从主宾对面席位的左侧上；上单份菜或配菜席点和小吃先宾后主，上全鸡、全鸭、全鱼等整形菜，不能头尾朝向正主位。这些程序不仅可以使整个宴饮过程和谐有序，更使主客身份和情感得以体现和交流。因此，餐桌之上的礼仪可使宴饮活动圆满周全，使主客双方的修养得到全面展示。
特别具体的英国礼仪寻找困难，可参考正规书籍
1、就座时，身体要端正，手肘不要放在桌面上，不可跷足，与 餐桌的距离以便于使用餐具为佳。餐台上已摆好的餐具不要随意摆弄。将餐巾对折轻轻放在膝上。
2、使用刀叉进餐时，从外侧往内侧取用刀叉，要左手持叉，右手持刀；切东西时左手拿叉按住食物，右手执刀将其切成小块，用叉子送入口中。使用刀时，刀刃不可向外。进餐中放下刀叉时应摆成“八”字型，分别放在餐盘边上。刀刃朝向自身，表示还要继续吃。每吃完一道菜，将刀叉并拢放在盘中。如果是谈话，可以拿着刀叉，无需放下。不用刀时，可用右手持叉，但若需要作手势时，就应放下刀叉，千万不可手执刀叉在空中挥舞摇晃，也不要一手拿刀或叉，而另一支手拿餐巾擦嘴，也不可一手拿酒杯，另一支手拿叉取菜。要记住，任何时候，都不可将刀叉的一端放在盘上，另一端放在桌上。
3、喝汤时不要啜，吃东西时要闭嘴咀嚼。不要舔嘴唇或咂嘴发出声音。如汤菜过热，可待稍凉后再吃，不要用嘴吹。喝汤时，用汤勺从里向外舀，汤盘中的汤快喝完时，用左手将汤盘的外侧稍稍翘起，用汤勺舀净即可。吃完汤菜时，将汤匙留在汤盘（碗）中，匙把指向自己。
4、吃鱼、肉等带刺或骨的菜肴时，不要直接外吐，可用餐巾捂嘴轻轻吐在叉上放入盘内。如盘内剩余少量菜肴时，不要用叉子刮盘底，更不要用手指相助食用，应以小块面包或叉子相助食用。吃面条时要用叉子先将面条卷起，然后送入口中。
5、面包一般掰成小块送入口中，不要拿着整块面包去咬。抹黄油和果酱时也要先将面包掰成小块再抹。
6、吃鸡时，欧美人多以鸡胸脯肉为贵。吃鸡腿时应先用力将骨去掉，不要用手拿着吃。吃鱼时不要将鱼翻身，要吃完上层后用刀叉将鱼骨剔掉后再吃下层吃肉时，要切一块吃一块，块不能切得过大，或一次将肉都切成块。
7、喝咖啡时如愿意添加牛奶或糖，添加后要用小勺搅拌均匀，将小勺放在咖啡的垫碟上。喝时应右手拿杯把，左手端垫碟，直接用嘴喝，不要用小勺一勺一勺地舀着喝。吃水果时，不要拿着水果整个去咬，应先用水果刀切成四瓣再用刀去掉皮、核、用叉子叉着吃。
8、用刀叉吃有骨头的肉吃有骨头的肉时，可以用手拿着吃。若想吃得更优雅，还是用刀较好。用叉子将整片肉固定（可将叉子朝上，用叉子背部压住肉），再用刀沿骨头插人，把肉切开。最好是边切边吃。必须用手吃时，会附上洗手水。当洗手水和带骨头的肉一起端上来时，意味着“请用手吃”。用手指拿东西吃后，将手指放在装洗手水的碗里洗净。吃一般的菜时，如果把手指弄脏，也可请侍者端洗手水来，注意洗手时要轻轻地洗。
9、吃面包可蘸调味汁吃到连调味汁都不剩，是对厨师的礼貌。注意不要把面包盘子“舔”得很干净，而要用叉子叉住已撕成小片的面包，再蘸一点调味汁来吃，是雅观的作法。
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